Английская Википедия:Crveni Krst concentration camp
Шаблон:Infobox concentration camp The Crveni Krst concentration camp (lit. Red Cross concentration camp; Шаблон:Lang-de; Шаблон:Lang-sr), also known as the Niš concentration camp (Шаблон:Lang-de), located in Crveni Krst, Niš, was operated by the German Gestapo and used to hold captured Serbs, Jews and Romanis during the Second World War. Established in mid-1941, it was used to detain as many as 35,000 people during the war and was liberated by the Yugoslav Partisans in 1944. More than 10,000 people are thought to have been killed at the camp. After the war, a memorial to the victims of the camp was erected on Mount Bubanj, where many inmates were shot. A memorial museum was opened on the former campgrounds in 1967 and in 1979 the campgrounds were declared a Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance and came under the protection of the Socialist Republic of Serbia.
History
Background
On 6 April 1941, Axis forces invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Royal Yugoslav Army was quickly defeated and Belgrade was captured by 12 April.Шаблон:Sfn The country was then occupied and dismembered, with the Wehrmacht establishing the Territory of the Military Commander in SerbiaШаблон:Sfnm under a government of military occupation. The territory included most of Serbia proper, with the addition of the northern part of Kosovo (centred on Kosovska Mitrovica), and the Banat.Шаблон:Sfn It was the only area of partitioned Yugoslavia in which the German occupants established a military government. This was done to exploit the key rail and riverine transport routes that passed through it, and due to its valuable resources, particularly non-ferrous metals.Шаблон:Sfn The Military Commander in Serbia appointed Serbian puppet governments to "carry on administrative chores under German direction and supervision".Шаблон:Sfn On 29 August 1941, the Germans appointed the Government of National Salvation (Шаблон:Lang-sr, Влада Националног Спаса) under General Milan Nedić, to replace the short-lived Commissioner Administration.Шаблон:Sfn A pre-war politician who was known to have pro-Axis leanings, Nedić was selected because the Germans believed his fierce anti-Communism and military experience could be used to quell an armed uprising in the Serbian region of Šumadija.Шаблон:Sfn
Unable to bring reinforcements due to the need to send soldiers to the Eastern Front, the Germans responded to the revolt by declaring that one-hundred Serbs would be executed for every German soldier killed and that fifty would be executed for every German soldier wounded. By October 1941, this policy had resulted in the deaths of 25,000 Serbs.Шаблон:Sfn The Germans also targeted Jews, who were subjected to forced labour, punitive taxing, and restrictive decrees.Шаблон:Sfn Jews were also registered with German authorities and forced to wear identifying armbands while Jewish property was confiscated.Шаблон:Sfn They, and to a lesser degree Romanis, were targeted on racial grounds, although most were not killed outright. Following the start of the anti-German uprising, German propaganda began associating Jews with Communism and anti-German ideology. Executions and arrests of Serbian Jews followed.Шаблон:Sfn
When the Germans occupied southeastern Serbian city of Niš in April 1941, they prohibited Romanis from leaving their homes without an identifying yellow armband bearing the word Zigeuner (Gypsy). German soldiers then went through the Romani quarter and forcibly shaved the heads of all Romanis in Niš under the pretext that they had lice.Шаблон:Sfn
Operation
The Crveni Krst (Red Cross) concentration camp was established by the German Gestapo in Niš in mid-1941.Шаблон:Sfn It was named after a Red Cross facility located near the campgrounds.Шаблон:Sfn Originally intended as a transit camp (Шаблон:Lang-de), by September of that year it was transformed into a concentration camp.Шаблон:Sfn
There were four categories of prisoners. First categories were hostages. They served for retaliation execution. For one killed occupying soldier 100, and for one wounded 50 hostages were killed. Second category were Jews. Third category of prisoners were persons arrested on suspicion of belonging or cooperating with the communist National Liberation Movement and their military units under Josip Broz Tito. The fourth category of prisoners consisted of those arrested on charge of belonging or cooperating with the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, under the command of War Minister, Colonel Draža Mihailović.[1]
Romani men, women and children were imprisoned at Crveni Krst shortly after its creation.Шаблон:Sfn In October 1941, 200–300 local and foreign Jews living in Niš were brought to the camp. More arrived later from towns in the Serbian interior.Шаблон:Sfn Laws passed by the Germans that September ensured that they would be detained separately from other inmates.Шаблон:Sfn The Germans began executing adult male inmates in early November.Шаблон:Sfn In January, a group of Serbian Partisans attacked the camp, freeing a small number of Jewish prisoners.Шаблон:Sfn The first mass executions occurred on Mount Bubanj in February 1942.Шаблон:Sfn Victims included many Romani inmates who were shot and killed as hostages here, with as many as 100 being shot on one day.Шаблон:Sfn That month, a group of inmates made an organized attempt to escape the camp. Although fifteen prisoners managed to escape, forty-two failed to do so and were killed.Шаблон:Sfn A second mass execution involved the shooting of large numbers of Serb and remaining Jewish inmates whose corpses were dumped into mass graves that the Germans had forced Romani prisoners to dig.Шаблон:Sfn That spring, the women and children detained at Crveni Krst were transferred to the Sajmište concentration camp on the outskirts of Belgrade, where they were murdered using gas vans.Шаблон:Sfn The camp remained in operation over the following two years before being liberated by the Partisans in 1944. Of the more than 35,000 inmates held at the camp during the war, an estimated 10,000 were killed.Шаблон:Sfn
Legacy
After the war, a memorial to the victims of the camp was erected on Mount Bubanj.Шаблон:Sfn A memorial museum was opened on the former campgrounds in 1967. The set up was prepared by the curator historians Ivana Gruden Miletinjević and Nebojša Ozimić. In 1979, the campgrounds were declared a Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance and came under the protection of the Socialist Republic of Serbia.Шаблон:Sfn A film detailing the events at the camp titled Lager Niš was released in Yugoslavia in 1987. It was the only film revolving specifically around inmates in a concentration camp ever released in the country.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
References
Books
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Journals
Websites
Шаблон:Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance Шаблон:The Holocaust Шаблон:Authority control
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Cultural Monuments of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)
- Architecture in Serbia
- World War II sites in Serbia
- Serbia under German occupation
- Jewish Serbian history
- Nazi concentration camps in Yugoslavia
- Nazi war crimes in Serbia
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
