Английская Википедия:Clysma
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox ancient site Clysma (Шаблон:Lang-el) was an ancient city and bishopric in Egypt. It was located at the head of the Gulf of Suez.
History
Clysma was founded or rebuilt by Emperor Trajan in the second century AD to protect travellers and merchants as it lay at the junction of roads from Sinai, Palestine, and Egypt.Шаблон:Sfnp This was done in conjunction with the construction of the Amnis Traianus, a canal that linked the Nile and the Red Sea and had its outlet near Clysma.Шаблон:Sfnp It has been suggested that the port was used for the exportation of textiles and grain produced in the Arsinoite nome as they were better adapted to transportation via the Amnis Traianus to Clysma than overland to the southern ports of Berenice Troglodytica and Myos Hormos.Шаблон:Sfnp
Clysma is first recorded in Lucian's Alexander Pseudomantis in the early 2nd century AD, and by Ptolemy in Geographia in the mid-2nd century,Шаблон:Sfnp in which he described Clysma as a phrourion.Шаблон:Sfnp In 179,Шаблон:Sfnp soldiers of the Ala Veterana Gallica were stationed at the city.Шаблон:Sfnp Clysma is also described in the works of Hierocles as a kastron, and is recorded in the Panarion of Saint Epiphanius of Salamis.Шаблон:Sfnp As well as this, church historians Eusebius in Onomastikon and Philostorgius in Historia Ecclesiastica make reference to the city.Шаблон:Sfnp Saint Eugenios of Clysma is said to have studied as a monk at Clysma.Шаблон:Sfnp
The nearby Mountain of Antony, also known as the Mountain of Clysma, was inhabited by anchorites, such as Saint John the Dwarf, and Saint Sisoes the Great, who died there in 409 and 429, respectively.Шаблон:Sfnp The destruction of the Nile emporium of Koptos, from where goods were transported overland to Berenice and Myos Hormos, by Emperor Diocletian in the late third century temporarily disrupted trade at the southern ports and led to an increase of trade at Clysma which reached its peak in the fourth and fifth centuries.Шаблон:Sfnp A commercius, an official with responsibility for foreign trade, was active at Clysma during the reign of Emperor Anastasius I Dicorus.Шаблон:Sfnp Clysma is recorded on the Tabula Peutingeriana.Шаблон:Sfnp
In response to an appeal for aid, in c. 525, Emperor Justin I had Clysma provide twenty vessels to the king of Ethiopia in his war with the king of Himyar.Шаблон:Sfnp The Plague of Justinian likely first entered the Roman Empire through the port of Clysma, and thus spread to Pelusium, where it was first reported in mid-July 541.Шаблон:Sfnp According to Eutychius of Alexandria, a church of Saint Athanasius was constructed at Clysma on the orders of Emperor Justinian I.Шаблон:Sfnp In c. 570, Clysma was visited by the anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza, who noted eighteen or more tombs of hermits at the city's basilica.Шаблон:Sfnp
After the Muslim conquest of Egypt, Clysma was known in Arabic as al-Ḳulzum, and the Red Sea was known as the Baḥr al-Ḳulzum (sea of Clysma).Шаблон:Sfnp
Ecclesiastical history
The diocese of Clysma was a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Leontopolis.[1] Jacob was bishop of Clysma before 347, Titus/Paul was bishop in 347, and Poimen was bishop from 458-459.Шаблон:Sfnp Stephen, Bishop of Clysma, attended the Second Council of Constantinople in 553.Шаблон:Sfnp The Roman Catholic Church nominally revived Clysma as a titular see, and has had the following incumbents:
- Pio Gallizia, B. (1741.01.25 – 1745.03.23)
- Paul-Jules-Narcisse Rémond (1921.04.09 – 1930.05.20)
- Albert-Pierre Falière, M.E.P. (1930.06.25 – 1955.01.01)
- Teofilo Camomot Bastida (1955.03.23 – 1958.06.10)
- Joannes Antonius Eduardus van Dodewaard (1958.07.01 – 1960.06.27)
- Wladyslaw Jedruszuk (1962.11.19 – 1991.06.05)
Popular culture
Clysma appears in the 2017 video game Assassin's Creed Origins expansion The Hidden Ones.[2]
See also
References
Bibliography
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- Английская Википедия
- Cities in ancient Egypt
- Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
- Roman towns and cities in Egypt
- Defunct Eastern Orthodox dioceses
- Catholic titular sees in Africa
- Populated places established in the 2nd century
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