Английская Википедия:Eastern Bengali

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox dialect

Eastern Bengali,[1] Baṅgālī (Шаблон:Lang-bn)[2] or Vaṅga (Шаблон:Lang-bn)[3] is a nonstandard dialect cluster of Bengali language spoken in most of Bangladesh and Tripura, thus covering majority of the land of Bengal and surrounding areas.

Names

It is also known as Baṅgālī (Шаблон:Lang-bn),[4] Pūrvavaṅgīẏa (Шаблон:Lang-bn),[5] Prācya (Шаблон:Lang-bn),[6] Vaṅga (Шаблон:Lang-bn),[7] or Vaṅgīẏa (Шаблон:Lang-bn). Chatterji often cited a more generalised variant of Eastern Bengali which he dubbed Typical East Bengali for the sake of broader comparison with other varieties of Bengali.[8] Eastern Bengali is often colloquially referred to by the exonym Bangal Bhasha (Шаблон:Lang-bn) in West Bengal due to its association with Bangals. It may also be referred to by names such as Khaisi-Gesi Bangla[9] (Шаблон:Lang-bn), emphasising the contrast between Eastern Bengali varieties and the standard language in terms of grammar by use of the example phrases "I have eaten" (Шаблон:Lang kheẏechhi in Standard Bengali but Шаблон:Lang khaisi in Typical East Bengali) and "I have gone" (Шаблон:Lang giẏechhi in Standard Bengali but Шаблон:Lang gesi in Typical East Bengali). A similar name, Khaitesi-Zaitesi BanglaШаблон:Citation needed (Шаблон:Lang-bn), instead juxtaposes the examples of "I am eating" (Шаблон:Lang khacchhi in Standard Bengali but Шаблон:Lang khaitesi in Typical East Bengali) and "I am going" (Шаблон:Lang jacchhi in Standard Bengali but Шаблон:Lang zaitesi in Typical East Bengali).

Geographical distribution

Suniti Kumar Chatterji, describing the cluster as "Vaṅga Dialects", further divided it into two groups of two: "Western and Southwestern Vaṅga" and "Eastern and Southeastern Vaṅga". Eastern Vaṅga is spoken across the modern Bangladeshi division of Sylhet and the Greater Comilla region of Chittagong along with the Barak Valley Division of Assam and the state of Tripura in India. Southeastern Vaṅga is spoken in the remaining area of the Chittagong division, corresponding to the former colonial territories of Noakhali District and Chittagong District, and historically extended further into Sittwe.[10] Western Vaṅga is spoken across the Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Dhaka, and Barisal. Southwestern Vaṅga is spoken across the Khulna Division, where Eastern Bengali transitions into Central Standard Bengali.[11]

Файл:Suniti Kumar Chatterji Bengali Dialects.svg
A map of Bengal (and some districts of Assam and Jharkhand) which shows the dialects of the Bengali Language according to Suniti Kumar Chatterji.Шаблон:LegendШаблон:LegendШаблон:LegendШаблон:LegendШаблон:LegendШаблон:LegendШаблон:Legend

Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah divided all Bengali dialects into two groups: Prācya (Шаблон:Lang-bn) and Pāścātya (Шаблон:Lang-bn).[12] Within his Prācya grouping, he created the divisions of "Southeastern" and "Extreme Eastern", which approximately correspond to Chatterji's "Western and Southwestern Vaṅga" and "Eastern and Southeastern Vaṅga", respectively. The Southeastern group is spoken across the modern Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Dhaka, Barisal, and Khulna, as well as the Greater Noakhali region of the Chittagong division and eastern parts of the 24 Parganas district in West Bengal.[13] The Extreme Eastern group is spoken across the Bangladeshi divisions Sylhet and Chittagong, including Greater Comilla and excluding Greater Noakhali, as well as the Barak Valley division of Assam.[14]

Файл:Gopalhaldareastbengalidialects.png
A map showing the dialects of Eastern Bengali according to Gopal Haldar.

Gopal Haldar, in his study of Eastern Bengali, divided all East Bengali dialects into four groups. Group I or "Central East Bengali" spans the modern Bangladeshi divisions of Mymensingh, Dhaka, Faridpur, and Barisal, as well as the district of Chandpur in Chittagong Division.[15] The de facto Standard East Bengali spoken around the Bikrampur region is a member of this group, comparable to Chatterji's "Typical East Bengali".[16] Group II or "Central North East Bengali" is spoken in eastern areas of the Mymensingh and Dhaka divisions, the western half of the Sylhet Division, as well as the Brahmanbaria District of the Chittagong Division.[17] Group III or "North East Bengali" is spoken in the eastern half of the Sylhet Division as well as the bordering Barak Valley division of Assam, India.[18] Group IV or "South East Bengali" is spoken in the Chittagong Division, notably excluding the Greater Comilla region.[19] The Comilla District and Tripura state of India, the Bengalis in the latter chiefly being migrants from the former, sit at the confluence of all the major groupings and thus the speech of this region shares features with all the major groups classified by Haldar.[20] Transitionary East Bengali is spoken in the Khulna division as well as Western Greater Faridpur i.e. Rajbari District, which shares features with both Standard Bengali and Eastern Bengali dialects.[21]

Phonology

Eastern Bengali is characterised by a considerably smaller phoneme inventory when compared with Standard Bengali.

Metathesis

Eastern Bengali notably preserves metathesis (Шаблон:Lang-bn) from an earlier stage of Bengali.[22] Thus, the equivalent of Sādhu Bhāṣā Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: kariẏā) 'having done' in Typical East Bengali is [koi̯ɾä], having gone through the medial phase of *[kɔi̯ɾiä]; by comparison, the Standard Bengali equivalent is [kore], as the standard language has undergone the additional phonological processes of syncope and umlaut, unlike most Eastern Bengali dialects.[23] Similar occurrences of metathesis occur in the case of consonant conjuncts containing ‍্য jôphôla, due to the fact that it had, in earlier Bengali, also represented the addition of the semivowel [i̯] at the end of a conjunct containing it in addition to its current standard usage of simply geminating the previous consonant in the conjunct.[24] Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: satya, 'truth'), for example, pronounced [ʃɔt̪ːi̯ɔ] in earlier Bengali, is pronounced [ʃoi̯t̪ːo] in Eastern Bengali and [ʃot̪ːo] in Standard Bengali. Metathesis also occurs in the case of consonant conjuncts which were once pronounced with [i̯] as a component even if they do not contain ‍্য jôphôla itself, such as ক্ষ (ISO-15919: kṣa), whose value in earlier Bengali was [kːʰi̯].[25] Hence Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: rākṣasa, 'rakshasa'), with the earlier Bengali pronunciation of [räkːʰi̯ɔʃ], is pronounced [räi̯kːʰɔʃ] or [räi̯kːɔ́ʃ] in Eastern Bengali and [räkːʰoʃ] in Standard Bengali. Such is also the case for the conjunct জ্ঞ (ISO-15919: jña), which had the value of [gːĩ̯] in earlier Bengali.[26] Hence, Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: ājñā, 'order'), with the earlier Bengali pronunciation of [ägːĩ̯ä], has the Typical East Bengali pronunciation of [äi̯gːä] and the Standard Bengali [ägːä̃]. There is also a tendency to hypercorrect, leading to the frequent diphthongisation of vowels with [i̯] if they precede any consonant cluster, even when there is no etymological basis to do so. For example, Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: brāhma, 'Brahmo') has the Standard Bengali pronunciation of [bɾämɦo], or, more commonly, [bɾämːo], but may be pronounced [bɾäi̯mːo] in Eastern Bengali as if it were spelt Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: brāmya).[27][28]

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Close-mid (Шаблон:IPA link) (Шаблон:IPA link)
Open-mid Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Open Шаблон:IPA link
  • The vowels [e] and [o] in the standard language are frequently changed to [ɛ] and [u], respectively.[29][30][31] For example, Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: dēśa) 'country' and Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: dōṣa) 'blame' are respectively pronounced [d̪eʃ] and [d̪oʃ] in Standard Bengali and [d̪ɛʃ] and [d̪uʃ] in Typical East Bengali. The vowel [e] is still often retained as an allophone of [ɛ] that occurs when in the presence of a close vowel such as [i] or [u].[32]
  • Although Standard Bengali features distinct nasalised forms of each of its vowels, nasalisation is absent in most dialects of Eastern Bengali with the notable exception of Southeastern Vaṅga.[33]

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Palato-alveolar Retroflex Velar Glottal
Nasal Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Plosive voiceless Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
voiced Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Affricate voiceless Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link)
voiced (Шаблон:IPA link) (Шаблон:IPA link)
Fricative voiceless Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link)
voiced (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Approximant (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link)
Rhotic Шаблон:IPA (Шаблон:IPA link)
  • Like Standard Bengali, Eastern Bengali lacks true retroflexes.[34][35] However it further fronts the apical postalveolar plosives of the standard language to apico-alveolar.
  • Most Eastern Bengali dialects have a tendency to voice the intervocalic unvoiced apical postalveolar stops of Standard Bengali. For example, Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: māṭi, 'soil') is pronounced [mät̠i] in Standard Bengali but [mädi] in Eastern Bengali.[36] However, this does not occur in geminates,[37] so Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: ṭāṭṭi, 'latrine') remains relatively unchanged across varieties, being [t̠ät̠ːi] in Standard Bengali and [tätːi] in Eastern Bengali.
  • The voiced retroflex flap of Standard Bengali is usually merged with [ɾ] in Eastern Bengali, such that the two phonemes become indistinguishable and allophonic to most speakers.[38]
  • Dialects of Eastern Bengali tend to spirantise the Standard Bengali palato-alveolar affricates [t͡ʃ], [t͡ʃʰ], and [d͡ʒ ~ d͡ʒʱ] into [t͡s], [s], and [z], respectively.[39] For example, Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: cōra, 'thief'), Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: chaẏa, 'six'), and Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: jāṛa, 'cold') are respectively pronounced [t͡ʃoɾ], [t͡ʃʰɔe̯], and [d͡ʒäɽ] in Standard Bengali but [t͡suɾ], [sɔe̯], and [zäɾ] in Typical East Bengali. [t͡s] in tends to merge with [s] as the areas of Eastern and Southeastern Vaṅga are approached, such that Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: cā, 'tea'), pronounced [tʃä] in Standard Bengali, is pronounced [tsä] in farther western varieties and [sä] in farther eastern varieties of Eastern Bengali.[40] [d͡z] is an allophone of [z] that more frequently occurs in Southwestern Vaṅga. [t͡ʃ] and [d͡ʒ] occur respectively as allophones of [t͡s ~ s] and [z] in geminates and consonant clusters,[41] e.g. Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: bāccā, 'child') /bät͡sːä ~ bäsːä/ [bäi̯t͡ʃːä], Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: iñci, 'inch') /int͡si ~ insi/ [int͡ʃi], Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: ijjat, 'honour') /izːɔt̪/ [id͡ʒːɔt̪].
  • The voiceless labial and velar plosives are often spirantised, such that [p] often becomes [ɸ] and [k] often becomes [x] or [ɦ], the latter transformation chiefly occurring intervocalically.[42][43] Hence Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: pākā, 'ripe'), pronounced [päkä] in Standard Bengali, may variably be pronounced [päɦä], [ɸäɦä], or [ɸäxä] in Eastern Bengali dialects.[44] [k] is often deleted entirely instead of simply being spirantised, especially when in proximity of [i]. For example, Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: bikāla, 'afternoon'), pronounced [bikäl] in Standard Bengali, is frequently pronounced [biäl] in Eastern Bengali.[45]
  • When followed by a rounded vowel, [ɸ] and [ɦ] are treated as allophones in most dialects of Eastern Bengali. For example, Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: kām̐kai, 'comb') [käɦɔi̯] may often be pronounced [käɸɔi̯] and Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: phakīra, 'beggar') [ɸɔɦiɾ] may often be pronounced [ɦɔɦiɾ].[46] This merger is expanded upon in the Noakhali dialect, where all word-initial [ɸ] (and, by extension, [p]) are pronounced [ɦ], e.g. Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: pāgala) 'madman' [pägɔl] → [ɸägɔl] → [ɦägɔl],[47] and by some speakers of the Mymensingh and Comilla dialects, who pronounce all [ɸ] as [ɦ], e.g. Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: ḍhupi) [d̠ʱupi] → [dúɸi] → [dúɦi] 'dove'.
  • Standard [ʃ] has a tendency to debuccalise to [ɦ] in word-initial position, e.g. Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: śālā) [ʃälä] → [ɦälä] 'brother-in-law', be deleted entirely in word-medial position, e.g. Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: uśāsa) [uʃäʃ] → [uäʃ] 'breath', and be either retained or deleted in word-final position, e.g. Шаблон:Lang (ISO-15919: mānuṣa) [mänuʃ] → [mänuʃ ~ mänu] 'people'.[48]

Tone

The aspiration and breathy voice present in Standard Bengali is notably mostly if not entirely absent in Eastern Bengali. The West Bengali linguists Chatterji and Sen described the deaspirated voiced consonants present in Eastern Bengali as being implosive consonants,[49] such that the Standard Bengali phonemes /bʱ/, /d̪ʱ/, /ɖʱ/, /dʒʱ/, and /ɡʱ/ would respectively correspond to /Шаблон:IPA link/, /Шаблон:IPA link/, /Шаблон:IPA link/, /ɗʒ/, and /Шаблон:IPA link/ in Eastern Bengali. However, Animesh K. Pal, a native speaker of Eastern Bengali from Narayanganj, disputed this claim, instead describing the deaspiration as leading to the development of tones.[50][51]

Word ISO 15919 Standard Bengali IPA Eastern Bengali IPA Tone Meaning
গাঁও gām̐ō [gä̃o̯] [gäo̯] level village
ঘাও ghāō [gʱäo̯] [gä́o̯] high wound
গড় gaṛa [gɔɽ] [gɔɾ] level ditch
ঘর ghara [gʱɔɾ] [gɔ́ɾ] high room
গোড়া gōṛā [goɽä] [guɾä] level ditch
ঘোড়া ghōṛā [gʱoɽä] [gúɾä] high horse
জ্বর jvara [d͡ʒɔɾ] [zɔɾ] level fever
ঝড় jhaṛa [d͡ʒʱɔɽ] [zɔ́ɾ] high storm
জাল jāla [d͡ʒäl] [zäl] level net
ঝাল jhāla [d͡ʒʱäl] [zä́l] high hot
জামা jāmā [d͡ʒäma] [zäma] level shirt
ঝামা jhāmā [d͡ʒʱäma] [zä́ma] high vitrified brick
জীর jīra [d͡ʒiɾ] [ziɾ] level earthworm
ঝির jhira [d͡ʒʱiɾ] [zíɾ] high of maidservant
ডাক ḍāka [d̠äk] [däk] level do call
ঢাক ḍhāka [d̠ʱäk] [dä́k] high dhak
ডাকা ḍākā [d̠äkä] [däɦä] level to call
ঢাকা ḍhākā [d̠ʱäkä] [dä́ɦä] high Dhaka
ডোল ḍōla [d̠ol] [dul] level container of paddy
ঢোল ḍhōla [d̠ʱol] [dúl] high dhol
ডিম, ডিমা ḍima, ḍimā [d̠im], [d̠imä] [dim], [dimä] level egg
ঢিমা ḍhimā [d̠ʱimä] [dímä] high slow
ডোলা ḍōlā [d̠olä] [dulä] level container of fish made from bamboo shavings
ঢোলা ḍhōlā [d̠ʱolä] [dúlä] high bending from side to side
দর dara [d̪ɔɾ] [d̪ɔɾ] level price
ধর dhara [d̪ʱɔɾ] [d̪ɔ́ɾ] high do catch
দান dāna [d̪än] [d̪än] level donation
ধান dhāna [d̪ʱän] [d̪ä́n] high paddy
দোয়া dōẏā [d̪oä] [d̪uä] level to milk
ধোয়া dhōẏā [d̪ʱoä] [d̪úä] high to wash
দুল dula [d̪ul] [d̪ul] level a kind of earring
ধুলা dhula [d̪ʱulä] [d̪úlä] high dust
বাত bāta [bät̪] [bät̪] level rheumatism
ভাত bhāta [bʱät̪] [bä́t̪] high boiled rice
বালা bālā [bälä] [bälä] level bangle
ভালা bhālā [bʱälä] [bä́lä] high good
বাপ bāpa [bäp] [bäp ~ bäɸ] level father
ভাপ bhāpa [bʱäp] [bä́p ~ bä́ɸ] high steam

These tones are not limited to voiced aspirates, but are also present as compensation for the aspiration of consonants that were voiceless aspirates in Standard Bengali. Tone continues to exist in words even if they are not part of a near-identical pair that requires it for the sake of contrast.

Word ISO 15919 Standard Bengali IPA Eastern Bengali IPA Tone Meaning
বাচা মাছ bācā mācha [bät͡ʃä mät͡ʃʰ] [bät͡sä mäs ~ bäsä mäs] level Eutropiichthys vacha
বাছা মাছ bāchā mācha [bät͡ʃʰä mät͡ʃʰ] [bäsä́ mäs] high selected fish
চাও cāō [t͡ʃäo̯] [t͡säo̯ ~ säo̯] level you want
ছাও chāō [t͡ʃʰäo̯] [sä́o̯] high young ones of the animals
কাঁচের kām̐cēra [kä̃t͡ʃeɾ] [kät͡sɛɾ ~ käsɛɾ] level of glass
কাছের kāchēra [kät͡ʃʰeɾ] [käsɛ́ɾ] high of near
চিঁড়া cim̐ṛā [t͡ʃĩɽä] [t͡siɾä ~ siɾä] level chira
ছিঁড়া chim̐ṛā [t͡ʃʰĩɽä] [síɾä] high torn
কুটা kuṭā [kut̠ä] [kudä] level to cut in pieces
কোঠা kōṭhā [kot̠ʰä] [kudä́] high room
কাঁটা kām̐ṭā [kä̃t̠ä] [kädä] level thorn
কাঠা kāṭhā [kät̠ʰä] [kädä́] high katha
উডা uḍā [udä] [udä] level front step
উঠা uṭhā [ut̠ʰä] [udä́] high do lift up

Furthermore, the [ɦ] of Standard Bengali is most often deleted in Eastern Bengali dialects. This h-dropping has also been said to result in tone.

Word ISO 15919 Standard Bengali IPA Eastern Bengali IPA Tone Meaning
আতা ātā [ät̪ä] [ät̪ä] level sugar apple
হাতা hātā [ɦät̪ä] [ä́t̪ä] high sleeve, ladle
আছে āchē [ät͡ʃʰe] [äsɛ́] level is
হাঁচে hām̐cē [ɦä̃t͡ʃe] [ä́t͡sɛ ~ ä́sɛ] high sneezes
আঠা āṭhā [ät̠ʰä] [ädä́] level glue
হাঁটা hām̐ṭā [ɦä̃t̠ä] [ä́dä] high to walk
আড়াই āṛāi [äɽäi̯] [äɾäi̯] level two and a half
হারাই hārāi [ɦäɾäi̯] [ä́ɾäi̯] high I lose

Comparison

Dialect A man had two sons. IPA
Sādhu Bhāṣā কোন এক ব্যক্তির দুটি পুত্ত্র ছিল

kono êk bektir duṭi putrô chhilô

[kono æk bekt̪iɾ d̪uʈi put̪ɾo t͡ʃʰilo]
Southwestern Vaṅga
Bagerhat অ্যাক্ জোন মান্শির দুই ছওাল ছিলো

êk zon manshir dui sôwal silo

[ɛk zon mänʃiɾ d̪ui̯ sɔäl silo]
Jessore এক জোনের দুট ছল ছিল

êk zoner duṭô sôl silô

[ɛk zonɛɾ d̪uto sɔl silo]
Western Vaṅga
Manikganj য়্য়্য়ক জনের্ দুইডী ছাওয়াল্ আছিলো

êk zôner duid̹i sawal asilo

[ɛk zɔnɛɾ d̪ui̯di säo̯äl äsilo]
Mymensingh এক জনের দুই পুৎ আছিল্

êk zôner dui ṗut asil

[ɛk zɔnɛɾ d̪ui̯ put̪ äsil], [ɛk zɔnɛɾ d̪ui̯ ɸut̪ äsil]
Barisal এক জন মান্ষের দুগ্‌গা পোলা আছিল

êk zôn mansher dugga pola asilô

[ɛk zɔn mänʃɛɾ d̪ugːä polä äsilo], [ɛk zɔn mänʃɛɾ d̪ugːä ɸolä äsilo]
Sandwip এক শক্‌সের দুই বেটা আছিল

êk shôksher dui bêṭa asilô

[ɛk ʃɔkʃɛɾ d̪ui̯ bɛtä äsilo]
Eastern Vaṅga
Sylhet কোন মানুষর দুই পুয়া আছিল্

küno manushôr dui ṗua asil

[kuno mänuʃɔɾ d̪ui̯ ɸuä äsil]
Cachar একজন মানুষর দুগুয়া পুয়া আছিল

êkzôn manushôr dugua ṗua asil

[e̞xzɔn mänuʃɔɾ d̪ugu̯ä ɸuä äsil]
Comilla এক বেডার দুই পুৎ আচিল্

êk bêd̹ar dui ṗut asil

[ɛk bɛdäɾ d̪ui̯ ɸut̯ äsil]
Southeastern Vaṅga
Chittagong উগ্গা মাইন্‌শর দুয়া ফোয়া আছিল্

ugga mainshor dua füa asil

[ugga mäi̯nʃɔɾ d̪uä ɸuä äsil]
Hatiya একজন মাইন্‌সের দুগা হোলা আছিল্

êkzôn mainsher duga hola asil

[ɛkzɔn mäi̯nʃɛɾ d̪ugä ɦolä äsil]
Chhagalnaiya একজনের দুই হোলা আছিল্

êkzôner dui hola asil

[ɛkzɔnɛɾ d̪ui̯ ɦolä äsil]
Lakshmipur একজনের দুই হুত্ আছিল্

êkzôner dui hut asil

[ɛkzɔnɛɾ d̪ui̯ ɦut̪ äsil]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Шаблон:Bengali language

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
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Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "It stretches down the East littoral of the Bay of Bengal into Northern Burmah, its way eastwards being similarly barred by the Hill tribes of Arakan. To the South, it meets the Burmese language in the District of Akyab."
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "In the border districts of the delta, namely, South Faridpur, East Nadiya, West Jessore, West Khulna, the Rāḍha and Vaŋga forms intermingle, where Rāḍha influences Vaŋga."
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "আমরা ধ্বনিতত্ত্ব, রূপতত্ত্ব ও পদক্রম আলোচনা করিয়া বাঙ্গালা উপভাষাগুলিকে দুইটি ভাগে বিভক্ত করিতে পারিঃ (১) পাশ্চাত্য, (২) প্রাচ্য।"
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "দক্ষিণ-পূর্বঃ—জেলা ২৪ পরগণার পূর্বাংশ, যশোহর জেলা, খুলনা জেলা, ঢাকা বিভাগ এবং নোয়াখালী।"
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "পূর্ব-প্রান্তিকঃ—কাছাড় হইতে চট্টগ্রাম পর্যন্ত সমস্ত স্থান।"
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Group I or Dacca Group or the Central EB Group, which may also be called 'East Bengali General', includes the dialects in general of the districts of (1) Dacca, (2) Faridpur, (3) Bakharganja, (4) Maimansing, (5) Sylhet (west) and (6) Comilla (northern and western)."
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "along with Dacca-Manikganja dialect, Dacca-Vik. is the main source for what is sometimes called Std. EB"
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "The Maim. East division is dialectally allied to the contiguous areas of Habiganja-Sunamganja of Sylhet West and should be taken together for study, and should include in the former (Maim. E-Sylhet W.) and a large slice (Brahmanberia) of Comilla. Group II or Maimansing East - Sylhet West Group."
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Group III or Sylhet Group or 'North-Eastern Group' of East Bengali (may also be called 'Sylhet-Kachar' Group) includes Sylhet Central (in Bangladesh now), Sylhet southern i.e. Moulavibazar area (in Banglades as well) ; Karimganja (now in Kachar, i.e. within the Indian Union), and Kachar itself (Indian Union)."
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Group IV or Chittagong-Noakhali or 'South-Eastern Group' includes the dialects of Chittagong and Noakhali."
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Comilla. formerly Tippera, in which we include Tripura with its immigrant speakers of nearby districts, is a meeting ground of the Groups in its three neighbouring zones ; viz. Chandpur is closer to Dacca Group, Brahmanberia to Maim. East and Sylhet West, a southern West of Comilla strip shows some Noakhali features. When mentioned separately, Comilla or Kumilla signifies sadar areas and is put between Group III and Group IV ; it shows features of Dacca and Maimansing also."
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "'Transitional' or Khulna-Jessore Group includes Khulna (Banglades), western Faridpur and Jessore (except for Bongaon area, Jessore is in Banglades). As a 'transitional' form it is more and more coming under the influence of the Std. Coll. Bg., though the EB dialectal traits are still there."
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "So far as Bengali is concerned, we see a weakening of « -i, -u » after « å, ā » in the 14th century; and the beginnings of epenthesis certainly go back to that century."
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "অভিশ্রুতি এবং স্বরসঙ্গতি নাই, সুতরাং স্বরধ্বনিতে প্রাচীনত্ব খানিকটা রক্ষিত (যেমন, রাখিয়া > *রাইখিআ > রাইখা, করিয়া > *কইরিয়া > কইরা, দেশি)"
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "« -y » in a consonant nexus brings about epenthesis in Vaŋga and North Bengali, and to some extent in Varêndra."
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Sanskrit ক্ষ « kṣ » had in Bengali, Assamese and Oṛiyā the value of « khy » initially and « -kkhy- « in the interior of a word"
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "and Sanskrit জ্ঞ « jñ » similarly had the sounds of « gy-, -ggy- », with the nasalisation of the contiguous vowels."
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "য-ফলায় ও যুক্তব্যঞ্জনে অপিনিহিতির মত স্বরাগম হয় (যেমন, সত্য > সইত্ত, ব্রাহ্ম > ব্রাইম্ম, রাক্ষস > রাইক্‌খস)"
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "and the groups ক্ষ জ্ঞ হ্ম « kṣ, jñ, hm », pronounced like « kkhy, ggỹ, my », behave in the same way"
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "and the close « ē » of West Bengali frequently becomes open [ɛ] in Vaŋga"
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "West Bengali « o », original or derived, often becomes « u » in Vaŋga."
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "এ-কার প্রায়ই অ্যা-কারে এবং ও-কার উ-কারে পরিণত"
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "A preference for the open vowels and thus 'e' becoming 'ae' if it is not checked by closed vowels 'i' and 'u'."
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "but in the Vaŋga dialects nasalisation is entirely dropped: only in certain Eastern Vaŋga dialects, e.g., Chittagongese, nasalisation has recently developed from a Bengali intervocal «-m-»"
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "The retroflex [ṭ ḍ] are no longer the cerebrals of OIA. (such as are still found in the Dravidian languages, and in Panjābī for instance among NIA. speeches), but they have advanced forward considerably towards the palato-alveolar region, so much so that to a Bengali there is no difference between the so-called cerebrals of his language and the t d of English, alveolar sounds."
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "When it occurs non-initially we find it as a doubled consonant as in ThaTTa."
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "and although rarely in some of the Vaŋga tracts « ṛ » does occur, the absence of it can be said to characterise the eastern dialects."
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "The palatals « c, ch, j, jh » are pronounced as dental affricates « t͜s, s, d͜z, z » in Vaŋga and in North Bengal."
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Then চ ch is pronounced like English s, and there is no difference between চ ch and ছ chh."
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "The alveo-palatal unvoiced affricate 'cʃ' = c is found only in non-initial positions and as a doubled consonant. This is an allophone of the dental affricate 'ts' = C. The alveo-palatal voiced affricate 'ɟ͡ʒ' = j, too, is found only in non-initial positions and as a doubled consonant. This is an allophone of the alveolar fricative 'z'. Same is the case with alveo-palatal unvoiced aspirated affricate 'cʃh' = ch. This is an allophone of the dental fricative 's'."
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "A kind of bilabial [ꜰ], in which the lips are much more widely separated from each other than in the case of the Standard Bengali [ph > ꜰ], with the acoustic effect of [ɦ] to the unaccustomed ear, is the East Vaŋga equivalent of a single [p, ph] of Standard Bengali. [x]: the velar fricative, unvoiced, is found for [k, kh] in East Vaŋga, and in some forms of West Vaŋga as well."
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "There is a guttural unvoiced fricative 'x'. This occurs when the unvoiced velar stop is spirantized. There is one labio-dental fricative 'f'. It occurs when the bi-labial unvoiced stop 'p' is spirantized."
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "[ꜰ] is one of the most characteristic sounds in the dialect, and, as has been noted, pronounced with the lips so open as to seem to be reduced to [h]"
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "ঘোষবৎ মহাপ্রাণ, অর্থাৎ চতুর্থ বর্ণ, মহাপ্রাণতা ত্যাগ করিয়া কণ্ঠনলীয়স্পর্শযুক্ত (recursive) তৃতীয় বর্ণে পরিণত হইয়াছে যেমন সিন্ধীতেও"
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "The tonal element in Panjabi as well as in Eastern Bengali has been noticed in respect of various new ways of treating the voiced aspirates and 'h'."
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb: "Glottalization is often connected with tone and in the East Bengali cases seem to be related to the evolution of tone from the voiced aspirates."
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