Английская Википедия:Conversion to Christianity
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Conversion to Christianity is the religious conversion of a previously non-Christian person that brings about changes in what sociologists refer to as the convert's "root reality" including their social behaviors, thinking and ethics. The sociology of religion indicates religious conversion was an important factor in the emergence of civilization and the making of the modern world. Conversion is the most studied aspect of religion by psychologists of religion, but there is still very little actual data available. Neurological studies have determined that conversion is not the result of pathology.
Christianity is growing rapidly in the global South and East, primarily through conversion. Different methods of conversion have been practiced historically. There is evidence of coercion by secular leaders in the Early and Late Middle Ages, though coercion as a method has never been approved or even supported by any majority of Christian theologians.
Different Christian denominations may perform various different kinds of rituals or ceremonies of initiation into their community of believers. The primary ritual of conversion is baptism, while different denominations differ with regards to confirmation.
According to a 2001 study by religion professor David B. Barrett of Columbia University and historian George Thomas Kurian, approximately 2.7 million people were converted to Christianity that year from another religion, while approximately 3.8 million people overall were converting annually.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the first decades of the twenty-first century, Pentecostalism is the largest and fastest growing form of Christianity,Шаблон:Sfn this growth is primarily due to religious conversion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Individual conversion
James P. Hanigan writes that individual conversion is the foundational experience and the central message of Christianity, adding that Christian conversion begins with an experience of being "thrown off balance" through cognitive and psychological "disequilibrium", followed by an "awakening" of consciousness and a new awareness of God.Шаблон:Sfn Hanigan compares it to "death and rebirth, a turning away..., a putting off of the old..., a change of mind and heart".Шаблон:Sfn The person responds by acknowledging and confessing personal lostness and sinfulness, and then accepting a call to holiness thus restoring balance. This initial internal conversion is followed by practices that further the process of conversion, which according to Hanigan, will include ethical changes.Шаблон:Sfn
In examples of conversion from the New Testament, such as Peter's conversion[2] and Paul's,[3] Hanigan perceives this same common "death and rebirth" experience. He says these individuals did not respond out of a sense of guilt, but from awe, reverence, and holy fear of what they perceived as God's presence.Шаблон:Sfn
Comparative studies of the early twenty-first century offer the insight that religious conversion provides a new locus of self-definition, moral authority and social identity through the acceptance of religious actions that seem more fitting and true to the recipient.Шаблон:Sfn
Anthropologist Robert Hefner adds that "Conversion assumes a variety of forms... because it is influenced by a larger interplay of identity, politics and morality".Шаблон:Sfn The message of Truth, a redemptive identity, and acceptance into a social organization whose purpose is the propagation of that message has proven to be a revolutionary force in its own right.Шаблон:Sfn
Theology
According to sociologist Ines W. Jindra, there is a “theological dimension” to conversion.Шаблон:Sfn Avery Dulles quotes Bernard Lonergan saying "The subject of theology, then, is the person undergoing conversion to God".Шаблон:Sfn The conversion experience is basic and has the characteristics of being "concrete, dynamic, personal, communal, and historical." Through this focus on the individual, theology of conversion is provided with the same characteristics in its foundation.Шаблон:Sfn
Religious historian David W. Kling's History of Christian Conversion lists nine broad themes common to conversion narratives.Шаблон:Sfn Jindra describes the first theme as “human cognizance of divine presence,” while Kling says, "God becomes real to people" through conversion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Conversion always has "context": humans are "socially constituted" beings and religious conversion always occurs in a social context.Шаблон:Sfn Jindra writes that, while all conversion accounts vary, they all show evidence of being based upon personal internal experiences of crisis expressed through the specific historical context in which the converts lived.Шаблон:Sfn
There are aspects of both "movement and resistance" in conversion. Christianity has, from its beginnings, been an evangelical mission oriented religion which has spread through conversion. However, people naturally tend toward inertia, toward the familiar, unless otherwise motivated toward change, making conversion the exception not the rule in history.Шаблон:Sfn
There is both "continuity and discontinuity" in the conversion process. Conversion can be disruptive and cause a rupture with the past, but rupture is rarely complete. Aspects of the past are frequently kept, resulting in a kind of "hybrid" faith.Шаблон:Sfn Gender also plays a direct role in how people do or do not convert.Шаблон:Sfn
Testimonies and narratives provide the vocabulary of conversion.Шаблон:Sfn In the more famous conversion stories, such as Augustine's and Martin Luther's, it is apparent the conversion story was later used, not only for personal insight and transformation, but also for drawing in potential converts.Шаблон:Sfn Kling writes that "the influence of [such] personal testimonies on the history of conversion cannot be over-estimated."Шаблон:Sfn Indications from Jandra's twenty-first century research indicates this is also true for more ordinary, less famous, conversions.Шаблон:Sfn Conversion produced change in the lives of most converts in important and positive ways: Jindra says "they became more stable, found meaning in life, tackled their former problematic biographical trajectories, and improved their relationships (Jindra, 2014)".Шаблон:Sfn
Conversion has historically been impacted by how personal "identity" and sense of self is defined. This can determine how much intentional action on the part of the individual convert has directed outcome, and how much outside forces may have impinged upon personal agency instead.Шаблон:Sfn In Christian conversion, there is nearly always a network of others who influenced the convert prior to conversion.Шаблон:Sfn Jindra writes that the specific context, which includes the ideology of the group being joined, the individual convert's particular crisis, "and the degree of agency vs. the influence of others" are important aspects influencing whether converts change or do not change after a conversion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
These factors overlap with research psychologist Lewis Rambo's stages of conversion.Шаблон:Sfn Rambo's model of conversion includes context, crisis (involving some form of searching by the prospective convert), encounter, and interaction, (with someone who believes in the new religious belief system). This is followed by commitment and its results.Шаблон:Sfn
Social science
In his book Sociology of Religion, German sociologist Max Weber writes that religious conversion begins with the prophet, as the voice of revelation and vision, calling others to break with tradition and bring their lives into conformity with his "world-building truth."Шаблон:Sfn Weber believed that prophetic ideals can become, through the conversion of a community of followers, "a force for world transformation as powerful as anything in human history.Шаблон:Sfn
Calling conversion and Christianization "twin phenomena", Hefner has written that religious conversion was an important factor in the emergence of civilization and the making of the modern world.Шаблон:Sfn According to Hefner, the "reformulation of social relations, cultural meanings and personal experience" involved in conversion carries with it an inherent "world building aspect".Шаблон:Sfn
In the late nineteenth century, the development of world religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Buddhism) was seen as part of the inevitable march toward human enlightenment in a linear upward evolution.Шаблон:Sfn Anthropology effectively demonstrated the failure of this model to provide explanation for religious variations.Шаблон:Sfn
The world religions developed institutions capable of standardizing knowledge and some have argued that this helped them survive while "empires and economic orders have come and gone".Шаблон:Sfn But in fact, only a few religions have been successful in propagating themselves over the long term, and standardized doctrine does not necessarily impact individual conversion and belief.Шаблон:Sfn
One of the most influential works in sociology of religion from the 1960s is Robert Bella's (1964) Religious Evolution, which argued that world religions all proclaim the existence of a transcendental realm that is superior to everyday reality, thereby legitimizing salvation/conversion experiences designed to link humans with that world.Шаблон:Sfn Bella describes the possibility of redemption/conversion under these terms as "world-shaking in its consequences".Шаблон:Sfn The tension between ordinary reality and the transcendent creates recognition of a need for social reform, driven by a redemptive vision, that remakes the world rather than passively accepting it.Шаблон:Sfn In this way, Hefner says, world religions loosened the grip of tradition and laid the foundation for human freedom.Шаблон:Sfn
Psychology
While conversion is the most studied aspect of religion by psychologists of religion, there is little empirical data on the topic, and little change in method since William James' classic Varieties of Religious Experience in 1902. Шаблон:Sfn James Scroggs and William Douglas have written on seven current concerns in the psychology of conversion.
1) Definition. Calling this the "oldest issue in the field", Scroggs and Douglas indicate psychologists ask whether conversion requires a sudden about-face or gradual change. There is no consensus.Шаблон:Sfn The word connotes a sudden about-face, but psychologists are unwilling to let go of the possibility of gradual conversion.Шаблон:Sfn
2) Pathology. Freud saw religion as a pathology, and those who follow his school of thought have continued to do so.Шаблон:Sfn Empirical studies indicate religion is associated with good mental health among women, that it aids with depression and overcoming serious problems like heroin addiction, and that generally, there are significant links between religion and spirituality and good physical and mental health.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Scroggs and Douglas's view, which view a psychologist takes depends on their training and personal commitment to faith or non-faith.Шаблон:Sfn
3) Type of person. Many wonder if there is one kind of person that is more likely to be converted than others.Шаблон:Sfn Sociologists stress the importance of such variables as social class, group expectations, and social change (as in American frontier society or contemporary China). According to Scroggs and Douglas, William "James regarded the sick soul as the most likely candidate for conversion. The sick soul lives 'close to the pain threshold.' He is generally introverted and pessimistic in outlook, taking the evil of the world profoundly to heart. The sick soul is brooding, steeped in existential angst. He is Kierkegaard's man who is in despair and knows he is in despair".Шаблон:Sfn
Trauma and existential crisis can lead to conversion. For the already converted, trauma is also often associated with "beneficial changes in self-perception, relationships, and philosophy of life, and positive changes in the realm of existential, spiritual, or religious matters" according to a study by psychologists Rosemary de Castella and Janette Simmonds.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
A 2011 study indicates conversion can take either an inward form, wherein religion becomes the primary guiding principle and goal of the convert's life, or it can take an outward form where religion mostly serves other purposes, such as political or economic goals, which are more important to that individual than religion. For those who experience inward conversion, lower levels of depression, anxiety and stress are associated, while higher levels are associated with those who practice outward conversion only. Шаблон:Sfn
4) Age. Scroggs and Douglas say that early writers on the psychology of conversion were unanimous in regarding adolescence as the most probable age for conversion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Blockquote Accordingly Ferm writes that, "It is probably fair to conclude from Erikson's theories that both the identity crisis in adolescence and the integrity crisis in the middle years constitute ripe moments for conversion".Шаблон:Sfn
5) Conscious or unconscious. How much of the conversion experience is brought on by conscious control, and how much by unconscious factors behind or even beyond an individual? Шаблон:Sfn Forces beyond conscious control are cited by the majority of converts. "Most psychologists agree the role of unconscious factors is extensive and often decisive in conversion, and that a long period of subconscious incubation precedes sudden conversions" write Scroggs and Douglas.Шаблон:Sfn Allport, Maslow, Rogers, and others stress the role of conscious decision.Шаблон:Sfn
6) Science-versus-religion. Psychologists as social scientists tend to operate according to a nothing-but reductionism. Conversion must be described as a natural process. Theologians and others who accept the possibility of the supernatural, have tended to take a something-more, hands-off-the-sacred-preserve approach to studying conversion.Шаблон:Sfn Different worldviews can bias interpretations. Scroggs and Douglas write that "No solution to this very difficult problem appears in the immediate purview", but they do suggest that acknowledging bias and incorporating both views in "not only interdisciplinary but interbias research is necessary".Шаблон:Sfn
7) Which approach? Because there are different schools of psychology with conflicting theories, determining which is most appropriate to the study of conversion is one of the issues Scroggs and Douglas perceive.Шаблон:Sfn "Behaviorism, operationalism, and learning theory have rarely been applied to the study of religious conversion," and the overwhelming majority of works have been written from a single perspective: "functionalism" which defines what is true as what works.Шаблон:Sfn
Neurology
Kelly Bulkeley in The Oxford Handbook of Religion Conversion has written that, as of 2014, no neuro-scientific research focused specifically on religious conversion has been done.Шаблон:Sfn Nor is there a single consensus on how the brain/mind system works, and researchers take many different approaches. Шаблон:Sfn There is controversy over the mind/body problem, as well as whether the brain is simply modular (composed of separate parts), or if that is too limited an explanation for what Bulkeley calls the complex, "global, synthetic, whole-is-greater-than-the-sum-of-its-parts aspects of brain function".Шаблон:Sfn There is disagreement over determinism vs. free will, the use of brain imaging, first-person reports of conversion, and the applications of quantum physics.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The phenomenon of conversion is based on the belief that humans have the ability to change the way they mentally perceive and experience the world. Research on the plasticity of the brain has shown that the brain's ability to create new neural pathways remains with us throughout our lives.Шаблон:Sfn Bulkeley writes that "Cognitive neuroscience in relation to religious conversions, where people undergo a basic reordering of the assumptions and expectations that frame their perceptions of the world, may lead to new evidence regarding the latent potential of brain/mind development".Шаблон:Sfn
Studies on prayer and meditation show they alter the brain's functioning in measurable, material, ways. Шаблон:Blockquote
Statistics
According to a 2001 study by religion professor David B. Barrett of Columbia University and historian George Thomas Kurian, approximately 2.7 million people were converted to Christianity that year from another religion, while approximately 3.8 million people overall were converting annually.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the first decades of the twenty-first century, Pentecostalism is the largest and fastest growing form of Christianity.Шаблон:Sfn Professor of religion Dyron B. Daughrity quotes Paul Freston: "Within a couple of decades, half the world's Christians will be in Africa and Latin America. By 2050, on current trends, there will be as many Pentecostals in the world as there are Hindus, and twice as many Pentecostals as Buddhists".Шаблон:Sfn This growth is primarily due to religious conversion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Historian Philip Jenkins observes that Christianity is also growing rapidly in China and some other Asian countries.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Sociologist and specialist in Chinese religion Fenggang Yang from Purdue University writes that Christianity is "spreading among the Chinese of South-East Asia", and "Evangelical and Pentecostal Christianity is growing more quickly in China".Шаблон:Sfn More than half of these converts have university degrees.Шаблон:Sfn
Social Anthropologist Juliette Koning and sociologist Heidi Dahles of Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, agree there has been a "rapid expansion of charismatic Christianity from the 1980s onwards. Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Malaysia are said to have the fastest-growing Christian communities and the majority of the new believers are "upwardly mobile, urban, middle-class Chinese". Allan Anderson and Edmond Tang have reported in their book Asian and Pentecostal: The Charismatic Face of Christianity in Asia that "Asia has the second largest number of Pentecostals/charismatics of any continent in the world, and seems to be fast catching up with the largest, Latin America."Шаблон:Sfn The World Christian Encyclopedia estimated 135 million in Asia compared to 80 million in North America.Шаблон:Sfn
It has been reported also that increasing numbers of young people are becoming Christians in several countries such as China,[5][6] Hong Kong,[7] Indonesia,[8] Iran,[9][10] Japan,[11] Singapore,[12][13][14] and South Korea.[15]
The Council on Foreign Relations says the "number of Chinese Protestants has grown by an average of 10 percent annually since 1979".Шаблон:Sfn Award-winning historian of Christianity, Todd Hartch of Eastern Kentucky University, has written that by 2005, around 6 million Africans were converting annually to Christianity.Шаблон:Sfn According to Iranian historian Ladan Boroumand "Iran today is witnessing the highest rate of Christianization in the world".[16]
While the exact number of Dalit converts to Christianity in India is not available, religion scholar William R. Burrow of Colorado State University has estimated that about 8% of Dalits have converted to Christianity.Шаблон:Sfn According to a 2021 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity has grow in India in recent years due to conversion. Most converts are former Hindus, though some are former Muslims.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Since the 1960s, there has been a substantial increase in the number of conversions from Islam to Christianity, mostly to the Evangelical and Pentecostal traditions of Christianity.Шаблон:Sfn The 2015 study Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census estimated that 10.2 million Muslims converted to Christianity.Шаблон:Sfn Countries with the largest numbers of Muslims converted to Christianity include Indonesia (6,500,000), Nigeria (600,000), Iran (500,000 versus only 500 in 1979), the United States (450,000), Ethiopia (400,000), and Algeria (380,000).Шаблон:Sfn Indonesia is home to the largest Christian community of converts from Islam. Since the mid and late 1960s, between 2 and 2.5 million Muslims converted to Christianity.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to the Council on Foreign Relations in 2007, experts estimated that thousands of Muslims in the Western world converted to Christianity annually, but were not publicized due to fear of retribution.[17]
Methods of conversion
Coercion
While Christian theologians, such as the fourth century Augustine and the ninth century Alcuin, have long maintained that conversion must be voluntary, there are historical examples of coercion in conversion to Christianity.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Constantine used both law and force to eradicate the practice of sacrifice and repress heresy though not specifically to promote conversion.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Theodosius also wrote laws to eliminate heresies, but made no requirement for pagans or Jews to convert to Christianity.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, the sixth century Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I and the seventh century emperor Heraclius attempted to force cultural and religious uniformity by requiring baptism of the Jews.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 612, the Visigothic King Sisebut, prompted by Heraclius, declared the obligatory conversion of all Jews in Spain.Шаблон:Sfn In the many new nation-states being formed in Eastern Europe of the Late Middle Ages, some kings and princes pressured their people to adopt the new religion.Шаблон:Sfn And in the Northern crusades, the fighting princes obtained widespread conversion through political pressure or military coercion even though the theologians continued to maintain that conversion must be voluntary.Шаблон:Sfn
Baptism
In all varieties of Christianity, baptism is the initiation rite for entrance into the Christian community.Шаблон:Sfn Almost all baptisms share in common the use of the Trinitarian formula (in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) by the minister while baptizing the convert.Шаблон:Sfn Two aspects of baptism are sources of disagreement: mode and meaning. In Understanding Four Views on Baptism editors have written that Christians disagree on the meaning of baptism and whether it is a necessary aspect of conversion or simply demonstration of a conversion that has already taken place.Шаблон:Sfn
There are also different modes of baptism in Christianity. These include immersion (dunking), affusion (pouring), and aspersion (sprinkling). The most common practice in the ancient church was baptism by immersion of the whole head and body of an adult.Шаблон:Sfn It remained common into the Middle Ages and is still found in the Eastern church, the Anglican and Roman Catholic Churches, and in most Protestant denominations.Шаблон:Sfn
Historian Philip Schaff has written that sprinkling, or pouring of water on the head of a sick or dying person, where immersion was impractical, was also practiced in ancient times and up through the twelfth century, and is currently practiced in most of the West.Шаблон:Sfn However, according to the Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church affusion has become the most common practice of the Western churches.Шаблон:Sfn
Infant baptism was controversial for the Protestant Reformers, and remains so for some Protestants, but according to Schaff, it was practiced by the ancients and is neither required nor forbidden in the New Testament.Шаблон:Sfn
The mode of baptism often depends on the denomination one enters, and in some cases, personal choice. Many Anglicans and Lutherans baptize by affusion. Presbyterians and Congregationalists accept baptism by pouring or sprinkling. Steven W. Lemke writes that the Presbyterian Westminster Confession says, “Dipping of the person into the water is not necessary".Шаблон:Sfn Baptists disagree. Many Evangelical Protestants, such as Baptists, insist that only full immersion baptism is valid. The Second London and Philadelphia confessions of the Baptists affirm that “immersion, or dipping of the person in water, is necessary". Baptism by immersion is again affirmed in Article 7 of the BF&M [Baptist Faith and Message]".Шаблон:Sfn Others, like Methodists, may conduct all three forms of baptism.Шаблон:Sfn
Denominational switching
Switching from one Christian denomination, such as Presbyterianism, to another Christian denomination, such as Catholicism, has not generally been seen by researchers as conversion to Christianity. Mark C. Suchman says this is because most sociologists and other scientists have defined conversion as "radical personal change, particularly change involving a shift in one's sense of 'root reality'."Шаблон:Sfn However, in Suchman's view, this produces a form of 'selection bias' within the research.Шаблон:Sfn He writes that the study of "everyday" religious mobility is not a substitute for analyses of "true conversion," but the denominational switching that he refers to as "religious mobility" can be seen as an aspect of conversion.Шаблон:Sfn
Suchman describes six types, or causes, of "religious mobility" as a supplement and complement to the more traditionally limited concept of conversion.Шаблон:Sfn He draws on theories from the sociology of deviance where there is some recognition that "a change of religious affiliation generally represents a break with previous norms and a severing of social commitments - even when it does not involve a radical personality realignment".Шаблон:Sfn
Theories of deviance define what can be considered as the variables and determinants involved and what kind of mobility can be seen as random.Шаблон:Sfn "Strain theory" argues that those who are unhappy in their religious affiliation will generally "engage in deviance" from that group.Шаблон:Sfn Those who are not well integrated in their religious social group, those who become enmeshed in social relations outside the group with participants in deviant cultures, and those whose ethnicity and traditional background differs from their current affiliation are candidates for switching.Шаблон:Sfn Intermarriage, with partners of different religions and/or denominations, is also associated with religious switching.Шаблон:Sfn
Confirmation
Шаблон:Main Theologian Knut Alfsvåg writes that confirmation was first introduced by Pope Innocent I in the 5th century as part of the unified sacrament of baptism, chrismation (confirmation) and first communion that was commonly accepted by the 12th century. It was formally designated a sacrament in 1274 by the Council of Lyon.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Baptism, along with the declaration and instruction involved in confirmation, and the Eucharist, have remained the essential elements of initiation in all Christian communities, however, Alfsvåg writes that confirmation has differing status in different denominations.Шаблон:Sfn
Some see baptism, confirmation, and communion as elements of a unified sacrament through which one becomes a Christian and part of the church.Шаблон:Sfn Also known as Chrismation by eastern Christians, under some circumstances, confirmation may be administered immediately after baptism. When an adult decides to convert to the Catholic or Orthodox Church, they become a "catechumen" and attend classes to learn what conversion means and requires. Once classes are completed and the candidate is baptized, adults can then be confirmed immediately following baptism. A clergy member will anoint their forehead, (or in the case of Byzantine Christians, the forehead, eyes, nostrils, mouth, ears, breast, hands, and feet), with the chrisma (oil) calling upon the Holy Spirit to seal the convert with the gifts of the Spirit.Шаблон:Sfn
In Western churches that practice infant baptism, (Catholic Church, the Church of England, Anglicans, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Methodists, Nazarenes, Moravians, and United Protestants), infants who are baptized are not generally confirmed immediately except in cases of emergency such as illness or impending death. Otherwise, child candidates must wait till they are old enough to make a decision for themselves. Confirmation cannot occur until the candidate has participated in confirmation classes, demonstrated an adequate understanding of what they are agreeing to, and are able to profess "with their own mouth" their desire to be confirmed in their faith.Шаблон:Sfn In the Eastern Churches (Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Church of the East), the rite is called chrismation, and is done immediately after baptism, regardless of age.
To be fully in communion with the Catholic Church, (a phrase used since c. 205), the Catholic Church requires a convert to have professed faith and practice the sacraments - baptism, confirmation and the Eucharist.Шаблон:Sfn The Orthodox Church also maintains the tradition of baptism, chrismation and first communion as a united rite till this day, referring to chrismation as "the Pentecost of the individual" (a reference to the Holy Spirit).Шаблон:Sfn
The practice of confirmation was criticized during the Reformation by those who do not consider confirmation a condition for conversion to Christianity or being a fully accepted member of the church.Шаблон:Sfn Luther saw confirmation as “a churchly rite or sacramental ceremony,” but for Luther, it was baptism that was necessary and not confirmation.Шаблон:Sfn John Wesley removed the rite altogether leaving Methodism with no rite of confirmation from 1785 to 1965.Шаблон:Sfn These see confirmation as a combination of intercessory prayer and as a graduation ceremony after the period of instruction.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
- Christianization
- Conversion of the Jews
- Credo
- Engel Scale
- Forced conversion
- List of converts to Christianity
- Rite of Christian Initiation for Adults (RCIA)
References
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Шаблон:Christian Soteriology Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Bibleverse
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