Английская Википедия:Caulonia (ancient city)

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Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox ancient site

Файл:Sito di Kaulon 2013.jpg
Map of the site
Файл:Kaulon vista dall'alto con testo agosto 2016.jpg
Kaulon from the top (2016)

Caulonia or Caulon (Шаблон:Lang-grc;Шаблон:Sfn also spelled Kaulonia or Kaulon) was an ancient city on the shore of the Ionian Sea near Monasterace, Italy.

At some point after the destruction of the city by Rome in 200 BC, the inhabitants moved to a location further inland where they founded Stilida which developed into the modern town Stilo.Шаблон:Citation needed

Since 1863 AD the name Caulonia has also been used by the town 15km away formerly known as Castelvetere. The city changed its name to Caulonia in honour of the ancient city, which was mistakenly believed to have been located in its territory.Шаблон:Sfn

Some of the artefacts which have been excavated at the site can now be seen in the Monasterace Archaeological Museum.

Geography

The city was located between the mouth of the Stilaro river to the south and the mouth of the Assi river to the north. In ancient times the mouth of the Assi was located slightly further to the south. Punta Stilo, the "Cape of Columns", is a gentle arc-shaped headland located immediately north of the site. In ancient times the shoreline of Caulonia lay 300 meter further seawards. More than one hundred fluted columns which have been discovered on the seabed in front of Caulonia stood then on a broad arc-shaped headland. This headland probably did not have natural or artificial facilities which could provide protected anchorage for ships. The recession of the coastline started around 400 BC and ended in the 1st century AD. It was the result of a tectonic phase which caused landward rise and submergence of the seafloor. The shoreline stabilized in the period from the 1st century AD to the present.Шаблон:Sfn The walls of the city enclosed an area of approximately 35 to Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn

History

Foundation

Файл:SNGANS 143.jpg
Nomos from Caulonia with Apollo holding a laurel branch and a stag, c. 525-500 BC

Archeological evidence shows that it was founded early in the second half of the seventh century BC.Шаблон:Sfn Both Strabo and Pausanias mention that the city was founded by Achaean Greek colonists. Pausanias also gives the name of the oecist, or founder, as Typhon of Aegium.Шаблон:Sfnm Others sources such as Pseudo-Scymnus claim that it was founded by Croton.[1] A. J. Graham does not consider these two options to be mutually exclusive because the oecist and settlers could have been invited by Croton.Шаблон:Sfn

6th and 5th centuries BC

It had been thought that Caulonia was ruled by Kroton for some time but the fact that Caulonia minted its own coins in the 6th century BC suggests that it was independent. Also, the claim of Kroton over such a long stretch of coast close to its rival Locri would have been risky.Шаблон:Sfn According to Thucydides Caulonia supplied Athens with timber for ships during the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC). The store of timber at Caulonia was attacked and burned by forces from Syracuse.Шаблон:Sfn

Conquest by Syracuse

In 389 BC the city was conquered by Dionysius I of Syracuse at the Battle of the Elleporus, who transplanted its citizens to Syracuse and gave them citizenship and an exemption from taxes for five years. He then levelled the city to the ground and gave its territory to his ally Locri.Шаблон:Sfn

It was refounded by Dionysius II of Syracuse several decades laterШаблон:Sfnm and he probably gave control over the city to Locri.Шаблон:Sfn

Roman conquest and abandonment

The city was razed two more times: it was destroyed during the Pyrrhic War (280–275 BC) and taken by the Campanians, who formed the largest contingent of allies in the army of Rome.Шаблон:Sfn In 200 BC the town was completely destroyed by the Romans, when it sided with Hannibal during the Punic Wars. It was probably around this time that the ancient site of Caulonia, directly on the Ionian coast, was abandoned in favour of a more protected site inland.[2] About 200 years later when the city is mentioned by Strabo, it is described by him as "situated before a valley" and deserted.Шаблон:Sfn

Archaeology

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Файл:Reggio calabria museo nazionale mosaico da kaulon.jpg
Mosaic of a dragon, third century BC, discovered in 1969

The first archaeological excavations were conducted between 1911 and 1913 by Paolo Orsi.

In 1969 a mosaic depicting a dragon was discovered in what is now called the "House of the Dragon". It was first exhibited in the Museo Nazionale della Magna Grecia, but was restored and transferred to the Monasterace Archeological Museum in 2012.Шаблон:Sfn

In 2012 a mosaic floor of 25 m2 dating to late 4th century BC was discovered in what is thought to have been a thermal bathhouse. It is one of the largest mosaics from the Hellenistic period found in Southern Italy. The mosaic is divided into nine polychrome squares and another space with a polychrome rosette at the entrance of the room. It depicts a dragon in its centre, comparable to the mosaic discovered in 1969.Шаблон:Sfn

In 2013 a bronze tablet from the 5th century BC was discovered. The tablet has a dedication of eighteen lines written in the Achaean alphabet, the longest Achaean inscription ever discovered in Magna Graecia.Шаблон:Sfnm

Gallery

References

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Sources

Primary sources

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Secondary sources

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Further reading

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External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:EB1911 poster

Шаблон:Magna Graecia Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок pssc не указан текст
  2. ↑ Maria Elisa Campisi, Guida Turistica di Caulonia, Rubbettino Industrie Grafiche ed Editoriali, 2008.
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