Английская Википедия:Devanagari Braille
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Indian English Шаблон:Infobox writing system Шаблон:Contains special characters
Similar braille conventions are used for three languages of India and Nepal that in print are written in Devanagari script: Hindi, Marathi, and Nepali. These are part of a family of related braille alphabets known as Bharati Braille. There are apparently some differences between the Nepali braille alphabet of India and that of Nepal.
System
Although basically alphabetic, Devanagari Braille retains one aspect of Indian abugidas, in that the default vowel a is not written unless it occurs at the beginning of a word or before a vowel. For example, braille Шаблон:Braille cell (the consonant K) renders print Шаблон:Lang ka, and braille Шаблон:Braille cell (TH), print Шаблон:Lang tha. To indicate that a consonant is not followed by a vowel (as when followed by another consonant, or at the end of a syllable), a halant (vowel-cancelling) prefix is used: Шаблон:Braille cell (∅–K) is Шаблон:Lang k, and Шаблон:Braille cell (∅–TH) is Шаблон:Lang th. (When writing in Hindi, the halant is generally omitted at the end of a word, following the convention in print.) However, unlike in an abugida, there are no vowel diacritics in Devanagari Braille: Vowels are written with full letters following the consonant regardless of their order in print. For example, in print the vowel i is prefixed to a consonant in a reduced diacritic form, Шаблон:Lang ki, but in braille it follows in its full form: Шаблон:Braille cell (K–I), equivalent to writing Шаблон:Angle bracket for ki in print. Thus Шаблон:Lang klika is written in braille as Шаблон:Braille cell (∅–K–L–I–K). The one time when a non-initial a is written in braille is when it is followed by another vowel. In this environment the a must be written to indicate that it exists, as otherwise the subsequent vowel will be read as following the consonant immediately. Thus a true Шаблон:Angle bracket kai in print is rendered in braille as Шаблон:Braille cell (K–A–I).
Apart from kṣ and jñ, which each have their own braille letter, Devanagari Braille does not handle conjuncts. Print conjuncts are rendered instead with the halant in braille. Devanagari braille is thus equivalent to Grade-1 English braille, though there are plans to extend it to conjuncts.
Alphabet
Not all of the letters used for Sanskrit are reported for Nepali in Nepal.
Codas
Pointing
The Bharati point, Шаблон:Braille cell, is used to derive the syllabic consonants. Long syllabic consonants are prefixed by point-6, which also transcribes the visarga.
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang[2] | ||||||
| ISO | r̥ | r̥̄ | l̥ | l̥̄ | ṛh | |||||
| Braille | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | |||||
The pointing diacritic is also used for consonants that are derived with a point in print. Most of these consonants were introduced from Persian:
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang | |
| ISO | qa | xa | ġa | ža |
| Braille | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell or Шаблон:Braille cell |
There are irregularities, however. Шаблон:Lang f and Шаблон:Lang z, which are found in both Persian and English loans, are transcribed with English Braille (and international) Шаблон:Bc and Шаблон:Bc, as shown in the chart in the previous section, while the internal allophonic developments of Шаблон:Lang ṛ and Шаблон:Lang ṛh are respectively an independent letter Шаблон:Bc in braille and a derivation from that letter rather than from the base letter in print.
This is also where, at least according to UNESCO (2013), Hindi Braille and Indian Urdu Braille diverge. Urdu Braille (see) has several additional derivations along these lines, which are not possible in print Devanagari. In Urdu Braille, Шаблон:Bc and Шаблон:Bc are assigned their English/international values of x and q, replacing Шаблон:Bc and Шаблон:Bc. Also, Шаблон:Bc jñ is used for Шаблон:Lang ḥ, and Шаблон:Bc (not found in Devanagari Braille) is used for Шаблон:Lang ʿ, a role played by the letter Шаблон:Lang in Devanagari Urdu but not found in Hindi.
Nepali punctuation
Шаблон:Main Braille as used in Nepal has some mostly minor differences from that used for Nepali in India. This may extend to punctuation. The asterisk in Nepal, Шаблон:Bc, differs from the Шаблон:Bc used in India, unless this is a copy error in UNESCO (2013). Single quotation marks and additional brackets are noted for Nepal but not for India:
| ‘ ... ’ | [ ... ] | { ... } | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Braille | Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell | Шаблон:Braille cell...Шаблон:Braille cell |
These differ from the same punctuation in Bangladesh.
Text
The following is the sample text in the Hindi article, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
- Шаблон:BcШаблон:BcШаблон:BcШаблон:BcШаблон:BcШаблон:Bc
- Шаблон:BcШаблон:BcШаблон:BcШаблон:BcШаблон:BcШаблон:Bc⠀
- Шаблон:Lang
- Шаблон:Lang
- Anucched 1 — Sabhī manuṣyoṃ ko gaurav aur adhikāroṃ ke māmle meṃ janmajāt svatantratā aur samāntā prāpt haiṃ.
- Unheṃ buddhi aur antarātmā kī den prāpt hai aur paraspar unheṃ bhāīcāre ke bhāv se bartāv karnā cāhiye.
See also
References
Шаблон:Braille Шаблон:Nepali language Шаблон:Devanagari abugida
- ↑ Found in Marathi
- ↑ According to UNESCO (2013), this is the reading in Indian Nepali, but in Nepalese Nepali it transcribes Шаблон:Lang tr. There is no indication of how r is written after other consonants, but it presumably requires the halant.
