Английская Википедия:Dawson City

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Шаблон:About Шаблон:Use Canadian English Шаблон:Infobox settlement

Dawson City, officially the City of Dawson, is a city in the Canadian territory of Yukon. It is inseparably linked to the Klondike Gold Rush (1896–1899). Its population was 1,577 as of the 2021 census,[1] making it the second-largest city in Yukon.

History

Файл:Packtrain carrying freight outside of the Bartlett Bros offices, Dawson, Yukon territory, 1899 (HEGG 624).jpeg
Packtrain in Dawson, 1899 (photographed by Eric A. Hegg)

Prior to the late modern period the area was used for hunting and gathering by the Hän-speaking people of the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in and their forebears. The heart of their homeland was Tr'ochëk, a fishing camp at the confluence of the Klondike River and Yukon River, now a National Historic Site of Canada, just across the Klondike River from modern Dawson City. This site was also an important summer gathering spot and a base for moose-hunting on the Klondike Valley.

The current settlement was founded by Joseph Ladue and named in January 1897 after noted Canadian geologist George M. Dawson, who had explored and mapped the region in 1887. It served as Yukon's capital from the territory's founding in 1898 until 1952, when the seat was moved to Whitehorse.

Файл:3rd St, Dawson, Yukon Territory, ca 1899 (HEGG 88).jpeg
View of 3rd Street c. 1899 by Eric A. Hegg
Файл:Canada - Dawson - NARA - 68154600 (cropped).jpg
1941 aerial photo

Dawson City was the centre of the Klondike Gold Rush.Шаблон:R It began in 1896 and changed the First Nations camp into a thriving city of 16,000–17,000[2] by 1898. By 1899, the gold rush had ended and the town's population plummeted as all but 8,000 people left. When Dawson was incorporated as a city in 1902, the population was under 5,000. St. Paul's Anglican Church, also built that same year, is a National Historic Site. The downtown has been devastated by fire in November 1897 (that started when dance hall girl Dolly Mitchell threw a lamp at another girl in an argument), 1899 (that started in the Bodega Saloon), 1900 (that started at the Monte Carlo Theatre) and flooding in 1925, 1944, 1966, 1969 and 1979.[3]

The population dropped after World War II when the Alaska Highway bypassed it Шаблон:Convert[4] to the south. The economic damage to Dawson City was such that Whitehorse, the highway's hub, replaced it as territorial capital in 1953.[5] Dawson City's population languished around the 600–900 mark through the 1960s and 1970s, but has risen and held stable since then. The high price of gold has made modern placer mining operations profitable, and the growth of the tourism industry has encouraged development of facilities. In the early 1950s, Dawson was linked by road to Alaska, and in fall 1955, with Whitehorse along a road that now forms part of the Klondike Highway.

In 1978, another kind of buried treasure was discovered with the Dawson Film Find when a construction excavation inadvertently uncovered a forgotten collection of more than 500 discarded films on highly flammable nitrate film stock from the early 20th century that were buried in (and preserved by) the permafrost. These silent-era film reels, dating from "between 1903 and 1929, were uncovered in the rubble beneath [an] old hockey rink".[6] (See Dawson Film Find.) Owing to its dangerous chemical volatility,[7] the historical find was moved by military transport to Library and Archives Canada and the U.S. Library of Congress for both transfer to safety film and storage. A documentary about the find, Dawson City: Frozen Time, was released in 2016.[8]

The City of Dawson and the nearby ghost town of Forty Mile are featured prominently in the novels and short stories of American author Jack London, including The Call of the Wild. London lived in the Dawson area from October 1897 to June 1898. Other writers who lived in and wrote of Dawson City include Pierre Berton and the poet Robert Service. The childhood home of the former is now used as a residency and retreat for professional writers administered by the Writers' Trust of Canada.[9][10]

In 2023, the Dawson City townsite became part of the Tr’ondëk-Klondike UNESCO World Heritage Site. [11]

Geography

Файл:Yukon Territory, Canada (28252967555).jpg
Streetscape and landslide at mountain side; Dawson City, 1964

Dawson City lies on the Tintina Fault. This fault has created the Tintina Trench and continues eastward for several hundred kilometres. Erosional remnants of lava flows form outcrops immediately north and west of Dawson City.

Climate

Dawson City has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsc), with significantly higher continentality than the territory capital of Whitehorse. Despite this classification, most precipitation actually occurs during summer and July is the wettest month. However, April, one of the six warmer months is sufficiently drier than October and November. Hence the letter 's' is used instead of 'f' (as in Dfc).

The average temperature in July is Шаблон:Convert and in January is Шаблон:Convert.[12] The highest temperature ever recorded is Шаблон:Convert on 9 July 1899[13] and 18 June 1950.[14] The lowest temperature ever recorded is Шаблон:Convert on 3 February 1947.[15] It experiences a wide range of temperatures surpassing Шаблон:Convert in most summers and dropping below Шаблон:Convert in winter.[12] In the very cold month of December 1917, the temperature did not rise above Шаблон:Convert and it averaged Шаблон:Convert.[16]

The community is at an elevation of Шаблон:Convert[17] and the average rainfall in July is Шаблон:Convert and the average snowfall in January is Шаблон:Convert. Dawson has an average total annual snowfall of Шаблон:Convert and averages 70 frost free days per year.[12] The town is built on a layer of frozen earth, which may pose a threat to the town's infrastructure in the future if the permafrost melts.[18][19]

Шаблон:Dawson City weatherbox

Demographics

Шаблон:Historical populations

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Dawson had a population of Шаблон:Val living in Шаблон:Val of its Шаблон:Val total private dwellings, a change of Шаблон:Percentage from its 2016 population of Шаблон:Val. With a land area of Шаблон:Convert, it had a population density of Шаблон:Pop density in 2021.[1]

According to the 2016 Census, the town is predominately European Canadian with 76.7% of the population with First Nations accounting for 15.3% of the population and Filipino accounting for 4.4% of the population. No other visible minority exceeds 2% of the population.[20]

Economy

Today, Dawson City's main industries are tourism and gold mining.

Energy

Electricity is provided by Yukon Energy Corporation (YEC). Most of the grid power is hydroelectric power through the north-south grid from dams near Mayo, Whitehorse and Aishihik Lake. After the local hydroelectric power plant for the gold dredges was shut down in 1966, YEC provided electrical power from local diesel generators. In 2004 YEC connected Dawson to its grid system. Since then the diesel generators function as a backup to the grid.Шаблон:Citation needed

Gold mining

Gold mining started in 1896 with the Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek discovery by George Carmack, Dawson Charlie and Skookum Jim Mason (Keish). The area's creeks were quickly staked and most of the thousands who arrived in the spring of 1898 for the Klondike Gold Rush found that there was very little opportunity to benefit directly from gold mining. Many instead became entrepreneurs to provide services to miners.Шаблон:Citation needed

Файл:Gold dredger - Dawson City YT.jpg
Dredge No. 4

Starting approximately 10 years later, large gold dredges began an industrial mining operation, scooping huge amounts of gold out of the creeks, and completely reworking the landscape, altering the locations of rivers and creeks and leaving tailing piles in their wake. A network of canals and dams were built to the north to produce hydroelectric power for the dredges. The dredges shut down for the winter, but one built for "Klondike Joe Boyle" was designed to operate year-round, and Boyle had it operate all through one winter. That dredge (Dredge No. 4) is open as a National Historic Site of Canada on Bonanza Creek.Шаблон:Citation needed

The last dredge shut down in 1966, and the hydroelectric facility, at North Fork, was closed when the City of Dawson declined an offer to purchase it. Since then, placer miners returned to the status of being the primary mining operators in the region until recently. In 2016, Goldcorp announced a takeover of Kaminak Gold's Coffee Project south of Dawson.[21] This marked a shift in the region, drawing the interest of the major gold mining companies in the Yukon. In 2017, Newmont Mining Corporation, Barrick Gold and Agnico Eagle Mines Limited have all committed significant investment, engaging in the exploration of properties across the Central Yukon.Шаблон:Citation needed

Tourism

Файл:Dawson City downtown.jpg
Most of Dawson's buildings have the appearance of 19th-Century construction. All new construction must comply with visual standards ensuring conformity to this appearance

There are eight National Historic Sites of Canada located in Dawson,[22] including the "Dawson Historical Complex", a National Historic Site encompassing the historic core of the town.[23]

The Downtown Hotel at Second Avenue and Queen Street has garnered media attention for its unusual Sourtoe Cocktail, which features a real mummified human toe.[24][25][26] The hotel and the toe received increased attention in June 2017 after the toe was stolen; it was soon returned to the hotel by mail along with a written apology.[27]

Bonanza Creek has two National Historic Sites; the Discovery Claim and the Dredge No. 4.

Tr'ochëk is the site of a traditional Hän fishing camp on the flats at the confluence of the Klondike River and Yukon River. The site is owned and managed by the Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in First Nation. In addition to the fishing camp remains, the site includes traditional plant harvesting areas and lookout points.

Diamond Tooth Gertie's Gambling Hall puts on nightly vaudeville shows during tourist season, from May to September.[28]

Sports

Файл:Foot race, Dawson City, YT, about 1900.jpg
Foot race, Dawson City, about 1900

Every February, Dawson City acts as the halfway mark for the Yukon Quest International Sled Dog Race. Mushers entered in the event have a mandatory 36-hour layover in Dawson City while getting their rest and preparing for the second half of the world's toughest sled dog race.[29]

Dawson City also hosts a softball tournament which brings teams from Inuvik in late summer. Furthermore, a volleyball tournament is held annually at the end of October and is attended by various high schools across Yukon.

The city was home to the Dawson City Nuggets hockey team, which in 1905 challenged the Ottawa Silver Seven for the Stanley Cup. Travelling to Ottawa by dog sled, ship, and train, the team lost the most lopsided series in Stanley Cup history, losing two games by the combined score of 32 to 4.[30]

Government

Dawson City federal election results[31]
Year Liberal Conservative New Democratic Green
rowspan="2" style="width: 0.25em; background-color: Шаблон:Canadian party colour| 2021 Шаблон:Canadian party colour | 22% 149 Шаблон:Canadian party colour | 22% 153 Шаблон:Canadian party colour | 34% 237 Шаблон:Canadian party colour | 6% 40
2019 Шаблон:Canadian party colour | 29% 213 Шаблон:Canadian party colour | 24% 176 Шаблон:Canadian party colour | 30% 225 Шаблон:Canadian party colour | 15% 110

In 2004, the Yukon government removed the mayor and the town council, as a result of the town going bankrupt. The territorial government accepted a large portion of the responsibility for this situation in March 2006, writing off $3.43 million of the debt and leaving the town with $1.5 million still to pay off. Elections were set for June 15, 2006. John Steins, a local artist and one of the leaders of the movement to restore democracy to Dawson, was acclaimed as mayor, while 13 residents ran for the four council seats. Steins was succeeded in office by former mayor Peter Jenkins, who in turn was succeeded by Wayne Potoroka.[32]

In 2021, four candidates ran for Mayor, and former city councillor William (Bill) Kendrick won the election and is the current Mayor of Dawson City.

Other past mayors of Dawson City have included Art Webster, Colin Mayes, Yolanda Burkhard, Mike Comadina and Vi Campbell.

In the Legislative Assembly of Yukon, Dawson City is in the electoral district of Klondike, currently represented by Sandy Silver of the Yukon Liberal Party.

The government of Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in, now a self-governing First Nation, is also located in Dawson.

City or town status

Шаблон:Refimprove section

Файл:Dawson Gold.JPG
Dawson Gold
Файл:Diamond Tooth Gerties.JPG
Diamond Tooth Gerties

Dawson was incorporated as a city in 1902 when it met the criteria for "city" status under the municipal act of that time. It retained the incorporation even as the population plummeted. When a new municipal act was adopted in the 1980s, Dawson met the criteria of "town", and was incorporated as such although with a special provision to allow it to continue to use the word "City", partially for historical reasons and partially to distinguish it from Dawson Creek, a small city in northeastern British Columbia. Dawson Creek is also named in honour of George M. Dawson. This led the territorial government to post the following signs at the boundaries of the town: "Welcome to the Town of the City of Dawson".Шаблон:Citation needed As of the 2001 Municipal Act, the town's official legal name is now simply the "City of Dawson".[33]

Infrastructure

Файл:Dawson City Ferry.jpg
Ferry for Highway 9
Файл:Navío histórico Keno, Dawson City, Yukón, Canadá, 2017-08-27, DD 60.jpg
Paddlewheeler Keno
  • Airports: Dawson City Airport is located Шаблон:Convert east of town. Dawson City Water Aerodrome is located next to the community on the Yukon River. Both are classified as an airport of entry and, as such, can handle aircraft with up to 30 passengers. The water aerodrome is one of only two in Canada that is able to handle aircraft with more than 15 passengers.[34]
  • Road: Klondike Highway (Yukon route 2) from Whitehorse-open year-round; Top of the World Highway (Yukon route 9) and Taylor Highway (Alaska route 5) from Tok, Alaska, open seasonally May to September.
  • Winter transportation: During the winter, Dawson City is accessible via the North Klondike Highway. There is an ice bridge across the Yukon River, for both foot and vehicle traffic, that is operated and maintained by the Yukon Department of Highways.
  • Rail: None currently. See Klondike Mines Railway
  • Boat: The George Black Ferry connects the North Klondike Hwy to the Top of the World Highway, by operating vehicle and passenger ferry service across the Yukon River. This is part of the Territorial highway system, and operates from May to October, weather dependent. There is no cost to use this ferry.

The Yukon River is navigable (when not frozen) and historically was travelled by commercial riverboats to Whitehorse and downstream into Alaska and the Bering Sea.

  • Cable television: municipal government-owned system with several channels via satellite
  • Telephone/Internet: Northwestel telephone exchange. and ran fibre internet to the community in 2021.[35]

Education

Yukon School of Visual Arts, a university level accredited art program, is based in Dawson City.

Robert Service School, Dawson City's only grade school, is named in honour of British-Canadian poet and writer Robert William Service (January 16, 1874 – September 11, 1958). The Robert Service School offers Kindergarten – Grade 12 and is one of only 28 schools in the Yukon Territory.[36]

Media

Television

OTA channel Call sign Network
9 (VHF) CH4261 Aboriginal Peoples Television Network

Radio

Frequency Call sign Branding Format Owner Notes
AM 560 CBDN CBC Radio One Talk radio, public radio Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Rebroadcaster of CFWH-FM (Whitehorse)
FM 90.5 VF2049 Community radio Northern Native Broadcasting First Nations community radio; rebroadcaster of CHON-FM (Whitehorse)
FM 104.9 CBDN-FM CBC Radio 2 Adult contemporary, public radio Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Rebroadcaster of CBU-FM (Vancouver)
FM 106.9 CFYT-FM CFYT: The Spirit of Dawson Community radio Dawson City Community Radio Society Rebroadcasts CKRW-FM (Whitehorse) when not airing local programming

Print

  • Dawson City is not served by a daily newspaper. The local Klondike Sun is published every two weeks, and the Whitehorse-based Yukon News is available two days per week.

Notable people

Файл:Robert Service Cabin.JPG
Robert Service Cabin
Файл:Jack London Centre.JPG
Jack London Centre
  • Pierre Berton: Dawson City is home of the Berton House Writers' Retreat program, housing established Canadian writers for four three-month get-away-from-it-all subsidized residencies each year. Berton House was the childhood home of popular-history writer Berton. The program is now administered by the Writers' Trust of Canada. Berton narrated the 1957 film City of Gold which describes the excitement of Dawson City during the gold rush. He also wrote the book Klondike, an historical account of the gold rush to the Klondike in 1896–1899.
  • Martha Black, the second woman elected to the House of Commons of Canada, as a single mother in Dawson earned a living by staking gold mining claims and running a sawmill and a gold ore-crushing plant. She later married George Black, Commissioner of Yukon, and in 1935 was elected to the House of Commons for the riding of Yukon as an Independent Conservative taking the place of her ill husband.[37]
  • Joseph W. Boyle, "Klondike Joe," entrepreneur, hockey organizer and adventurer.
  • Suzanne Crocker, documentary filmmaker.
  • John D. Ferry, chemist and biochemist, was born in Dawson in 1912
  • Lulu Mae Johnson, manager of Dawson's dance hall in the early 1900s. She died on the SS Princess Sophia.[38]
  • Victor Jory, actor of stage, film, and television, was born in Dawson in 1902 to American parents.
  • William Judge, a Jesuit priest who during the 1897 Klondike Gold Rush established a facility in Dawson which provided shelter, food and any available medicine to the many hard-at-luck gold miners who filled the town and its environs.[39]
  • Jack London spent the late Autumn of 1897 and Spring of 1898 in Dawson. He spent part of the winter 1897–1898 in a cabin that was originally on Henderson Creek, a tributary of the Stewart River. It was in the 1960s located disassembled and relocated and is now just up the street from downtown Dawson.
  • Micí Mac Gabhann, an Irish language storyteller (seanchaí) who lived in Dawson in 1897–98 and whose memoirs of the Klondyke Gold Rush Rotha Mór an tSaoil were published posthumously in 1959.
  • William Ogilvie, a Dominion land surveyor, explorer and Commissioner of the Yukon, surveyed the townsite of Dawson City and was responsible for settling many disputes between miners.[40]
  • Alexander Pantages, impresario, had his start in Dawson City. He opened a small theatre to serve the city. Soon, however, his activities expanded and the thrifty Greek went on and became one of America's greatest theatre and movie tycoons.
  • Robert W. Service, known as The Bard of the Yukon for his famous poems "The Shooting of Dan McGrew", "The Cremation of Sam McGee" and many others which depicted the Gold Rush and the culture of the Klondike. Service was transferred to the Dawson branch of the Canadian Bank of Commerce in Dawson City in 1908. Then, he dwelt in a log cabin where he would pursue his writings with The Trail of 98.[41]
  • Joe Vogler, Alaskan politician, buried in Dawson.
  • Jan Eskymo Welzl was a Moravian adventurer, hunter, gold prospector, Eskimo chief and Chief Justice on New Siberia island and later a story-teller and writer. During his life in Dawson City he was called Perpetual Motion Man and was also known as an inventor. Books based on his stories were published in many countries all over the world. Buried in Dawson City.
  • Black Mike Winage, a Serbian-Canadian miner, pioneer, and adventurer, who lived to be 107 years old, lived in Dawson City.
  • Weldy Young, professional hockey player for the Ottawa Silver Seven.

Freedom of the City

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the City of Dawson City.

Шаблон:Expand list

Military Units

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikivoyage

Шаблон:Adjacent communities Шаблон:Subdivisions of Yukon

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