Английская Википедия:Clarke number
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Clarke number or clarke is the relative abundance of a chemical element, typically in Earth's crust. The technical definition of "Earth's crust" varies among authors, and the actual numbers also vary significantly.
History
In the 1930s, USSR geochemist Alexander Fersman defined the relative abundance of chemical elements in geological objects, denoted in percents, as Шаблон:Lang-ru.Шаблон:R This was in honor to the American geochemist Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, who pioneered in estimating the chemical composition of Earth's crust, based on Clarke and colleague's extensive chemical analysis of numerous rock samples, throughout 1889 to 1924([C 1][C 2][C 3][C 4][C 5][C 6][C 7][C 8][C 9]).
Examples based on Fersman's definition:
- Шаблон:Lang-ru: When the whole mass of a planet X is <math>Mx</math> Шаблон:Bracket, and the mass of oxygen there is <math>Mo </math> Шаблон:Bracket, then the weight clarke of oxygen in planet X is <math>Km=\frac{Mo}{Mx}</math> (dimensionless)
- Шаблон:Lang-ru: When the whole count of atoms in a rock Y is <math>Ay</math> Шаблон:Bracket, and the atom count of silicon there is <math>As</math> Шаблон:Bracket, then silicon's clarke of atom count in rock Y is <math>Ka=\frac{As}{Ay}</math> (dimensionless)
- Fersman's "clarke of Earth's crust" is the Earth's surface including 16 km-thick lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.Шаблон:R
In Russian
Шаблон:Lang-ru is synonymous to "the relative abundance of elements" in any object, either in weight ratio or in atomic (number of atoms) ratio, regardless of how "Earth's crust" is defined, and denotation is not restricted to percents.[x 1]
In English
In the English speaking world, the term "clarke" was not even used in Wells(1937)Шаблон:R which introduced Fersman's proposal, nor in later USGS articles such as Fleischer(1953).Шаблон:R They used the term "relative abundance of the elements". Brian Mason also mentioned the term "clarke" in Mason(1952)Шаблон:R(mistakenly attributing it to Vladimir Vernadsky, later corrected to Fersman in Mason(1958)Шаблон:R), but the definition slightly differed from Fersman's, limiting it only to the average percentage in Earth's crust, but allowed to exclude hydrosphere and atmosphere. Besides for explaining the term, Mason himself did not use the term "clarke".[M 1]
A variant term "clarke value" is occasionally used (examples:Шаблон:RШаблон:R). However, "clarke value" can have a different meaning, the clarke of concentration (example:Шаблон:R).
Terms "clarke number" and "Clarke number" are found in articles written by Japanese authors (example:Шаблон:R).
Usage in Japan
In Japan, "clarke" is translated as Шаблон:Nihongo3. The word Шаблон:Nihongo3 is always added, which happens to make the term appear similar in form with scientific constants such as Шаблон:Nihongo3. The term may have a narrower sense than Fersman's. Several of the following constraints may apply:
- Only of Earth's crustШаблон:R
- Lithosphere approximated as a 10 mile-deep layer from sea levelШаблон:R
- Must include all of three layers: lithosphere (93.06%), hydrosphere (0.91%) and atmosphere (0.03%)Шаблон:R
- Only mass ratioШаблон:R)
- Denote in percentsШаблон:R) (not in ppm or ppb)
- (What the quoter believes to be) data from Clarke and Washington(1924)
Another peculiarity in Japan is the existence of a popular version of data, which was tabulated in reference books such as the annual "Chronological Scientific Tables" (RCST1939(1938)Шаблон:R), the "Dictionary of Physics and Chemistry" (IDPC(1939)Шаблон:R) and other prominent books on geochemistry and chemistry.Шаблон:R This version Kimura(1938)Шаблон:R was devised by chemist Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:R It was often quoted as The "Clarke numbers" (unsourced examples:Шаблон:R,Шаблон:R). The numbers differed from any versions by Clarke / Clarke&Washington (1889–1924[C 1][C 2][C 3][C 4][C 5][C 6][C 7][C 8][C 9]), or anything listed in foreign (non-Japanese) articles such as the USGS compilation Шаблон:R, thus unknown outside of Japan. Yet the numbers were sometimes quoted in English articles without citation (example:Шаблон:R).
As geological definition of "Earth's crust" evolved, the "10 mile-deep" approximation were deemed out-of-date, and some people considered the term "clarke number" obsolete too.Шаблон:R Yet other people may have meant broader senses, not limiting to Earth's crust, leading to confusion.Шаблон:R RCST1961(1961) switched their "clarke number" table from Kimura(1938) to Mason(1958) basedШаблон:RШаблон:R, and the label "clarke number" on table was removed in RCST1963(1962)Шаблон:R. IDPC(1971)Шаблон:R removed the "clarke number" table which was a Kimura(1938)'s variantШаблон:RШаблон:R. IDPC(1981) said the term is mostly abandoned,Шаблон:R and the dictionary entry for "clarke number" itself was removed from IDPC(1998).Шаблон:R So "clarke numbers" became associated almost solely with Kimura(1938)'s data, but Kimura's name forgotten. Incidentally, in major reference books, there was no data table titled "clarke numbers" which showed Clarke's original tables.
Despite being removed from major reference books, data from Kimura(1938) and phrases such as "the Clarke number of iron is 4.70", unsourced, continue to circulate, even in the 2010s (example:Шаблон:R).
Example data
This section lists only historical data. For recent data, see Abundance of elements in Earth's crust.
Technical definition of "clarke", "Earth's crust" and "lithosphere" differ among authors, and the actual numbers vary accordingly, sometimes by several times. Even the same author presents multiple versions, with various estimation parameters or knowledge refinements. Yet they are often quoted without source, rendering the data unverifiable. Clarke & WashingtonШаблон:RШаблон:R presented estimations of the average composition of outer part of Earth with four variants:
- 10-mile crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
- 20-mile crust, hydrosphere and atmosphere.
- 10-mile crust, only igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks. (i.e. exclude hydrosphere and atmosphere)
- 10-mile crust, only igneous rocks. (i.e. exclude hydrosphere and atmosphere)
"The earth's crust" in Clarke and Washington works can mean two different things: (a) The whole outer part of Earth, ie. lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere; (b) Only the lithosphere, which in their works just meant "the rocky crust of the earth". "Crust" here means (b).
- Following tables do not cover all elements. Some elements not on the table may have larger abundance. Some minor elements are listed here to aid identifying the origin of unsourced documents.
- Some entries contain data for the disputed element 43 masurium.
- Precision (number of digits) may be adjusted to improve legibility.
Of the mass of 10 mile-thick lithosphere plus hydrosphere and atmosphere
Tables of historical data for some elements of their relative abundance in Earth's crust.
cited as | Clarke (1889) | Clarke (1891) | Clarke (1908) | Clarke (1911) | Clarke (1916) | Clarke (1920) | Clarke & Washington (1922) | Clarke & Washington (1924) | Clarke (1924) | Berg (1929) | Berg (1932) | Fersman (1923) | Fersman (1934) | RCST1937 (1936) | RCST1939 (1938) | Kimura (1939) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cited in | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | |
titled "clarke"? | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
elements | 19 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 31 | 27 | 20 | 28 | 87 | 89 | 89 | 89 | |||
lithosphere | 93% | 93% | 93% | 93% | 93% | 93% | 93% | 93% | 93% | 13.5/14.5 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
definition | 10 miles | 10 miles | 10 miles | 10 miles | 10 miles | 10 miles | 10 miles | 10 miles | 10 miles | 16 km | 16 km | 16 km | 16 km | 16 km | 10 miles | ||
rock types | All | All | All | All | All | All | All | All | All | All | All | All | All | All | All | ||
hydrosphere | ocean 7% | ocean 7% | ocean 7% | ocean 7% | ocean 7% | ocean 7% | 7% | 7% | 7% | 1/14.5 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
atmosphere | N 0.02% | N 0.02% | N 0.02% | N 0.02% | N 0.02% | N 0.02% | 0.03% | 0.03% | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
remarks | often mentioned | often cited. >100% | >100% | >100% | popular in Japan | ||||||||||||
Z | element | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (weight%) | (weight%) |
8 O | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 49.98 | 49.98 | 49.78 | 49.85 | 50.02 | 50.02 | 49.190 | 49.520 | 49.20 | 49.5000 | 49.500 | 49.70 | 49.130 | 49.500 | 49.500 | 49.500 |
14 Si | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 25.30 | 25.30 | 26.08 | 26.03 | 25.80 | 25.80 | 25.710 | 25.750 | 25.67 | 25.7000 | 25.300 | 26.00 | 26.000 | 25.300 | 25.800 | 25.800 |
13 Al | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 7.26 | 7.26 | 7.34 | 7.28 | 7.30 | 7.30 | 7.500 | 7.510 | 7.50 | 7.5000 | 7.500 | 7.45 | 7.450 | 7.500 | 7.560 | 7.560 |
26 Fe | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 5.08 | 5.08 | 4.11 | 4.12 | 4.18 | 4.18 | 4.680 | 4.700 | 4.71 | 4.7000 | 5.080 | 4.20 | 4.200 | 5.040 | 4.700 | 4.700 |
20 Ca | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 3.51 | 3.51 | 3.19 | 3.18 | 3.22 | 3.22 | 3.370 | 3.390 | 3.39 | 3.3900 | 3.390 | 3.25 | 3.250 | 3.390 | 3.390 | 3.390 |
11 Na | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 2.28 | 2.28 | 2.33 | 2.33 | 2.36 | 2.36 | 2.610 | 2.640 | 2.63 | 2.6300 | 2.630 | 2.40 | 2.400 | 2.630 | 2.630 | 2.630 |
19 K | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 2.23 | 2.23 | 2.28 | 2.33 | 2.28 | 2.28 | 2.380 | 2.400 | 2.40 | 2.4000 | 2.400 | 2.35 | 2.350 | 2.400 | 2.400 | 2.400 |
12 Mg | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 2.50 | 2.50 | 2.24 | 2.11 | 2.08 | 2.08 | 1.940 | 1.940 | 1.93 | 1.9300 | 1.930 | 2.35 | 2.350 | 1.930 | 1.930 | 1.930 |
1 H | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.872 | 0.880 | 0.87 | 0.8700 | 0.870 | 1.00 | 1.000 | 0.870 | 0.870 | 0.870 |
22 Ti | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.648 | 0.580 | 0.58 | 0.5800 | 0.630 | 0.50 | 0.610 | 0.630 | 0.460 | 0.460 |
17 Cl | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.15 (Cl+Br) | 0.15 (Cl+Br) | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.228 | 0.188 | 0.19 | 0.1900 | 0.190 | 0.20 | 0.200 | 0.190 | 0.190 | 0.190 |
25 Mn | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.108 | 0.080 | 0.09 | 0.0900 | 0.090 | 0.09 | 0.100 | 0.090 | 0.090 | 0.090 |
15 P | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.142 | 0.120 | 0.11 | 0.1200 | 0.120 | 0.10 | 0.120 | 0.120 | 0.080 | 0.080 |
6 C | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.139 | 0.087 | 0.08 | 0.0800 | 0.080 | 0.35 | 0.350 | 0.080 | 0.080 | 0.080 |
16 S | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.093 | 0.048 | 0.06 | 0.0600 | 0.060 | 0.10 | 0.100 | 0.060 | 0.060 | 0.060 |
7 N | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.03 | 0.0300 | 0.030 | 0.04 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.030 |
9 F | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.030 | 0.027 | 0.03 | 0.0270 | 0.026 | 0.08 | 0.080 | 0.026 | 0.030 | 0.030 |
37 Rb | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.0033 | 3.50E-03 | - | 0.008 | 3.50E-03 | 0.030 | 0.030 |
56 Ba | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.075 | 0.047 | 0.04 | 0.0400 | 0.040 | 0.04 | 0.050 | 0.040 | 0.023 | 0.023 |
40 Zr | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.048 | 0.023 | - | 0.0230 | 0.023 | - | 0.025 | 0.023 | 0.020 | 0.020 |
24 Cr | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.01 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - | 0.062 | 0.033 | - | 0.0330 | 0.038 | 0.02 | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.020 | 0.020 |
38 Sr | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.032 | 0.017 | 0.02 | 0.0200 | 0.020 | 0.02 | 0.040 | 0.020 | 0.020 | 0.020 |
23 V | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.038 | 0.016 | - | 0.0160 | 0.018 | 0.02 | 0.020 | 0.013 | 0.015 | 0.015 |
28 Ni | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.030 | 0.018 | - | 0.0180 | 0.018 | 0.02 | 0.020 | 0.018 | 0.010 | 0.010 |
29 Cu | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.010 | 0.010 | - | 0.0100 | 0.010 | 0.02 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 |
58 Ce | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.019 (Ce+Y) | 0.014 (Ce+Y) | - | 0.0022 | 2.00E-03 | - | 2.90E-03 | 2.00E-03 | 4.50E-03 | 4.50E-03 |
30 Zn | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.004 | - | - | 0.0045 | 0.017 | - | 0.020 | 0.017 | 4.00E-03 | 4.00E-03 |
32 Ge | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2.00E-08 | 1.00E-04 | - | 4.00E-04 | 1.00E-04 | 6.50E-04 | 6.50E-04 |
43 Ma | masurium | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.00E-07 | 1.00E-07 | 1.00E-07 | 1.00E-07 |
others | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 0.032 | 0.47 |
Other variants
Some authors call these "clarkes" too, some do not.
cited as | Clarke (1889) | Clarke & Washington (1924) | Clarke & Washington (1924) | Clarke & Washington (1924) | Clarke (1924) | Goldschmidt (1937) | Goldschmidt (1937) | Mason (1952) | Mason (1958) | RCST1961 (1961) | Mason (1966) | Mason & Moore (1982) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cited in | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | Шаблон:R | |
titled "clarke"? | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Yes | - | - | ||
elements | 19 | 27 | 27 | 35 | 20 | 80 | 80 | 85 | 78 | 78 | |||
lithosphere | 100% | Yes | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% | |
definition | 10 miles | 20miles | 10 miles | 10 miles | 10 miles | 10 miles | 10 miles | 10 miles | |||||
rock types | All | All | igneous + sedimentary | igneous | All | igneous | igneous | All | All | All | All | All | |
hydrosphere | (no) | Yes | (no) | (no) | (no) | (no) | (no) | (no) | (no) | Yes | (no) | (no) | |
atmosphere | (no) | Yes | (no) | (no) | (no) | (no) | (no) | (no) | (no) | Yes | (no) | (no) | |
remarks | wrong composition | ||||||||||||
Z | element | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass%) | (mass ppm) | (weight%) | (mass ppm) | (mass ppm) | (weight%) | (mass ppm) | (mass ppm) |
8 O | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 47.29 | 48.080 | 46.710 | 46.590 | 46.46 | 46.600 | 466,000 | 466,000 | 46.600 | 466,000 | 466,000 | |
14 Si | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 27.21 | 26.720 | 27.690 | 27.720 | 27.61 | 277,200 | 27.720 | 277,200 | 277,200 | 27.720 | 277,200 | 277,200 |
15 Al | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 7.81 | 7.790 | 8.070 | 8.130 | 8.07 | 81,300 | 8.130 | 81,300 | 81,300 | 8.130 | 81,300 | 81,300 |
26 Fe | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 5.46 | 4.870 | 5.050 | 5.010 | 5.06 | 50,000 | 5.000 | 50,000 | 50,000 | 5.000 | 50,000 | 50,000 |
20 Ca | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 3.77 | 3.520 | 3.650 | 3.630 | 3.64 | 36,300 | 3.630 | 36,300 | 36,300 | 3.630 | 36,300 | 36,300 |
11 Na | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 2.36 | 2.690 | 2.750 | 2.850 | 2.75 | 28,300 | 2.830 | 28,300 | 28,300 | 2.830 | 28,300 | 28,300 |
19 K | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 2.40 | 2.490 | 2.580 | 2.600 | 2.58 | 25,900 | 2.590 | 25,900 | 25,900 | 2.590 | 25,900 | 25,900 |
12 Mg | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 2.68 | 2.010 | 2.080 | 2.090 | 2.07 | 20,900 | 2.090 | 20,900 | 20,900 | 2.090 | 20,900 | 20,900 |
1 H | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.21 | 0.510 | 0.140 | 0.130 | 0.14 | nicht ber. | - | 1,400 | 1,400 | 0.140 | 1,400 | 1,400 |
22 Ti | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.33 | 0.600 | 0.620 | 0.630 | 0.62 | 4,400 | 0.440 | 4,400 | 4,400 | 0.440 | 4,400 | 4,400 |
17 Cl | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.01 | 0.101 | 0.045 | 0.048 | 0.05 | 480 | 0.048 | 314 | 200 | 0.020 | 130 | 130 |
25 Mn | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.08 | 0.090 | 0.090 | 0.100 | 0.09 | 1,000 | 0.100 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 0.100 | 950 | 950 |
15 P | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.10 | 0.130 | 0.130 | 0.130 | 0.12 | 800 | 0.118 | 1,180 | 1,180 | 0.118 | 1,050 | 1,050 |
6 C | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.22 | 0.091 | 0.094 | 0.032 | 0.09 | 0.032 | 320 | 320 | 0.032 | 200 | 200 | |
16 S | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.03 | 0.050 | 0.052 | 0.052 | 0.06 | 520 | 0.052 | 520 | 520 | 0.052 | 260 | 260 |
7 N | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | 0.016 | - | - | - | - | 46 | 46 | 0.0046 | 20 | 20 | |
9 F | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | 0.028 | 0.029 | 0.030 | 0.03 | 0.030 | 300 | 700 | 0.070 | 625 | 625 | |
37 Rb | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | - | - | - | 310 | 0.031 | 310 | 120 | 0.012 | 90 | 90 |
56 Ba | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.03 | 0.048 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 0.04 | 250 | 0.025 | 250 | 400 | 0.040 | 425 | 425 |
40 Zr | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.026 | - | 220 | 0.022 | 220 | 160 | 0.016 | 165 | 165 |
24 Cr | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | 0.01 | 0.034 | 0.035 | 0.037 | - | 200 | 0.020 | 200 | 200 | 0.020 | 100 | 100 |
38 Sr | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | 0.017 | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.02 | 150 | 0.015 | 300 | 450 | 0.045 | 375 | 375 |
23 V | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.017 | - | 150 | 0.015 | 150 | 110 | 0.011 | 135 | 135 |
28 Ni | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.020 | - | 100 | 0.010 | 80 | 80 | 0.008 | 75 | 75 |
29 Cu | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.010 | - | 100 | 0.010 | 70 | 45 | 0.0045 | 55 | 55 |
58 Ce | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | 0.014 (Ce+Y) | 0.014 (Ce+Y) | 0.015 (Ce+Y) | - | 46.1 | 0.0046 | 46 | 46 | 0.0046 | 60 | 60 |
30 Zn | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | - | 0.004 | - | 40 | 0.004 | 132 | 65 | 0.0065 | 70 | 70 |
32 Ge | Шаблон:Infobox element/symbol-to-name | - | - | - | n*E-11 | - | 7 | 0.0007 | 7 | 2 | 2.00E-04 | 1.5 | 1.5 |
43 Ma | masurium | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
others | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.500 |
Clarke of concentration
A related term "clarke of concentration" or "concentration clarke", synonym: "concentration factor (mineralogy)", is a measure to see how rich a particular ore is. That is, the ratio between the concentrations of a chemical element in the ore, and its concentration in the whole Earth's crust (i.e. "clarke") Шаблон:RШаблон:R.
If the concentration of a commodity in an ore X is <math>Kx</math> Шаблон:Bracket, and the "clarke" of that commodity is <math>Ke</math> Шаблон:Bracket, then "the clarke of concentration" of that commodity X is <math>Kk=\frac{Kx}{Ke}</math> (dimensionless).
The value represents the degree to which the commodity is concentrated from crustal abundances to the ore by natural geochemical processes; a clue for whether the commodity could be mined economically.[1]
References
Footnotes
Cited works
- C: Frank Wigglesworth Clarke of USGS and Henry Stephens Washington
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- Based on 880 igneous rock samples.
- Chlorine and bromine data are summed.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- Numbers identical to Шаблон:Harvtxt.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- Numbers identical to Шаблон:Harv
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- Based on 5159 igneous rock samples.
- Table contains data for 31 elements, most comprehensive among Clarke's publications. Amount of cerium and yttrium are summed.
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- Often cited. Beware there is another article in the same year Шаблон:Harv reporting different results.
- Based on 5159 igneous rock samples.
- p17 mentions that the 10miles crust consist of lithosphere:93.06%; hydrosphere:6.91%; atmosphere:0.03%, but p34 explains that table 17 is calculated using approximations ie. lithosphere:93%; hydrosphere:7%; atmosphere:0.03%. No mention of the exact calculation process.
- Table 17 contains data for 27 elements. Amount of cerium and yttrium are summed.
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- p.27 mentions Шаблон:Harvtxt, numbers differ. Data for only 20 elements, lesser than previous works such as Шаблон:Harvtxt.
- Based on 5159 igneous rock samples.
- Amount of cerium and yttrium are summed.
- U: United States Geological Survey (USGS)
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- B: Шаблон:Ill
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- M: Brian Mason
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- p.47 Corrected the term "clarke" originator to Fersman. He maintained "Clarke of concentration" come from Vernadsky.
- p.45 Table 9 "The Average Amount of Elements in the Earth's Crust": Mason claims data for major elements are taken from Clarke and Washington but they are not. Most data for major elements are identical to Шаблон:Harvtxt, which were only about igneous rocks. Mason argues that the average of igneous rocks can reasonably represent the whole crust.
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- K: Шаблон:Ill
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- H: Research on the history of chemistry
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Examples of usage
- R: Шаблон:Nihongo(ja:理科年表): An (mostly) annual reference book published in Japan since 1925CE. Note that the actual published year is typically one year earlier than the nominal (book title) year.
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- I: Шаблон:Nihongo: Revised roughly by each decade. First edition 1935CE.
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- D: Kyoritsu Great Dictionary of Chemistry
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- X: Other usage examples
- ↑ Шаблон:GSEn
- Example data given (A.P.Vinogradov(1962), K.H.Wedepohl(1967)) are of igneous rocks in Earth's crust, excluding both hydrosphere and atmosphere.
- Mistaken de:Karl Hans Wedepohl's first name with "Clarke".
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See also
- Abundance of elements in Earth's crust, modern data