Английская Википедия:Dunes Creek
Dunes Creek is a northwards-flowing Шаблон:Convert[1] stream which drains the Great Marsh of Indiana Dunes State Park and Indiana Dunes National Park in Porter County, Indiana, United States. Dunes Creek passes through the coastal sand dunes to empty into Lake Michigan.
History
Petit Fort was established at the mouth of Dunes Creek, then known as Fort Creek, from 1750 to 1790.[2] In 1837 the town of City West, Indiana, was established at the mouth of Fort Creek, ten miles west of Michigan City. The creek was dammed and a sawmill operated there making lumber from the plentiful "large pine trees which grew upon the bluffs".[3] The town was abandoned shortly thereafter due to the financial panic of 1837.
Watershed and course
Dunes Creek sources west of Interstate 49 and south of U.S. Highway 20 and flows northward receiving first the Great Marsh tributary from the east then the West Branch tributary which drains Cowles Bog. The Шаблон:Convert (2997-hectare) Dunes Creek watershed extends from the Mittal Steel (formerly Bethlehem and ISG Steel) plant in Portage in the west to Beverly Shores in the east.[4] Originally, Dunes Creek included much of Michigan City.[5] Dunes Creek is one of three perennial streams which flow from the Great Marsh system into Lake Michigan.[6] The other two streams are man-made ditches to the east of the Dunes Creek watershed which were cut through the dunes to provide for farming, industrial use, and housing. These ditches divided the eastern Dunes Creek watershed and created the new subwatersheds of Kintzele Ditch[7] and Derby Creek. Beginning in 1998, the national lakeshore began restoration of the Great Marsh by closing Derby Ditch and restoring Шаблон:Convert.[8]
In 2012, the terminus of Dunes Creek was daylighted and restored after being buried under a parking lot for 80 years.[9][10]
Dunes Creek's West Branch flows east-northeast from Cowles Bog for Шаблон:Convert to join the Dunes Creek mainstem.[1] Its source used to be even further west but is now diverted to the East Arm Little Calumet River.[4]
Bacterial contamination
Dunes Creek suffers from E. coli contamination likely related to ditching and draining of wetlands rather than anthropogenic point sources. Discharge from Dunes Creek into Lake Michigan causes chronic beach closures. Sampling of its sister creek, Derby Ditch, which also drains the Great Marsh; and Painterville Creek,[11] in Warren Dunes State Park, Michigan show similar broad distributions of E. coli.[6]
See also
References
External links
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Шаблон:Webarchive, accessed March 15, 2011
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite report
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite gnis
- ↑ Great Marsh Restoration, At Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Pamphlet, Porter, Indiana, obtained 2017, https://www.nps.gov/indu/planyourvisit/upload/great_marsh_restoration_pdf.pdf
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite gnis
