Английская Википедия:Dublin City Marshal

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Шаблон:Use dmy dates The Dublin City Marshal was an officer of Dublin Corporation in Ireland.

History

The origins of the office were analogous to those of the Knight Marshal in relation to the City of London. Until 1786[1] the Dublin Marshal was Keeper of Dublin City Marshalsea,[2] as the Knight Marshal was for the London Marshalsea. Prior to the Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 the Marshal was elected annually by the common council from among the freemen; typically this was a formality with the incumbent returned unopposed.[3] The office was often a sinecure given to a relative of a senior member of the common council. The Marshal in 1838 considered his appointment effective "for life".[4] In 1876 Alexander Martin Sullivan called the Marshal "a perfectly needless office that might well be abolished".[5] In the 1880s the council discussed and printed reports on whether to make the office a full-time position; subsequently vacancies were publicly advertised, with election from among the applicants still done by the councillors.[6]

After the 1920 local elections there was a Sinn Féin majority on the council, which supported the self-proclaimed Irish Republic's independence war against the UK.Шаблон:Sfn In 1921, when the town clerk suggested that the office of Swordbearer might be abolished, the Marshal wrote to the clerk defending the existing pawnbroking regulations, and the council agreed not to change them.Шаблон:Sfn The 1926 report of the Greater Dublin Commission of Inquiry proposed to remove the ceremonial vestiges of the corporation, including the Marshal.[7][8] The report was not implemented,[8] and the office of Marshal survived until 1965.[9][10]

Functions

The Marshal had a ceremonial role, including leading the annual Lord Mayor's parade. In 1867, Michael Angelo Hayes "wore a scarlet tunic richly braided, and a cocked hat, a la Francaise, rode a decent-looking horse, and was admired by the crowd".[11] In April 1900, John Howard Parnell as Marshal held the cushion holding the key of the city presented to Queen Victoria by the Lord Mayor at her ceremonial entry into the city.[12]

The Marshal was an officer of the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs' Court,[13] held at the Tholsel and latterly in Green Street Courthouse;[14] in that role he took charge of the custody and sale of goods under attachment.[2]

Register of pawnbrokers

Two 1780s statutes sanctioned a previous informal arrangement between Dublin pawnbrokers and the Marshal:[15] the Pawnbrokers Act 1786[16] made the Marshal registrar of pawnbrokers' licences for the whole of Ireland;[2] by the Pawnbrokers Act 1788,[17] he was one of four people who could auction forfeited pledges. The others were the city Swordbearer and two nominees of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.[18] The city wards were divided among the four (coterminous with the four police districts of the Borough Police[15]) with the Marshal and Swordbearer holding the more profitable divisions.[19] The 1838 select committee examining pawnbroking in Ireland said "the manner in which successive Marshals of the City of Dublin have discharged the duties imposed upon them by the Act, will be found by the evidence, and by the Report of the Commissioners of Municipal Inquiry, to have been exceedingly unsatisfactory".[20]

The pawnbroking divisions had been disregarded for some decades until 1941, when the new marshal lost a lawsuit against a pawnbroker on the basis that he did not have jurisdiction as her premises was in the district of the Swordbearer, an office which had fallen into disuse.[21] The Oireachtas passed an act in 1943 to abolish the divisions and allow the marshal to operate everywhere.[22] The registration of pawnbrokers was passed from the Marshal to the district court from 1 January 1965.[9] The office was then obsolete,[23] although the final incumbent, James Cockburn, was still described as "City Marshal" in Thom's Directory in 1972.[24]

Remuneration

An incoming Marshal had to pay surety (£2000 in 1836).[2] The main expense prior to 1786 was the upkeep of the Marshalsea, though the Corporation sometimes granted sums to the Marshal for repairs. After 1786, the right to the fees collected in his various duties made the office of Marshal profitable; the holder often farmed out the work to subcontractors, allowing him to enjoy a sinecure.[25] In 1833 his net income was £630.[18] Pawnbroking had increased greatly from the 1780s to the 1830s.[26] The reformed corporation elected in 1841 under the 1840 act was "determined ... that no officer should be considered as a sinecure", dismissed the incumbent Marshal, and hired a substitute on a fixed salary.[27] In 1849 Thomas Reynolds received £250 and complained that he had lost money by taking the post.[28] By 1876, the Marshal was paying the fees to the Corporation and receiving a salary of £300 from it.[29] However, the Court of Queen's Bench ruled that the fees as registrar of pawnbrokers were not due to the Corporation, so the Marshal could keep them himself.[30] Alexander Martin Sullivan condemned this.[5] In 1894 the total income was about £1000 and Fenian supporters tried to get Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa nominated to the position.[31]

List

Шаблон:Incomplete list

List of Dublin City Marshals
Dates Name Notes
1493– Robert Rouse [32]
By 1534 Thomas Whitt [33]
By 1540–1541 or later Walter Long [34]
By 1546–1554 or later John Wilkin [35]
1555– Simon Umfrey [36]
1559– John Heyne [37]
By 1568–1582 Nicholas White Removed for "severall defectes of abilitie". Subsequent marshals had to pay a stipend to White.[38]
1582–1585 James Connell Merchant.[39]
1585–1586 Thomas Stephens Was "Keeper of the Marshalsea" from 1580. In 1585, Connell assigned his interest in the office of marshal to Stephens, who also took over Connell's contract with White. Stephens was dismissed "Upon complaint of divers persons".[40]
1586– Richard Duff Took over pro tem. upon Stephens' dismissal.[41]
By 1589–1596 or later Thomas Verdon Warned in 1589 that the office would revert to Nicholas White unless Verdon paid White the agreed stipend.[42]
1599–1604 Robert Caddell Received 53s.4d. arrears in 1609.[43]
1604–1610 George Ussher Merchant from an old Dublin family; brother and uncle of archbishops Henry and James Ussher respectively.[44] Warned in 1606 about complaints against him.[45]
1610–1618 Richard Proudfoot Merchant. Was keeper of the Marshalsea from 1606. In 1608 he secured the Reversion of the marshal's office, with Ussher paying him 50s. per year for keeping the Marshalsea. "Surrendered his interest and right" to the Corporation in 1618, but not replaced until 1620.[46]
1620–1621 William Thomas Merchant.[47]
1621–1637 John Butcher [48]
1637–1640 Robert Blower [49]
1640– John Butcher [50]
1649–1653 or later William Barloe [51]
1654–c.1665 Oliver Walsh Died in 1665.[52]
1665–1683 Edward Harris A goldsmith.[53]
By 1686 Robert Dowglass In March 1688 he paid £100 for the office to Thomas Sheridan,the Chief Secretary for Ireland, through agent Henry Wilson via Henry Echlin; Sheridan was shortly thereafter deposed for corruption.[54]
By 1687–1689 or later John Bermingham [55]
1696–1701 George Stevenson Died in office [56]
1701–1704 Roger Gunne Imprisoned and suspended in 1704.[57]
1704–1707 Richard Blundevill Was reimbursed the expense of replacing the Marshalsea in 1705. Discharged for "irregularities and misdemeanours".[58]
1707–1722 George Walton Resigned[59]
1722–1723 Joseph Bentley Died in office.[60]
1723–1733 John Forrest Removed from office for refusing to pay £500 rent arrears for the Marshalsea.[61]
1733–1751 John Cooke Cooke was required to pay rent to Forrest for the Marshalsea. A council committee in 1740 recommending dismissing him for £520 arrears. He negotiated a repayment schedule and a guarantor. In 1750 he owed £740 and proposed ceding the office of Marshal and its debts to another, but instead paid £400 with the balance written off. He died in office.[62]
1751–1771 or later William Delamain From a Huguenot family with a delftware business. In 1760 he was warned about rent arrears and poor performance. In 1765 his debt was forgiven on the grounds that prisoners in the Marshalsea were too poor to pay their fines and that jailers had infringed the Marshal's monopoly on sale of beer to prisoners "whereby the City Marshal is deprived of the greatest benefit that he had".[63] In 1771 he petitioned the Irish House of Commons that "by several Acts of Parliament for the Relief of Insolvent Debtors, the Petitioner has been so far abridged of his regulated and proper Fees, as to render said Employment scarce worth his Attendance. And praying Relief."[64]
1772–1811 William Osbrey Resigned.[65]
1811–1820 William Ferrall Upon election, he resigned as common councilman of the guild of sheermen and dyers. Died in office.[66]
1820–1831 John Stanley Died in office.[67]
1831–1842 John Judkin Butler Dismissed by the new corporation formed after the 1840 reform act.[27][68]
1842–1867 Thomas Reynolds Brother of John Reynolds, lord mayor and MP for the city. Henry O'Neill described him as "a sort of laughing-stalk Шаблон:Sic to the idle gazers at corporation shows".[11] Died in office.[27][69][70]
1867–1873 Michael Angelo Hayes An artist mentioned in Ulysses[71] His wife's brother Peter Paul McSwiney was Lord Mayor in 1864.[72][73] Henry O'Neill regretted that Irish art buyers had "so neglected his talent that he finds it necessary to play the Jack pudding before the mob of Dublin".[11] Hayes failed to secure re-election.[74] The Corporation unsuccessfully sued him for the fees he collected as registrar of pawnbrokers.[75][30]
1873–1891 John S. Carroll Died in office. Son of Sir William Carroll, Lord Mayor 1868–1869.[76] Michael Angelo Hayes caricatured father and son, John in his Marshal's uniform; they sued unsuccessfully for libel. Died in office.[74][77]
1891 James J. Henry Assistant town clerk, appointed pro tem. but quickly resigned.[78] Appears in Ulysses, troubled by corns.[79]
1891 Edmund W. Eyre Secretary of the council's finances and leases committee; appointed pro tem. until the election of a permanent successor.[80]
1891–1894 Charles Kavanagh Died in office, whereupon the town clerk was acting Marshal pending the election of a successor.[81][31] In the Little Review edition of Ulysses, Leopold Bloom, after considering John Howard Parnell's lack of attention to the office of Marshal, remarks "Charley Kavanagh used to come out on his high horse, cocked hat, puffed, powdered and shaved."[82] Later editions change the name to "Charley Boulger".[83][84]
1894–1898 William E. Clancy Censured in 1897 for absence and degrading the office after being imprisoned for "a small debt". Resigned in 1898.[85][86]
1898–1923 John Howard Parnell Brother of Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish nationalist political leader.[87] His participation in the Corporation's ceremonies marking Victoria's 1900 royal visit were criticised by others in the Irish Parliamentary Party.[88] Died in office.[89][90] He appears at intervals in Ulysses, set in 1904; according to Leopold Bloom, "They say he never put on the city marshal's uniform since he got the job."[83] Later, Parnell presents Bloom with the freedom of the city in a hallucinatory episode of the "Circe" chapter.[91]
1923–1940 Jack Shaw Shaw was elected from 13 candidates, with Thomas Devin and Peadar Kearney second and third.[90][92] He was dismissed in November 1940, contesting this in 1941 in the High Court.[93]
1941– Patrick Meehan He resigned from office.[94][21]
By 1955–1964 James Cockburn Father of Don Cockburn, Raidió Teilifís Éireann journalist and newsreader.[23][95][96]

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

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  1. ↑ Irish act 26 Geo.3 c.27 s.34 cited in MCI 1835; p.36 s.80
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 MCI 1835; p.36 s.80.
  3. ↑ MCI 1835; p.16 s.42
  4. ↑ Select Committee on pawnbroking in Ireland 1838 p.121 qq.2157–2161
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.262 q.4802
  6. ↑ Dublin City Council Minutes: 1885 pp. 147, 169; 1886 pp. 257, 259; 1891 p.270
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite web; Шаблон:Cite web; Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Dublin City Council Minutes 1962 p.282
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ MCI 1835; p.36 s.80, pp. 50–51 s.111
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Raymond 1978 p.17
  16. ↑ Irish act 26 Geo.3 c.43 s.40; short title assigned by Short Titles Act 1962
  17. ↑ Irish act 28 Geo.3 c.49 s.9; short title assigned by Short Titles Act 1962
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 MCI 1835; p.37
  19. ↑ MCI 1835; p.38
  20. ↑ Select Committee on pawnbroking in Ireland 1838 p.xii
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web; Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ MCI 1835; s.80 pp. 36–38
  26. ↑ Raymond 1978 p.18
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
  29. ↑ Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.140 qq.2592–2594, 2602
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.237 qq.4414, 4415; Dublin Corporation v. Hayes IR 10 CL 226 (1876)
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  32. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.1 p.378
  33. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.1 p.398
  34. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.1 pp. 408, 409
  35. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.1 pp. 415, 437
  36. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.1 p.445
  37. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 p.5
  38. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 pp. 51, 118, 168, 196, 205
  39. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 pp. 168, 196
  40. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 pp. 148, 196, 205
  41. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 p.205
  42. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 pp. 224–225, 295
  43. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 pp. 325, 423, 428, 523
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  45. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.2 pp. 428, 462, 466, 481, 507–508
  46. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin: Vol.2 p.508; Vol.3 pp. 100, 126
  47. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.3 pp. 126, 132
  48. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.3 pp. 132, 333
  49. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.3 pp. 333, 366
  50. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.3 p.366
  51. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.3 p.493, Vol.4 p.42
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal; Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.4 p.73
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web; Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.4 p.341
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal; Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.5 p.462, Vol.6 p.146
  55. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.5 pp. 462, 502
  56. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.6 pp. 146, 246
  57. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.6 pp. 246, 302, 306
  58. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.6 pp. 306, 339, 373
  59. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.6 p.373; Vol.7 p.189
  60. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.7 pp. 189, 222
  61. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.7 p.222; Vol.8 pp. 99, 110
  62. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.8 pp.xi, 110, 379–381; Vol.9 pp. 336, 348, 356, 371
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal; Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.9 p.371, Vol.10 pp. 413–414, Vol.11 pp. 54, 287–288, Vol.12 p.27
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  65. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.12 pp. 227, Vol.16 p.285
  66. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.16 pp. 285–286 [surname misspelled "Farrell"], 514, 516; Vol.17 p.308
  67. ↑ Calendar of ancient records of Dublin, Vol.17 p.308, Vol.18 p.5; Raymond 1978 p.19; Select Committee on pawnbroking in Ireland 1838 p.208, p.113 q.2004
  68. ↑ Raymond 1978 p.18; Select Committee on pawnbroking in Ireland 1838 p.205, p.113 q.2004
  69. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  70. ↑ Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.175 q.3455
  71. ↑ Gifford and Seidman 2008 p.324; Joyce 1922 p.285
  72. ↑ Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.98 q.1912
  73. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  74. ↑ 74,0 74,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  75. ↑ Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.175 q.3454
  76. ↑ Select Committee on local government and taxation of towns (Ireland) 1876, p.98 q.1914
  77. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web; Шаблон:Cite web; Dublin City Council Minutes 1891 p.234
  78. ↑ Dublin City Council Minutes 1891 pp. 234, 237
  79. ↑ Gifford and Seidman 2008 pp. 279, 478, 519; Joyce 1922 pp. 236, 237, 460, 545,
  80. ↑ Dublin City Council Minutes 1891 p.271
  81. ↑ Dublin City Council Minutes 1891 p.307, 1894 pp. 274, 275
  82. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  83. ↑ 83,0 83,1 Joyce 1922 p. 157
  84. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  85. ↑ Dublin City Council Minutes 1894 p.280, 1897 pp. 86, 139, 152, 183, 302 1898 p.56
  86. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  87. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news Dublin City Council Minutes 1898 p.102
  88. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  89. ↑ Dublin City Council Minutes 1923 pp. 365, 382
  90. ↑ 90,0 90,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  91. ↑ Gifford and Seidman 2008 pp. 172, 280, 471; Joyce 1922 pp. 157, 162, 238, 243, 456, 545
  92. ↑ Dublin City Council Minutes 1923 p.431, 1935 pp. 181, 214; Шаблон:Cite news
  93. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news; Шаблон:Cite news
  94. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  95. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  96. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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