Английская Википедия:Cook Islands Māori
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Infobox language
Cook Islands Māori is an Eastern Polynesian language that is the official language of the Cook Islands. Cook Islands Māori is closely related to New Zealand Māori, but is a distinct language in its own right. Cook Islands Māori is simply called Māori when there is no need to disambiguate it from New Zealand Māori, but it is also known as Māori Kūki Шаблон:OkinaĀirani (or Maori Kuki Airani) or, controversially,[1] Rarotongan. Many Cook Islanders also call it Te reo Ipukarea, literally "the language of the Ancestral Homeland".
Official status
Cook Islands Māori became an official language of the Cook Islands in 2003; from 1915 until then, English had been the only official language of the Cook Islands.
Te Reo Maori Act definition
The Te Reo Maori Act 2003 states that Māori:[2] Шаблон:Blockquote Pukapukan is considered by scholars and speakers alike to be a distinct language more closely related to Samoan and Tokelauan than Cook Islands Māori. It belongs to the Samoic subgroup of the Polynesian language family. The intention behind including Pukapukan in the definition of Te Reo Maori was to ensure its protection.
The dialects[3] of the East Polynesian varieties of the Cook Islands (collectively referred to as Cook Islands Māori) are:
- Rakahanga-Manihiki
- Penrhyn (Tongarevan or Mangarongaro);[4]
- Southern: Rarotongan, Ngā Pū Toru (the dialects of Ātiu, Mitiʻāro and Maʻuke), Aitutaki, Mangaia.
Cook Islands Māori is closely related to Tahitian and New Zealand Māori, and there is a degree of mutual intelligibility with both of these languages.
The language is theoretically regulated by the Kōpapa reo māori board created in 2003, but this organisation is currently dormant.
Writing system and pronunciation
There is a debate about the standardisation of the writing system. Although the usage of the macron (־) te makarona and the glottal stop amata (Шаблон:Okina) (Шаблон:IPA) is recommended, most speakers do not use the two diacritics in everyday writing. The Cook Islands Māori Revised New Testament uses a standardised orthography (spelling system) that includes the diacritics when they are phonemic but not elsewhere.Шаблон:Citation needed
Consonants
- Present only in Manihiki
- Present only in Penrhyn
- Present only in Manihiki and Penrhyn
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link | |
| Close-mid | Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link | |
| Open | Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link |
Grammar
Cook Islands Māori is an isolating language with very little morphology. Case is marked by the particle that initiates a noun phrase, and like most East Polynesian languages, Cook Islands Māori has nominative-accusative case marking.
The unmarked constituent order is predicate initial: that is, verb initial in verbal sentences and nominal-predicate initial in non-verbal sentences.
Personal pronouns
| Person | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st inclusive | au | tāua | tātou1 |
| 1st exclusive | māua | mātou2 | |
| 2nd | koe | kōrua | kōtou |
| 3rd | aia | rāua | rātou |
- you -2 or more- and I
- they and I
| Pronoun | Cook Islands Maori | English | Word-to-word and gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| au | Ka Шаблон:Okinaaere au ki te Шаблон:OkinaāpiШаблон:Okinai āpōpō Шаблон:Audio | I'm going to school tomorrow. | (unaccomplished asp.)/ go / I / (prep. goal/destination) / the / learn / tomorrow |
| Ka Шаблон:Okinaārote au inanaШаблон:Okinai, nō te ua rā, kua Шаблон:Okinaakakore au | I was going to do the ploughing yesterday, but gave it up because of the rain. | (unaccomplished asp.) / plough / I / yesterday / because (origin) / the / rain / day /(perfect asp.) / give up (litt. "do nothing") /I | |
| koe | Kua kino iā koe tō mātou mōtokā | You damaged our car. | (perfect asp.) / bad / by / you /(possession)/we (exclusive) /car |
| Ko koe Шаблон:Okinaoki, te tangata tā te Шаблон:Okinaakavā e kimi nei | You are the person the police are looking for. | (subject marker) / you / also / the / man / (possession) / the / police / (progressive asp. with "nei") /look for/here and now. | |
| aia | Шаблон:OkinaEaШаблон:Okinaa Шаблон:Okinaaia i Шаблон:Okinaaere mai ei | Why did he/she come? | why (Шаблон:OkinaeaШаблон:Okinaa... ei) / he or she / (accomplished asp) / go / towards me / |
| Kāre Шаблон:Okinaaia i konei | He/she is not here. | (negation asp.) / he or she / (marking position) / here |
| Pronoun | Cook Islands Maori | English | Word-to-word and gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tāua | Шаблон:Okinaaere tāua ! | Let us go! | go / we two (inclusive) |
| Ko tō tāua taeake tērā ake | Here come our friends. | (subject marker) / (possession) / we two (inclusive) / friend or relative of the same generation (brother, sister, cousin either sex) speaking, but not in laws./ that (deictic)/ a little time (or distance)away | |
| we two, us two (he/she and I) | Ka Шаблон:Okinaoki māua ko Taria ki te kāinga Шаблон:Audio | Taria and I are going back home. | (unaccomplished asp.)/ return / we two (exclusive) / with / Taria/ (prep. goal)/ the / home |
| To tāua taeake tērā ake | Here come our friends. | (subject marker) / possession / we two (exclusive) / friend / that (deictic)/ a little time (or distance away) | |
| Kōrua : you two | Шаблон:Okinaāe ! kua rongo kōrua i te nūti! | Hey! Have you heard the news? | hey (interj) / (perfect asp.) / hear / you two / (object marker) / the / news / |
| Na kōrua teia puka | This book belongs to you two. | (Possession) / you two / this (deictic) / book | |
| Rāua : they, them (the two of them) | Tuatua muna tēia, ka akakite Шаблон:Okinaua atu au kia rāua | This is a confidential matter, I shall only tell it to those two. | speak, speech / secret / this / (unaccomplished asp.) / reveal (make known) / only / away (from the speaker)/ I / (prep. ki+a)towards (someone)/ they two |
| No Шаблон:Okinaea mai rāua ? | Where have the two of them been? / What have they been doing? | from / (time and space interr.) / (indicating progression of time towards present) / they two |
| Pronoun | Cook Islands Maori | English | Word-to-word and gloss |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tātou : We, us (you -2 or more- and I) | KoШаблон:Okinaai tā tātou e tiaki nei | Who are we waiting for? | Who (subject marker+identity interr.) / (possession) / we, all of us (inclusive) / (progressive asp.) / wait for / here and now |
| Kāre ā tātou kai toe | We have no more food. | (Negation asp.) / (possession) / we, all of us (inclusive) / eat, food / remain, remaining, the rest | |
| Mātou : we, us (they and I) | Ko mātou ma Tere mā i Шаблон:Okinaaere mai ei | We came with Tere and the others. | (subject marker)/ we (exclusive) / with, and / Tere / (part used only after persons meaning those in company with / (accomplisshed asp.) / go / (movement towards speaker) / (emphasis marks) |
| Kua kite mai koe ia mātou | You saw us. | (perfect asp.) / see(towards speaker) / you / at someone (i+a) / we (exclusive) | |
| Kōtou : (all of you) | E Шаблон:Okinaaere atu kōtou, ka āru atu au | You go on, and I'll follow. | (imperative asp.)/ go / (away from the speaker) / you all / (unaccomplished asp.) / follow / go / (away from the speaker) / I |
| Ko kōtou koШаблон:Okinaai mā i aere ei ki te tautai? Шаблон:Audio | Who did you go fishing with? | (Subject marker) / you all / who (identity interr.) / in company with / (accomplished asp.) / go / (emphasis) / (goal/destination) / the / fishing | |
| Rātou : they, them (more than two) | Kua pekapeka rātou ko Tere | They and Tere have quarrelled. | (perfect asp.)/ trouble / they all / (subject marker)/ Tere |
| Nō rātou te pupu māroШаблон:OkinairoШаблон:Okinai | They have the strongest team. | (Possession) / they all / the / team (litt. group of people) / strong |
Tense-Aspect-Mood markers
| Marker | Aspect | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | present continuous |
Шаблон:Lang : I am thinking of going back to the house |
| Шаблон:Lang | Mildly imperative or exhortatory, expressing a desire, a wish rather than a strong command. |
Шаблон:Lang : be quick ! (don't be long!) |
| Шаблон:Lang | Imperative, order |
Шаблон:Lang : you get down |
| Шаблон:Lang | interdiction, don't |
Шаблон:Lang : don't on any account touch this live wire, you'll get a shock |
| Шаблон:Lang | indicate the negation, not, nothing, nowhere |
Шаблон:Lang : It will not rain |
| Шаблон:Lang | habitual action or state |
Шаблон:Lang : Do you go to the dance? |
| Шаблон:Lang | Refers prospectively to the commencement of an action or state. Often translatable as the English future tense or "going to" construction |
Шаблон:Lang : Mary is going to sing later on tonight |
| Шаблон:Lang | translatable as the English simple past or present tense (with adjectives) |
Шаблон:Lang : You saw us |
Most of the preceding examples were taken from Cook Islands Maori Dictionary, by Jasper Buse with Raututi Taringa edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi MoekaШаблон:Okinaa, Auckland, 1995.
Possessives
Like most other Polynesian languages (Tahitian, New Zealand Māori, Hawaiian, Samoan, Tongan ...), Cook Islands Māori has two categories of possessives, "a" and "o".
Generally, the "a" category is used when the possessor has or had control over the initiation of the possessive relationship. Usually this means that the possessor is superior or dominant to what is owned, or that the possession is considered as alienable. The "o" category is used when the possessor has or had no control over the initiation of the relationship. This usually means that the possessor is subordinate or inferior to what is owned, or that the possession is considered to be inalienable.
The following list indicates the types of things in the different categories:
- a is used in speaking of
- Movable property, instruments,
- Food and drink,
- Husband, wife, children, grandchildren, girlfriend, boyfriend,
- Animals and pets, (except for horses)
- People in an inferior position
- Te puaka a tērā vaШаблон:Okinaine : the pig belonging to that woman;
- ā Tere tamariki : Tere's children;
- Kāre ā Tupe mā ika inapō : Tupe and the rest didn't get any fish last night
- Tāku ; TāШаблон:Okinaau ; Tāna ; Tā tāua ; Tā māua…. : my, mine ; your, yours ; his, her, hers, our ours…
- Ko tāku vaШаблон:Okinaine tēia : This is my wife;
- Ko tāna tāne tērā : That's her husband;
- Tā kotou Шаблон:Okinaapinga : your possession(s);
- Tā Tare Шаблон:Okinaapinga : Tērā possession(s);
- o is used in speaking of
- Parts of anything
- Feelings
- Buildings and transport (including horses)
- Clothes
- Parents or other relatives (not husband, wife, children…)
- Superiors
- Te Шаблон:Okinaare o Tere : The house belonging to Tere;
- ō Tere pare : Tere's hat;
- Kāre ō Tina noШаблон:Okinao anga e noШаблон:Okinao ei : Tina hasn't got anywhere to sit;
- Tōku ; TōШаблон:Okinaou ; Tōna ; Tō tāua ; Tō māua…: my, mine ; your, yours ; his, her, hers ; our, ours …
- Ko tōku Шаблон:Okinaare tēia : This is my house;
- I tōku manako, ka tika tāna : In my opinion, he'll be right;
- Tēia tōku, tērā tōШаблон:Okinaou : This is mine here, that's yours over there
Vocabulary
- Pia : Polynesian arrowroot
- Kata : laugh at; laughter;
- kata Шаблон:Okinaāviri : ridicule, jeer, mock
- Tanu : to plant, cultivate land
- Шаблон:OkinaangaШаблон:Okinaanga : work, job
- Pōpongi : morning
- Tātāpaka : a kind of breadfruit pudding
- Шаблон:Okinaura : dance, to dance
- Tuātau : time, period, season ;
- ē tuātau Шаблон:Okinaua atu : forever
- Шаблон:Okinaīmene : to sing, song
- Riri : be angry with (ki)
- Tārekareka : entertain, amuse, match, game, play game
Dialectology
Although most words of the various dialects of Cook Islands Māori are identical, there are some differences:
| Rarotonga | Aitutaki | Mangaia | Ngāputoru | Manihiki | Tongareva | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | speak, speech |
| Шаблон:Okinaānau | Шаблон:Okinaānau | Шаблон:Okinaānau | fanau | hanau | family | |
| kūmara | kūШаблон:Okinaara | kūШаблон:Okinaara | kūmara | kūmara | kumala | sweet potatoes |
| kāre | kāШаблон:Okinaore, Шаблон:OkinaāШаблон:Okinaore | eШаблон:Okinai, Шаблон:Okinaāore | Шаблон:Okinaāita, kāre | kaua, kāre | kore | no, not |
| tātā | kiriti | tātā | tātā | tātā | tata | write |
| Шаблон:Okinaura | koni | Шаблон:Okinaura | Шаблон:Okinaingo, oriori, Шаблон:Okinaura | hupahupa | kosaki | dance |
| Шаблон:Okinaakaipoipo | Шаблон:Okinaakaipoipo | Шаблон:OkinaāШаблон:Okinaāipoipo | Шаблон:Okinaakaipoipo | fakaipoipo | selenga | wedding |
| Шаблон:Okinaīkoke | koroio | rakiki | tūngāngā | hikoke | mokisi | thin |
| Шаблон:Okinaare | Шаблон:Okinaare | Шаблон:Okinaare | Шаблон:Okinaare | fare | hare | house |
| maШаблон:Okinaata | Шаблон:Okinaatupaka | ngao | nui, nunui, ranuinui | kore reka | polia | big |
| matū, pete | ngenengene | pori | poripori | menemene | suesue | fat |
Demographics
| Place | Cook Islands Māori-speaking population |
|---|---|
| Cook Islands | 13,620 |
| New Zealand | 7,725 |
| New South Wales | 1,612[5] |
| Queensland | 1,609[6] |
| Victoria | 1,468[7] |
| Western Australia | 308[8] |
| South Australia | 63[8] |
| Australian Capital Territory | 28[9] |
| Northern Territory | 21[10] |
| Tasmania | 10[11] |
Notes
Sources
- Cook Islands Maori Database Project, An online project created to build a collection of Cook Islands Maori Words based on existing print dictionaries and other sources.
- Cook Islands Maori Dictionary, by Jasper Buse with Raututi Taringa, edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi MoekaШаблон:Okinaa, Auckland, 1995.
- A dictionary of the Maori Language of Rarotonga, Manuscript by Stephen Savage, Suva : IPS, USP in association with the Ministry of Education of the Cook Islands, 1983.
- Kai Korero : Cook Islands Maori Language Coursebook, Tai Carpentier and Clive Beaumont, Pasifika Press, 1995. (A useful learning Method with oral skills cassette)
- Cook Islands Cook Book by Taiora Matenga-Smith. Published by the Institute of Pacific Studies.
- Maori Lessons for the Cook Islands, by Taira Rere. Wellington, Islands Educational Division, Department of Education, 1960.
- Conversational Maori, Rarotongan Language, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga, Government Printer. 1961.
- Some Maori Lessons, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga. Curriculum Production Unit, Department of Education. 1976.
- More Maori Lessons, by Taira Rere. Suva, University of the South Pacific.1976
- Maori Spelling: Notes for Teachers, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga: Curriculum Production Unit, Education Department.1977.
- Traditions and Some Words of the Language of Danger or Pukapuka Island. Journal of the Polynesian Society 13:173-176.1904.
- Collection of Articles on Rarotonga Language, by Jasper Buse. London: University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies. 1963.
- Manihikian Traditional Narratives: In English and Manihikian: Stories of the Cook Islands (Na fakahiti o Manihiki). Papatoetoe, New Zealand: Te Ropu Kahurangi.1988
- Te korero o Aitutaki, na te Are Korero o Aitutaki, Ministry of Cultural Development, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. 1992
- Atiu nui Maruarua : E au tua taШаблон:Okinaito, Vainerere Tangatapoto et al. University of South Pacific, Suva 1984. (in Maori and English)
- Learning Rarotonga Maori, by MakiШаблон:Okinauti Tongia, Ministry of Cultural Development, Rarotonga 1999.
- Te uri Reo Maori (translating in Maori), by MakiШаблон:Okinauti Tongia, Punanga o te reo. 1996.
- Atiu, e enua e tona iti tangata, te au tata tuatua Ngatupuna Kautai...(et al.), Suva, University of the South Pacific.1993. (Maori translation of Atiu : an island Community)
- A vocabulary of the Mangaian language by Christian, F. W. 1924. Bernice P. Bishop Bulletin 2. Honolulu, Bernice P. Bishop Museum.
- E au tuatua taШаблон:Okinaito no Manihiki, Kauraka Kauraka, IPS, USP, Suva. 1987.
External links
Шаблон:Incubator Шаблон:Refbegin
- Cook Islands Maori Database
- Dictionary of Cook Islands Languages.
- Te akataka reo Rarotonga; or, Rarotongan and English grammar by the Rev Aaron Buzacott of the London Missionary Society, Rarotonga. 1854. Old grammar in english and Rarotongan
- "Tuatua mai!" Learn Cook Islands Maori
- Te Reo Maori Act 2003
- SBS Cook Islands Maori Radio Program. Шаблон:Webarchive Updated each week
- Cook Islands Biodiversity : Natural History Māori Dictionaries Шаблон:Webarchive
- Cook Islands Maori Dictionary Online version of Jasper Buse and Raututi Taringa Dictionary
- Cook Islands Ministry of Cultural Development Шаблон:Webarchive
- Te Reo Māori Kūki Шаблон:OkinaĀirani i roto i te Kurakarāma o Aotearoa (Cook Islands Maori in the New Zealand Curriculum) Шаблон:Webarchive
- Collected songs and legends from the southern Cook Islands (c. 1883–1912) at the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre
- Box of 324 index cards of plant and animal names archived with Kaipuleohone
- Paradisec has an open access collection of Cook Island Maori materials
- Materials on Cook Islands Maori are included in the open access [Arthur Capell] collection (AC1) held by Paradisec.
Шаблон:Languages of New Zealand Шаблон:Languages of French Polynesia Шаблон:Polynesian languages Шаблон:Austronesian languages
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ These are 'dialects' in the sense of having mutual intelligibility.
- ↑ Tongarevan is sometimes also considered as a distinct language.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
