Английская Википедия:E (Cyrillic)
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Э э (Э э; italics: Э э; also known as backwards ye, from Russian Шаблон:Lang, ye oborótnoye, Шаблон:IPA-ru) is a letter found in three Slavic languages: Russian, Belarusian, and West Polesian. It represents the vowels Шаблон:IPA-all and Шаблон:IPA-all, as the e in the word "editor". In other Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic script, the sounds are represented by Ye (Е е), which represents in Russian and Belarusian Шаблон:IPA-all in initial and postvocalic position or Шаблон:IPA-all and palatalizes the preceding consonant. This letter closely resembles and should not be confused with the older Cyrillic letter Ukrainian Ye (Є є), of which Э is a reversed version.
In Cyrillic Moldovan, which was used in the Moldovan SSR during the Soviet Union and is still used in Transnistria, the letter corresponds to ă in the Latin Romanian alphabet, and the phoneme [ə]. It is also used in the Cyrillic alphabets used by Mongolian and many Uralic, Caucasian and Turkic languages of the former Soviet Union.
Origin
The letter Шаблон:Angle bracket originated in the thirteenth century as a variant of Шаблон:Angle bracket, at first, according to Đorđić[1] in superscripted line-final position, but by the end of the century elsewhere as well.[2] In the following centuries it continued to appear sporadically as an uncommon variant of Шаблон:Angle bracket, but not later than in the fifteenth century amongst the Eastern Slavs it began to be used to indicate initial (uniotated) Шаблон:IPA-all. According to Yefim Karskiy, "Western Russian ustav knows Шаблон:Angle bracket, e.g. in Miscellany of the 15th c. from the Public Library (manuscr. #391) (Шаблон:Slavonic etc.), chronicles of 15th-16th cc., Miscellany of Poznań (16th c.),[3] Statut of 1588... It is difficult to say whether it has been developed here independently or it came from South Slavic manuscripts, where Шаблон:Angle bracket occurs as early as in 13-14th cc."[4] Although the revision of Meletius Smotrytsky’s grammar published in Moscow in 1648 does not include Шаблон:Angle bracket in its alphabet, it does consistently write Шаблон:Slavonic (Etymologia), in contrast to Шаблон:Slavonic in the first edition of 1619. It was by no means confined to this function in the period, however, as the prevalent spellings Шаблон:Slavonic (beside Шаблон:Slavonic) for modern Russian Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang demonstrate.
In modern Russian
In the specimens of the civil script presented to Peter I in 1708, forms of Шаблон:Angle bracket were included among forms of Шаблон:Angle bracket, but the latter was deleted by Peter. The former was used in some early 18th-century Russian texts, but some authorities of the period considered it superfluous, like Mikhail Lomonosov, on the grounds that "the letter Е, having several different pronunciations, could serve in the pronoun Шаблон:Lang and the interjection Шаблон:Lang"[5] and that it was inappropriate to introduce letters solely for use in loanwords. However, the inclusion of Шаблон:Angle bracket in its modern function, in the Russian Academy's Dictionary of 1789–94, marks the point from which it can be considered as an established part of the Russian orthographical standard.
There were still some objections to the letter even as late as 1817, when M. T. Kačenovskij was questioning whether "yet another hard э" was necessary when the language already had "a soft ѣ and a hard е".[6]
In contemporary Russian, Шаблон:Angle bracket is used to represent Шаблон:IPA-all, Шаблон:IPA-all in initial position (Шаблон:Lang 'electricity') and postvocalic position (Шаблон:Lang 'duel'). Among such words are only a few native Russian roots: Шаблон:Lang (это 'this is', этот/эта/это 'this (m./f./n.)', эти 'these', поэтому 'thus' etc.), Шаблон:Lang (экий 'what a'), Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang (эдак/этак 'that way', эдакий/этакий 'sort of') and a few interjections like Шаблон:Lang 'hey', Шаблон:Lang 'uh, oh', Шаблон:Lang 'uh'.
Even though Russian contains a significant number of loanwords in which Шаблон:IPA-all occurs after a hard (unpalatalised) consonant, it is still the practice to use the letter Шаблон:Angle bracket for Шаблон:IPA-all, Шаблон:IPA-all: Шаблон:Lang (tennis, sepsis). There are few traditional exceptions to that practice among common noun loanwords:
- the original list (the first half of the 20th century) contained just three words:
- Шаблон:Lang 'mayor', from French Шаблон:Lang
- Шаблон:Lang 'peer (a noble)', from French Шаблон:Lang
- Шаблон:Lang 'sir', from English or from Old French Шаблон:Lang
- two later additions (1950s-1960s):
- Шаблон:Lang 'master, skilled artist', from French Шаблон:Lang
- Шаблон:Lang, from French Шаблон:Lang
- new additions (1980s and later) are more numerous:
- Шаблон:Lang 'racket, racketeering', from English
- Шаблон:Lang 'rap (music)', from English
- Шаблон:Lang 'fantasy (literature)', from English
- and several others; spelling of new words sometimes varies and dictionaries often give variants or contradict one another (like Шаблон:Lang 'hatchback (car)' in spelling dictionary vs Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang in explanatory dictionary [1]).
In proper nouns, however, Шаблон:Angle bracket may occur after consonants: Шаблон:Lang 'Ulan-Ude' and Шаблон:Lang 'Blair'. However, many such loanwords are spelled with Шаблон:Angle bracket: Шаблон:Lang 'Blériot' (a French aviator). That is the case especially for names that entered the language centuries ago like: Шаблон:Lang, 'Berlin'. The use of Шаблон:Angle bracket is much more frequent for names from non-European languages: Шаблон:Lang 'Mao Zedong'.
The letter Шаблон:Angle bracket is also used in Russian to render initial œ in foreign words: thus Шаблон:Lang (the river in France) is written Шаблон:Lang. After consonants this is transcribed as Шаблон:Angle bracket. In the 19th century, some writers used Шаблон:Angle bracket for that sound in both positions,[7] but that was never accepted as standard orthography. (The letter Шаблон:Angle bracket was re-invented in the 20th century for Kildin Sami.) It is also used to represent a stressed Шаблон:IPA-all in languages such as English, which can cause a problem of conflating Шаблон:IPA-all with English Шаблон:IPA-all (for example, "Addison" and "Edison" would be spelled the same). However, in other positions, Russian also uses Шаблон:Angle bracket for Шаблон:IPA-all and Шаблон:Angle bracket for Шаблон:IPA-all.
In modern Belarusian
Unlike Russian, Belarusian has many native words in which it occurs after a hard consonant. Moreover, its orthography was standardized later than that of Russian (which reached its present form at the beginning of the 20th century), on the basis of the spoken language rather than historical tradition. Consequently, Шаблон:Angle bracket and Шаблон:Angle bracket are written in accordance with pronunciation: Шаблон:Angle bracket for initial Шаблон:IPA-all and after hard consonants, Шаблон:Angle bracket for initial and postvocalic Шаблон:IPA-all and after soft consonants. That also means that Шаблон:Angle bracket is much more frequent in Belarusian than in Russian.
In other languages
In Tuvan the Cyrillic letter can be written as a double vowel.[8][9]
In the Tajik language, the letters е and э have the same function, except that э is used at the beginning of a word (ex. Эрон, "Iran").[10]
In Mongolian, э is the standard letter to represent the /ɛ/ phoneme. It is often written doubled to represent the /eː/ phoneme. Е, however, is only used in the few Mongolian words containing it, Russian loanwords and Russian-style transcriptions of foreign names.
Related letters and other similar characters
- Е е : Cyrillic letter Ye
- Є є : Cyrillic letter Ukrainian Ye
- Ε ε : Greek letter Epsilon
- E e : Latin letter E
- É é : Latin letter E with acute
- Ė ė : Latin letter E with overdot - a Lithuanian letter
- ℈ : Scruple (Apothecaries' system)
- € : Euro Sign
Computing codes
References
External links
- ↑ Петар Ђорђић, Историја српске ћирилице, Београд, 2-a изд., 1987, p.87
- ↑ Cf Банишко евангелие: среднобългарски паметник от XIII век, подгот. за печат с увод и коментар Е. Дограмаджиева и Б. Райков, София, 1981, pp.13, 341
- ↑ Published in the vol. 17 of the Complete Collection of Russian Chronicles.
- ↑ "Западнорусский устав знает э, напр. в Сб. XV в. Публ. б. № 391 (Шаблон:Slavonic и др.), летописях XV—XVI вв., Позн. Сб. XVI в., Статуте 1588... Трудно сказать, развилось ли оно здесь самостоятельно или же зашло из югославянских рукописей, где э встречается уже в XIII—XIV вв." (Е. Ф. Карский, Белорусы: Язык белорусского народа, вып. 1, М., 1955, р. 69). See also pp. 165-166 for more details and examples.
- ↑ Россійская Грамматика Михайла Ломоносова, печатана в Санктпетербургѣ, при Императорской Академїи Наук, 1755 года, p.43
- ↑ [М. Т.] Каченовский, “Исторический взгляд на Грамматику Славянских наречий”, Труды О-ва любителей Российской словесности при имп. Московском университете, ч.IX (1817), pp.17-46. He was referring specifically to the spelling Шаблон:Slavonic in the 1648 grammar mentioned above: Шаблон:Lang so how far his remarks extend to the Russian of his own day is debatable. The reference to "a soft ѣ and a hard е" was referring to the pronunciation of Church Slavonic current in his day (which is still maintained by the Old Believers). That may have still been regarded as the literary ideal: see Б. А. Успенский, Архаическая система церковнославянского произношения, Москва, 1968, especially pp.29-35.
- ↑ Я. К. Грот, Русское правописание, 19-ое изд., Санктпетербург, 1910, p.78
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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