Английская Википедия:Dusun language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:MOS Шаблон:Infobox language
Central Dusun, also known as Bunduliwan (Dusun: Шаблон:Lang), is an Austronesian language and one of the more widespread languages spoken by the Dusun (including Kadazan) peoples of Sabah, Malaysia.
History
What is termed as Central Dusun (or simply Dusun) and Coastal Kadazan (or simply Kadazan) are deemed to be highly mutually intelligible to one other; many consider these to be part of a single language.
The language was among many other Sabahan vernacular languages suppressed under Mustapha Harun's assimilationist enforcement of Bahasa Malaysia across the state.[1] Under the efforts of the Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah, in 1995, the central Bundu-Liwan dialect was selected to serve as the basis for a standardised "Kadazandusun" language.[2][3] This dialect, spoken in the Bundu and Liwan valleys of the Crocker-Trusmadi ranges (now parts of the present-day districts of Ranau, Tambunan and Keningau), was selected as it was deemed to be the most mutually intelligible when conversing with other "Dusun" or "Kadazan" dialects.
Alphabet and pronunciation
Dusun is written using the Latin alphabet using 21 characters (the letters C, E, F, Q, and X are used in loanwords):
A B D G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z
These characters together are called Pimato.
Consonants
Semivowels Шаблон:IPA and rhotic Шаблон:IPA only occur in most of the other dialects of the Dusun/Kadazan languages. Forschner (1978) and Antonissen (1958) list two fricatives Шаблон:IPA for the Rungus and Penampang Kadazan dialects. Шаблон:IPA is also listed as an allophone of Шаблон:IPA in word-medial position.[4]
Vowels
The vowels are divided into:
Simple vowels: Шаблон:IPA
Diphthongs: Шаблон:Grapheme Шаблон:Grapheme (sometimes pronounced Шаблон:IPA) Шаблон:Grapheme Шаблон:Grapheme Шаблон:Grapheme
Some combinations of vowels do not form diphthongs and each vowel retains its separate sound: Шаблон:Grapheme Шаблон:Grapheme Шаблон:Grapheme Шаблон:Grapheme Шаблон:Grapheme. In some words Шаблон:Grapheme is not a diphthong, and this is indicated by an apostrophe between the two vowels: Шаблон:Lang.
Grammar
Personal pronouns
Tindal Dusun[5] has a Philippine-type focus system of syntax that makes one particular noun phrase in a sentence the most prominent. This prominent, focused noun phrase does not need to be the subject or the agent of the clause. In clauses with pronouns, the verbal morphology and the pronoun both indicate focus. If the verb carries actor focus morphology, the actor of the clause will therefore be a nominative pronoun (or, rarely, an emphatic pronoun). Any other noun phrase in the clause will necessarily take pronouns from a different set, as only one noun phrase can be in focus in any given clause.
| Gloss | Nominative | Genitive | Oblique | Emphatic |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | joho |
| 2sg | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 3sg | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| 1in | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| 1ex | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| 2pl | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| 3pl | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Gloss | Emphatic | Nominative | Genitive | Oblique |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 1du | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| 1pl | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| 2sg | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 2pl | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | |
| 3sg.m | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| 3sg.f | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| 3pl | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||
"The "emphatic" pronouns are used alone or preposedly, either as answers or to stress the pronoun.[7] This function is similar to Tagalog's "ikaw" vs "ka", and Paiwan's "ti-" pronoun series.
Examples
Sentence structure
A typical Dusun sentence is VSO.[8]
It is, however, possible for a grammatically correct Dusun sentence to be SVO.
Vocabulary
| English | Dusun |
|---|---|
| one | Шаблон:Lang |
| two | Шаблон:Lang |
| three | Шаблон:Lang |
| four | Шаблон:Lang |
| five | Шаблон:Lang |
| six | Шаблон:Lang |
| seven | Шаблон:Lang |
| eight | Шаблон:Lang |
| nine | Шаблон:Lang |
| ten | Шаблон:Lang |
| hundred | Шаблон:Lang |
| thousand | Шаблон:Lang |
To form numbers such as fifty or sixty, a multiplier is combined with a positional unit (tens, hundreds, thousands etc.), using Шаблон:Lang.
Separate units are combined with Шаблон:Lang.
| English | Dusun |
|---|---|
| January | Шаблон:Lang |
| February | Шаблон:Lang |
| March | Шаблон:Lang |
| April | Шаблон:Lang |
| May | Шаблон:Lang |
| June | Шаблон:Lang |
| July | Шаблон:Lang |
| August | Шаблон:Lang |
| September | Шаблон:Lang |
| October | Шаблон:Lang |
| November | Шаблон:Lang |
| December | Шаблон:Lang |
The Dusun name of the months derive from the traditional cycle of paddy harvesting.
| English | Dusun | |
|---|---|---|
| Dusun name | NumericalШаблон:Citation needed | |
| Monday | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Tuesday | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Wednesday | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Thursday | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Friday | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Saturday | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Sunday | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
The names for the days of the week are mostly based on a simple numerical sequence, which is commonly used for media and newspapers.Шаблон:Citation needed The names of Dusun days as part of the seven-day week derive from the life cycle of a butterfly.
| English | Dusun |
|---|---|
| what | Шаблон:Lang |
| who | Шаблон:Lang |
| where | Шаблон:Lang |
| when | Шаблон:Lang |
| why | Шаблон:Lang |
| how | Шаблон:Lang |
| how many | Шаблон:Lang |
Dialects
Central Dusun language survived by three main dialect groups.
Liwanic : Liwan, Inobong Dusun
Bunduic : Tindal, Bundu, Sinulihan, Tagahas-Tibabar, Gobukon-Luba
Ulu Sugut Dusun : Tinagas, Talantang, Tuhawon
All Central Dusun dialects are 100% mutually intelligible when conversing.
Examples
Шаблон:Bibleverse
1 1 Шаблон:Lang 2 Шаблон:Lang 3 Шаблон:Lang 4 Шаблон:Lang 5 Шаблон:Lang[11]
References
Further reading
External links
- Kadazandusun Language Foundation
- Kadazandusun Online Vocabulary Sharing
- Numbers in Dusun (Dynamic)
- Collection of Central Dusun sentences at tatoeba.org
- Collection of Central Dusun sentences with audio at tatoeba.org
Шаблон:Languages of Brunei Шаблон:Languages of Malaysia Шаблон:Bornean languages Шаблон:Austronesian languages
