Английская Википедия:Demotic Greek

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Demotic Greek or Dimotiki (Шаблон:Lang-el, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:IPA-el, Шаблон:Lit) is the standard spoken language of Greece in modern times and, since the resolution of the Greek language question in 1976, the official language of Greece.[1] "Demotic Greek" (with a capital D) contrasts with Katharevousa, which was used in formal settings, during the same period. In that context, Demotic Greek describes the specific non-standardized vernacular forms of Greek used by the vast majority of Greeks during the 19th and 20th centuries.[2]

As is typical of diglossic situations, Katharevousa and Dimotiki complemented and influenced each other. Over time, Dimotiki became standardized. In 1976, it was made the official language of Greece. It continued to evolve and is now called Standard Modern Greek. The term "demotic Greek" (with a minuscule d) also refers to any variety of the Greek language which has evolved naturally from Ancient Greek and is popularly spoken.

Basic features of Dimotiki

Demotic Greek differs in a few ways from Ancient Greek and from subsequent learned forms of Greek. Syntactically, it favors parataxis over subordination. It also heavily employs redundancy, such as Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Wikt-lang (small little-girl) and Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Wikt-lang (he-went-back-to-sleep again). Somewhat in connection with this, Demotic employs the diminutive with great frequency,[3]Шаблон:Rp to the point that many Demotic forms are in effect neuter diminutives of ancient words, especially irregular ones, e.g. Шаблон:Wikt-lang from Шаблон:Lang (island) from ancient Шаблон:Wikt-lang (island).

Greek noun declensions underwent considerable alteration, with irregular and less productive forms being gradually replaced by more regular forms based on the old one: Шаблон:Lang (man) for ancient Шаблон:Lang. Another feature was the merging of classical accusative and nominative forms, distinguishing them only by their definite articles, which continued to be declined as in Ancient Greek. This was especially common with nouns of the third declension, such as Шаблон:Wikt-lang (hometown, fatherland) which became nominative Шаблон:Lang, accusative Шаблон:Lang in Demotic.[3]Шаблон:Rp

A result of this regularization of noun forms in Demotic is that the words of most native vocabulary end in a vowel, s or n (Шаблон:Lang), i.e. an even more restricted set of possible word-final sounds than Ancient Greek. Exceptions are foreign loans like Шаблон:Lang (bar), and learned forms Шаблон:Lang (from Ancient Greek Шаблон:Wikt-lang, water), and exclamations like Шаблон:Wikt-lang (ach!, oh!) Many dialects even append the vowel -e (Шаблон:Lang) to third-person verb forms: Шаблон:Wikt-lang instead of Шаблон:Wikt-lang (they write). Word-final consonant clusters are also rare, again mainly occurring in learned discourse and via foreign loans: Шаблон:Wikt-lang (coal – scientific) and Шаблон:Wikt-lang (boxing – sport).[4]Шаблон:Rp

Indirect object is usually expressed by prepending the word Шаблон:Lang to the accusative where Ancient Greek had Шаблон:Lang for accusative of motion toward; bare Шаблон:Lang is used without the article to express indefinite duration of time, or contracted with the definite article for definiteness especially with regard to place where or motion toward; or with the genitive, especially with regard to means or instrument.[3]Шаблон:Rp Using one noun with an unmarked accusative article-noun phrase followed by Шаблон:Lang contracted with the definite article of a second noun distinguishes between definite direct and indirect objects, whether real or figurative, e.g. «Шаблон:Lang» or «...Шаблон:Lang» (lit. I put my hand upon the Gospel or ...in the fire, i.e. I swear it's true, I'm sure of it). By contrast, Katharevousa continued to employ the ancestral form, Шаблон:Lang, in place of Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Citation needed

The verb system inherited from Ancient Greek gradually evolved, with the old future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses gradually disappearing; they were replaced with conjugated forms of the verb Шаблон:Lang (I have) to denote these tenses instead. The future tenses and the subjunctive and optative moods, and eventually the infinitive, were replaced by the modal/tense auxiliaries Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang used with new simplified and fused future/subjunctive forms.[3]Шаблон:Rp In contrast to this, Katharevousa employed older perfective forms and infinitives that had been for the most part lost in the spoken languageШаблон:Citation needed, but in other cases it employed the same aorist or perfective forms as the spoken language, but preferred an archaizing form of the present indicative, e.g. Шаблон:Wikt-lang for Demotic Шаблон:Wikt-lang (I hide), which both have the same aorist form Шаблон:Lang.[3]Шаблон:Rp

Demotic Greek also borrowed a significant number of words from other languages such as Italian and Turkish, something which katharevousa avoided.

Dimotiki and "Standard Modern Greek"

Dimotiki is commonly used interchangeably with "Standard Modern Greek" (Шаблон:Lang). Nonetheless, these terms are not necessarily synonyms. While today's Standard Modern Greek is fundamentally a continuation of earlier Dimotiki, it also contains—especially in its written form and formal registers—numerous words, grammatical forms, and phonetical features that did not exist in the most "pure" and consistent forms of Dimotiki during the period of diglossia in Greece. Due to these admixtures, it could even be described as a product of a "merger" between earlier Dimotiki and Katharevousa.[1]

Furthermore, in a broader sense, the Greek term Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) can also describe any naturally evolved colloquial language of the Greeks, not just that of the period of diglossia.

Examples of Modern Greek features that did not exist in Dimotiki

The following examples are intended to demonstrate Katharevousa features in Modern Greek. They were not present in traditional Demotic and only entered the modern language through Katharevousa (sometimes as neologisms), where they are used mostly in writing (for instance, in newspapers), but also orally, especially words and fixed expressions are both understood and actively used also by non-educated speakers. In some cases, the Demotic form is used for literal or practical meanings, while the Katharevousa is used for figurative or specialized meanings: e.g. Шаблон:Wikt-lang for the wing or feather of a bird, but Шаблон:Wikt-lang for the wing of a building or airplane or arm of an organisation.[3]Шаблон:RpШаблон:Rp

Words and fixed expressions

Special dative forms:

Grammatical (morphological) features

Phonological features

Modern Greek features many letter combinations that were avoided in traditional Demotic:

Native Greek speakers, depending upon their level of education, may often make mistakes in these "educated" aspects of their language; one can often see mistakes like Шаблон:Lang instead of Шаблон:Lang (I've been promoted), Шаблон:Lang instead of Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Not a typo), Шаблон:Lang instead of Шаблон:Lang (the interesting person), Шаблон:Lang instead of Шаблон:Lang (the interesting women), Шаблон:Lang instead of Шаблон:Lang (the vote). Шаблон:Citation needed

Radical demoticism

One of the most radical proponents of a language that was to be cleansed of all "educated" elements was Giannis Psycharis, who lived in France and gained fame through his work My Voyage (Шаблон:Lang, 1888). Not only did Psycharis propagate the exclusive use of the naturally grown colloquial language, but he actually opted for simplifying the morphology of Katharevousa forms prescription.Шаблон:Citation needed

For instance, Psycharis proposed changing the form of the neuter noun "light" Шаблон:Lang (gen. Шаблон:Lang) into Шаблон:Lang (gen. Шаблон:Lang). Such radical forms had occasional precedent in Renaissance attempts to write in Demotic, and reflected Psycharis' linguistic training as a Neogrammarian, mistrusting the possibility of exceptions in linguistic evolution. Moreover, Psycharis also advocated spelling reform, which would have meant abolishing most of the six different ways to write the vowel /i/ and all instances of double consonants. Therefore, he wrote his own name as Шаблон:Lang, instead of Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Citation needed

As written and spoken Dimotiki became standardized over the next few decades, many compromises were made with Katharevousa (as is reflected in contemporary standard Greek) despite the loud objections of Psycharis and the radical "psycharist" (Шаблон:Lang) camp within the proponents of Dimotiki's use. Eventually these ideas of radical demoticism were largely marginalized and when a standardized Dimotiki was made the official language of the Greek state in 1976, the legislation stated that Dimotiki would be used "without dialectal and extremist forms"—an explicit rejection of Psycharis' ideals.[5]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Greek language

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 Pring, J.T. The Pocket Oxford Greek Dictionary. (New York: 1965 & 1982; 2000 ed.)
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite Greek law Шаблон:Blockquote
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