Английская Википедия:Economy of the European Union

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Update Шаблон:Infobox economy

Файл:Euro inflation.webp
Eurozone's inflation

The economy of the European Union is the joint economy of the member states of the European Union (EU). It is the second largest economy in the world in nominal terms, after the United States and the third one in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, after China and the United States. The European Union's GDP estimated to be around $19.35 trillion (nominal) in 2024[1] and $26.64 trillion(PPP) representing around one sixth of the global economy.[2] Germany has the biggest national GDP of all EU countries, followed by France and Italy.

The euro is the second largest reserve currency and the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar.[3][4][5] The euro is used by 20 of its Шаблон:EUnum members, overall, it is the official currency in 26 countries, in the eurozone and in six other European countries, officially or de facto.

The European Union economy consists of an internal market of mixed economies based on free market and advanced social models. For instance, it includes an internal single market with free movement of goods, services, capital, and labour.[6] The GDP per capita (PPP) was $56,970 in 2023 ,[7] compared to $80,410 in the United States, $52,120 in Japan and $28,800 in China.[8] There are significant disparities in GDP per capita (PPP) between member states ranging from $106,372 in Luxembourg to $23,169 in Bulgaria.[9] With a low Gini coefficient of 31, the European Union has a more egalitarian distribution of income than the world average.[10][11]

EU investments in foreign countries total $9.1 trillion, while the foreign investments made in the union total $5.1 trillion in 2012, by far the highest foreign and domestic investments in the world.[12][13] Euronext is the main stock exchange of the Eurozone and the world's fourth largest by market capitalisation.[14] The European Union's largest trading partners are China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Russia, Turkey, Japan, Norway, South Korea, India, and Canada.[15] In 2022, public debt in the union was 83.5% of GDP, with disparities between the lowest rate, Estonia with 18.5%, and the highest, Greece with 172.6%.[16]

Currency

Шаблон:Main

Файл:BlueEurozone.svg
The Eurozone or euro area (dark blue) represents 347 million people. The euro is the second-largest reserve currency in the world.

Beginning in the year 1999 with some EU member states, now 20 out of Шаблон:EUnum EU states use the euro as official currency in a currency union. The remaining 8 states continued to use their own currency with the possibility to join the euro later. The euro is the most widely used currency in the EU.

Since 1992, the Maastricht Treaty sets out rigid economic and fiscal convergence criteria for the states joining the euro. Starting 1997, the Stability and Growth Pact has been started to ensure continuing economic and fiscal stability and convergence.

Denmark is not a part of the eurozone due to its special opt-outs concerning the later joining of the euro. In contrast, Sweden can effectively opt out by choosing when or whether to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, which is the preliminary step towards joining. The remaining states are committed to join the euro through their Treaties of Accession.

Starting with Greece in 2009, five of the 20 eurozone states have been struggling with a sovereign debt crisis, commonly called the European debt crisis. All these states started reforms and got bailout packages (Greece, Republic of Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Cyprus). As of 2015, all countries but Greece have recovered from their debt crisis.Шаблон:Needs update Other non-eurozone states also experienced a debt crisis and also went through successful bailout programmes, i.e. Hungary, Romania and Latvia (the latter before it joined the eurozone).[17]

Budget

Шаблон:Further The EU has a long-term budget, named Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF), of €1,082.5 billion for the period 2014–2020, representing 1.02% of the EU-28's GNI.[18]

The overall budget for the period 2021-2027 is of €1.8 trillion combining the MFF of €1,074.3 billion with an extraordinary recovery fund of €750 billion, known as Next Generation EU, to support member states hit by the COVID-19 pandemic.[19]

Sectors

Services

Шаблон:Main The services sector is by far the most important sector in the European Union, making up 64.7% of GDP, compared to the manufacturing industry with 23.8% of GDP and agriculture with only 1.5% of GDP.[20]

Financial services are well developed within the Single Market of the Union. Companies have a greater reliance on bank lending than in the United States, although a shift towards companies raising more funding through capital markets is planned through the CMU initiative, the EU plan put forward by the Commission in September 2015 to mobilise the free movement of capital within the EU.[21] The plan aims "to establish the building blocks of an integrated capital market in the EU by 2019".[22] The CMU initiative comprises 33 measures in all.[23] The plan was updated in 2017 and in 2019, since not a single legislation will deliver the CMU.[24] The Commissioner for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union, Mairead McGuinness, former Vice-President of the European Parliament, is responsible for delivery of the initiative.[25][26][27][28]

According to the Global Financial Centres Index, the two largest financial centres in Europe, London and Zurich, are outside the European Union.[29] The two largest financial centres remaining within the EU will then be Frankfurt and Luxembourg City.

In the European Investment Bank's Investment survey 2021, 58% of firms in the service sector were expecting long term effects of COVID-19.[30][31] 56% of EU enterprises received governmental help to handle the pandemic's effects.[32][33][34]

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on sales. 49% of all EU enterprises claimed that their sales decreased since the start of 2020.[32][35] The pandemic has affected sectors differently, with the number of enterprises losing money in the hotels, restaurants, arts, and leisure industries reaching roughly 25% compared to previous times, and transportation also being affected.[36][37][38]

Without government assistance, 35% of European small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) in manufacturing and services indicated their businesses would not have survived the effects of the pandemic.[30][39]

In 2020, 86% of enterprises reported previous-year investment activity, while in 2021 only 79% reported investment. 23% of EU firms changed their investment plans in 2021, with only 3% reporting a higher amount.[32][40] The highest proportion of enterprises that have reduced their investment plans due to a drop in sales are in Poland, where 49% of firms have reduced investment, and in Belgium, where 47% of firms stated the same.[32][41]

Most green or digital businesses in the EU operate in manufacturing (33%) or infrastructure (30%). The service sector has the greatest percentage of businesses that have not engaged in digitalisation or the green transition (41%).[42][43]

EU enterprises were growing in terms of innovation in 2023. 39% of EU enterprises created or introduced new goods, processes, or services in the previous fiscal year, compared to 57% of US firms. In the EU, over 12% of businesses introduced ideas that were novel to the country or the global market.[44][45][46] Investment in intangible assets (research and development, software, training, or business processes) by EU enterprises accounted for around 38% of overall investment. Businesses in the EU were also optimistic about 2023, with 14% more predicting an increase rather than a drop in investment.[47]

Agriculture

The agricultural sector is supported by subsidies from the European Union in the form of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In 2013 this represented approximately €45billion (less than 33% of the overall budget of €148 billion) of the EU's total spending.[48]Шаблон:Needs update It was used originally to guarantee a minimum price for farmers in the EU. This is criticised as a form of protectionism, inhibiting trade, and damaging developing countries; one of the most vocal opponents was the United Kingdom, the second largest economy within the union until its withdrawal in January 2020, which repeatedly refused to give up the annual UK rebate unless the CAP should undergo significant reform; France, the biggest beneficiary of the CAP and the union's third largest (now its second-largest) economy, is its most vocal proponent. The CAP is however witnessing substantial reform. In 1985, around 70% of the EU budget was spent on agriculture. In 2011, direct aid to farmers and market-related expenditure amount to just 30% of the budget, and rural development spending to 11%. By 2011, 90% of direct support had become non-trade-distorting (not linked to production) as reforms have continued to be made to the CAP, its funding and its design.[49]

Tourism

The European Union is a major tourist destination, attracting visitors from outside of the Union and citizens travelling inside it. Internal tourism is made more convenient by the Schengen treaty and the euro. All citizens of the European Union are entitled to travel to any member state without the need of a visa.

France is the world's number one tourist destination for international visitors, followed by Spain, Italy, and Germany. It is worth noting, however, that a significant proportion of international visitors to EU countries are from other member states.

Energy

Шаблон:Main

Файл:VTE cerova.jpg
Wind power stations in Cerová, Slovakia

The European Union has uranium, coal, oil, and natural gas reserves. There are six oil producers in the European Union, primarily in North Sea oilfields. The United Kingdom, whilst it was a member of the European Union was by far the largest producer; Denmark, Germany, Italy, Romania and the Netherlands produce oil. The European Union produced 19.8 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) of crude oil in 2019. The EU is one of the largest consumers of oil, consuming much more than it can produce. It consumed about 350 Mtoe in 2019, importing 96.8% of the oil. The largest suppliers are Russia, Iraq, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Kazakhstan, and Norway. Transport is the largest consumer of oil, at 66.1% in 2019.[50]

All countries in the EU have committed to the Kyoto Protocol, and the European Union is one of its biggest proponents. The European Commission published proposals for the first comprehensive EU energy policy on 10 January 2007.Шаблон:Citation needed

During the green transition, workers in carbon-intensive industries are more likely to lose their jobs. In the years to come, the transition to a carbon-neutral economy will put more jobs at danger in regions with higher percentages of employment in carbon-intensive industries.[51][52][53] Employment opportunities by the green transition are associated with the use of renewable energy sources or building activity for infrastructure improvements and renovations.[54] Шаблон:See also

Companies

Шаблон:Main The European Union's member states are the birthplace of many of the world's largest leading multinational companies, and home to its global headquarters. Among these are distinguished companies ranked first in the world within their industry/sector, like Allianz and AXA, which are the two largest financial service providers in the world by revenue; WPP plc and Publicis which are the world's largest advertising agencies by revenue; Amorim, which is the world's largest cork-processing and cork producer company; ArcelorMittal, which is the largest steel company in the world; Christian Dior SE[55] which is the biggest fashion group in the world and Inditex is the world’s second biggest fashion group; Groupe Danone, which has the world leadership in the dairy products market.Шаблон:Citation needed

Anheuser-Busch InBev is the largest beer company in the world; L'Oréal Group, which is the world's largest cosmetics and beauty company; LVMH, which is the world's largest luxury goods conglomerate; Nokia Corporation, which was the world's largest manufacturer of mobile telephones; Shell plc, Électricité de France, TotalEnergies, Eni which are one of the largest energy corporations in the world; and Stora Enso, which is the world's largest pulp and paper manufacturer in terms of production capacity, in terms of banking and finance the EU has some of the world's largest notably BNP Paribas, HSBC, Crédit Agricole, Grupo Santander, Société Générale and Groupe BPCE the largest bank in Europe in terms of Market Capitalisation and assets.[56]

Many other European companies rank among the world's largest companies in terms of turnover, profit, market share, number of employees or other major indicators. A considerable number of EU-based companies are ranked among the world's top-ten within their sector of activity. Europe is also home to many prestigious car companies such as Aston Martin, Automobiles Alpine, BMW, Bugatti, Ferrari, Jaguar, Lamborghini, Land Rover, Maserati, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche, Volvo, as well as volume manufacturers such as Automobile Dacia, Citroën, Fiat, Opel, Peugeot, Renault, Seat, Volkswagen and more.

In Europe, 33% of jobs are within enterprises that have not digitally transformed. These companies were also less likely to train their employees throughout the COVID-19 outbreak.[32][57] Across the European Union, the most commonly mentioned investment barrier is the lack of trained labor. 75% of businesses in transition regions found this to be problematic. Numerous reasons, such as demographics and rising demand for skills that are less common on the market, such as those needed to support digitalization activities, might contribute to the lack of competent workers.[58] In all areas of Europe, digital businesses have produced "better" employment with greater earnings than their non-digital counterparts. Additionally, they are more inclined to recognize and reward individuals who do well.[59][60]

The following is a list of the largest EU based stock market listed companies in 2022. The ordered by revenue in millions of US Dollars and is based on the Fortune Global 500. Шаблон:Further

Fortune top 10 EU corporations by revenue (2022)[61]
World rank Corporation Ticker Revenues ($m) Profits ($m) Assets ($m) Employees Headquarters Industry
8 Volkswagen Group VWAGY $295,819.8 $18,186.6 $601,028.4 672,789 Шаблон:Flagicon Wolfsburg Motor vehicle and parts
27 TotalEnergies TTE $184,634 $16,032 $293,458 101,309 Шаблон:Flagicon Courbevoie Petroleum refining
29 Stellantis STLA $176,663 $16,789.1 $195,297.9 281,595 Шаблон:Flagicon Hoofddorp Motor vehicle and parts
38 Mercedes-Benz Group DMLRY $158,306.1 $27,200.8 $295,427.8 172,425 Шаблон:Flagicon Stuttgart Motor vehicle and parts
47 Allianz ALIZY $144,516.6 $7,815.2 $1,295,530.8 155,411 Шаблон:Flagicon Munich Insurance: Life, health
48 AXA AXAHY $144,446.8 $8,623.9 $881,733.3 92,398 Шаблон:Flagicon Paris Insurance: Life, health
56 Fortum — $132,894.2 $873.7 $170,164.6 19,140 Шаблон:Flagicon Espoo Energy
59 BMW Group BMWYY $131,521.6 $14,639.6 $260,972.2 118,909 Шаблон:Flagicon Munich Motor vehicle and parts
62 Deutsche Telekom DTEGY $128,630.8 $4,937.4 $320,209.9 216,528 Шаблон:Flagicon Bonn Telecommunications
72 Assicurazioni Generali ARZGY $117,155 $3,366.1 $666,537.8 74,621 Шаблон:Flagicon Trieste Insurance: Life, health

Economies of member states

Wealth

The twelve new member states of the European Union have enjoyed a higher average percentage growth rate than their elder members of the EU. Slovakia has the highest GDP growth in the period 2005–2015 among all countries of the European Union (See Tatra Tiger). Notably the Baltic states have achieved high GDP growth, with Latvia topping 11%, close to China, the world leader at 9% on average for the past 25 years (though these gains have been in great part cancelled by the late-2000s recession).[62]

Reasons for this growth include government commitments to stable monetary policy, export-oriented trade policies, low flat-tax rates and the utilisation of relatively cheap labour. In 2015 Ireland had the highest GDP growth of all the states in EU (25.1%). The current map of EU growth is one of huge regional variation, with the larger economies suffering from stagnant growth and most of the newer states enjoying sustained, robust economic growth.

In mid-2021, the European Union's gross saving rate was 18% of gross disposable income, higher above the prior COVID-19 pandemic average of 11–13%.[32][63] In the second quarter of 2020, families' primary income fell by 7.3% compared to the second quarter of 2019, and their secondary income (from social security payments and other transfers) increased by 6.5% of gross income.[32][64][65]

Although EU27 GDP is rising, the percentage of gross world product is decreasing because of the emergence of economies such as China, India and Brazil.

Файл:EU-GDP-Population.svg
Population and GDP per capita of European countries (2010)

In the tables below, colours indicate Шаблон:Background color and Шаблон:Background color performer of the year concerned.

Шаблон:Nowrap
Member state 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Yearly growth
(2012–2022)
Шаблон:Flag 0.7 0.0 0.7 1.0 2.0 2.3 2.4 1.5 -6.6 4.2 4.8 1.18
Шаблон:Flag 0.7 0.5 1.6 2.0 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.3 -5.4 6.3 3.2 1.45
Шаблон:Flag 0.8 -0.6 1.0 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.7 4.0 -4.0 7.6 3.4 2.19
Шаблон:Flag -2.3 -0.4 -0.4 2.5 3.6 3.4 2.8 3.4 -8.5 13.1 6.2 2.13
Шаблон:Flag -3.4 -6.6 -1.8 3.4 6.6 5.7 5.6 5.5 -3.4 9.9 4.9 2.40
Шаблон:Flag -0.8 0.0 2.3 5.4 2.5 5.2 3.2 3.0 -5.5 3.6 2.4 1.94
Шаблон:Flag 0.2 0.9 1.6 2.3 3.2 2.8 2.0 1.5 -2.4 6.8 2.7 1.8 1.96
Шаблон:Flag 3.2 1.5 3.0 1.9 3.2 5.8 3.8 4.0 -1.0 7.2 -0.5 2.92
Шаблон:Flag -1.4 -0.9 -0.4 0.5 2.8 3.2 1.1 1.2 -2.4 3.2 1.6 0.77
Шаблон:Flag 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.1 2.3 1.9 1.8 -7.5 6.4 2.5 1.05
Шаблон:Flag 0.4 0.4 2.2 1.5 2.2 2.7 1.0 1.1 -3.8 3.2 1.8 -0.3 1.15
Шаблон:Flag -7.1 -2.5 0.5 -0.2 -0.5 1.1 1.7 1.9 -9.0 8.4 5.9 0.02
Шаблон:Flag -1.3 1.8 4.2 3.7 2.2 4.3 5.4 4.9 -4.5 7.1 4.6 2.95
Шаблон:Flag -0.1 1.2 8.8 24.5 1.8 9.3 8.5 5.3 6.6 15.1 9.4 8.22
Шаблон:Flag -3.0 -1.8 0.0 0.8 1.3 1.7 0.9 0.5 -9.0 8.3 3.7 0.31
Шаблон:Flag 7.0 2.0 1.9 3.9 2.4 3.3 4.0 0.6 -3.5 6.7 3.4 2.88
Шаблон:Flag 3.8 3.6 3.5 2.0 2.5 4.3 4.0 4.7 0.0 6.3 2.4 3.37
Шаблон:Flag 1.6 3.2 2.6 2.3 5.0 1.3 1.2 2.9 -0.9 7.2 1.4 2.53
Шаблон:Flag 4.1 5.5 7.6 9.6 3.4 10.9 7.4 7.1 -8.1 12.3 8.1 6.1 6.06
Шаблон:Flag -1.0 -0.1 1.4 2.0 2.2 2.9 2.4 2.0 -3.9 6.2 4.3 0.1 1.67
Шаблон:Flag 1.5 0.9 3.8 4.4 3.0 5.1 5.9 4.4 -2.0 6.9 5.3 3.56
Шаблон:Flag -4.1 -0.9 0.8 1.8 2.0 3.5 2.8 2.7 -8.3 5.7 6.8 1.16
Шаблон:Flag 1.9 0.3 4.1 3.2 2.9 8.2 6.0 3.9 -3.7 5.7 4.6 3.37
Шаблон:Flag 1.3 0.6 2.7 5.2 1.9 2.9 4.0 2.5 -3.3 4.8 1.8 2.22
Шаблон:Flag -2.6 -1.0 2.8 2.2 3.2 4.8 4.5 3.5 -4.2 8.2 2.5 1.6 2.17
Шаблон:Flag -3.0
 -1.4 1.4 3.8 3.0 3.0 2.3 2.0 -11.2 6.4 5.8 2.5 1.10
Шаблон:Flag -0.6 1.2 2.7 4.5 2.1 2.6 2.0 2.0 -2.2 6.1 2.8 2.11
Шаблон:Flag (27) -0.7 -0.1 1.6 2.3 2.0 2.8 2.1 1.8 -5.6 5.4 3.5 1.37
Eurozone (20) -0.9 -0.2 1.4 2.0 1.9 2.6 1.8 1.6 -6.1 5.4 3.5 1.18
EU member states by GDP (nominal) in billions of €[66]
Member state 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Change from 2013 to 2023 Change in percentage
Шаблон:Flag 323.910 333.146 344.269 357.608 369.362 385.274 397.147 380.889 405.241 447.218 128.565 40.35%
Шаблон:Flag 392.880 403.003 416.701 430.085 445.050 460.051 478.676 460.748 507.930 554.044 167.869 43.46%
Шаблон:Flag 42.056 43.025 45.798 48.752 52.502 56.200 61.531 61.608 71.060 85.801 43.546 103.06%
Шаблон:Flag 44.533 44.084 45.361 47.449 50.097 52.877 55.772 50.543 58.455 67.989 23.272 52.04%
Шаблон:Flag 18.040 17.483 17.944 19.014 20.312 21.675 23.178 22.087 24.928 27.777 8.282 42.48%
Шаблон:Flag 159.462 157.821 169.558 177.439 194.133 210.970 225.614 215.805 238.250 276.229 113.641 69.90%
Шаблон:Flag 258.743 265.757 273.018 283.110 294.808 302.329 309.526 311.356 342.962 380.618 374.680 115.937 44.81%
Шаблон:Flag 18.911 20.048 20.631 21.748 23.834 25.932 27.951 27.430 31.169 36.011 18.094 100.99%
Шаблон:Flag 204.321 206.897 211.385 217.518 226.301 233.462 239.858 238.038 250.664 268.411 67.374 33.51%
Шаблон:Flag 2,117.189 2,149.765 2,198.432 2,234.129 2,297.242 2,363.306 2,437.635 2,317.832 2,502.118 2,639.092 550.288 26.34%
Шаблон:Flag 2,811.350 2,927.430 3,026.180 3,134.740 3,267.160 3,365.450 3,474.110 3,403.730 3,617.450 3,876.810 4,121.160 1,309.810 46.59%
Шаблон:Flag 179.884 177.236 176.369 174.494 176.903 179.558 183.347 165.015 181.500 206.620 18.239 9.68%
Шаблон:Flag 102.240 106.264 112.791 116.256 127.025 136.055 146.555 137.866 153.963 168.865 68.617 68.45%
Шаблон:Flag 179.286 195.470 263.507 269.725 298.528 327.441 356.357 375.250 434.070 506.282 331.063 188.94%
Шаблон:Flag 1,612.751 1,627.406 1,655.355 1,695.787 1,736.593 1,771.391 1,796.649 1,661.240 1,822.345 1,946.479 322.120 19.83%
Шаблон:Flag 22.791 23.626 24.572 25.371 26.984 29.154 30.573 30.110 33.349 38.870 16.772 75.90%
Шаблон:Flag 35.040 36.581 37.346 38.890 42.276 45.515 48.959 49.873 56.478 67.399 33.989 101.73%
Шаблон:Flag 49.095 51.791 54.142 56.208 58.169 60.121 62.432 64.524 72.361 77.529 31.003 66.64%
Шаблон:Flag 7.944 8.751 9.997 10.541 11.937 13.044 14.294 13.352 15.927 17.450 19.381 10.085 136.93%
Шаблон:Flag 660.463 671.560 690.008 708.337 738.146 773.987 813.055 796.530 870.587 958.549 1,032.841 372.378 56.38%
Шаблон:Flag 388.356 406.413 429.835 424.735 465.773 499.004 532.505 526.147 576.383 654.594 269.205 69.85%
Шаблон:Flag 170.492 173.054 179.713 186.490 195.947 205.184 214.375 200.519 216.053 242.341 74.045 44.00%
Шаблон:Flag 142.929 150.522 160.288 167.494 186.399 206.072 224.179 220.487 241.611 285.885 146.565 105.20%
Шаблон:Flag 74.493 76.355 80.126 81.265 84.670 89.875 94.430 93.444 100.256 109.645 35.996 48.88%
Шаблон:Flag 36.454 37.634 38.853 40.443 43.011 45.876 48.582 47.045 52.279 57.038 63.090 26.636 73.07%
Шаблон:Flag 1,020.677 1,032.608 1,078.092 1,114.420 1,162.492 1,203.859 1,245.513 1,119.010 1,222.290 1,346.377 1,462.070 441.393 43.25%
Шаблон:Flag 441.851 438.834 455.495 466.267 480.026 470.673 476.870 480.556 540.734 563.030 132.993 30.93%
Шаблон:Flag (27) 11,516.141 11,782.564 12,215.765 12,548.314 13,075.680 13,534.336 14,019.671 13,471.034 14,640.071 15,907.189 4,511.042 39.58%
Eurozone (20) 9,980.504 10,213.928 10,568.983 10,864.262 11,275.015 11,653.032 12,042.893 11,517.208 12,475.108 13,492.167 3,610.435 36.54%
Шаблон:Nowrap
Member state 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Change from 2012 to 2022 Change in percentage
Шаблон:Flag 37,820 38,210 38,990 39,890 40,920 42,000 43,590 44,740 42,720 45,270 49,400 11,580 30.62%
Шаблон:Flag 34,770 35,210 35,950 36,960 37,960 39,130 40,260 41,660 39,930 43,848 47,430 12,660 36.41%
Шаблон:Flag 5,780 5,790 5,960 6,380 6,840 7,420 8,000 8,820 8,880 10,330 13,270 7,490 129.58%
Шаблон:Flag 10,470 10,470 10,410 10,780 11,370 12,130 12,930 13,710 12,490 14,770 17,400 6,930 66.19%
Шаблон:Flag 22,570 20,930 20,510 21,170 22,330 23,630 24,910 26,280 24,760 27,690 30,430 7,860 34.82%
Шаблон:Flag 15,470 15,170 15,000 16,080 16,790 18,330 19,850 21,150 20,170 22,270 25,850 10,380 67.10%
Шаблон:Flag 45,530 46,100 47,090 48,050 49,420 51,140 52,180 53,210 53,410 58,590 64,450 62,990 18,920 41.56%
Шаблон:Flag 13,520 14,320 15,240 15,710 16,530 18,120 19,660 21,100 20,640 23,430 27,040 13,520 100.00%
Шаблон:Flag 37,130 37,570 37,880 38,570 39,580 41,080 42,320 43,440 43,040 45,230 48,300 11,170 30.08%
Шаблон:Flag 31,820 32,080 32,420 33,020 33,430 34,230 35,040 35,980 34,080 36,670 38,550 6,730 21.15%
Шаблон:Flag 34,130 34,860 36,150 37,050 38,070 39,530 40,590 41,810 40,930 43,480 46,260 48,750 12,130 35.54%
Шаблон:Flag 17,060 16,410 16,270 16,300 16,190 16,450 16,730 17,100 15,420 17,060 19,550 2,490 14.60%
Шаблон:Flag 10,110 10,330 10,770 11,460 11,850 12,980 13,920 15,000 14,140 15,860 17,440 7,330 72.50%
Шаблон:Flag 38,110 38,810 42,010 56,120 56,800 62,160 67,370 72,320 75,350 86,490 98,990 60,880 159.75%
Шаблон:Flag 26,990 26,740 26,980 27,480 28,210 28,940 29,580 30,080 27,950 30,820 32,980 5,990 22.19%
Шаблон:Flag 10,870 11,320 11,850 12,430 12,950 13,900 15,130 15,980 15,840 17,710 20,610 9,740 89.60%
Шаблон:Flag 11,180 11,850 12,480 12,860 13,560 14,950 16,250 17,520 17,840 20,110 23,800 12,620 112.88%
Шаблон:Flag 87,630 90,360 93,090 95,070 96,330 97,520 98,890 100,700 102,350 113,050 118,710 31,080 35.47%
Шаблон:Flag 17,530 18,650 20,120 22,450 23,130 25,480 26,880 28,320 25,880 29,550 32,880 35,317 15,350 87.56%
Шаблон:Flag 38,970 39,300 39,820 40,730 41,590 43,090 44,920 46,880 45,670 49,650 54,150 57,770 15,180 38.95%
Шаблон:Flag 10,000 10,090 10,560 11,180 11,050 12,120 12,990 13,870 13,720 15,100 17,300 7,300 73.00%
Шаблон:Flag 16,010 16,300 16,640 17,350 18,060 19,020 19,950 20,840 19,470 20,990 23,530 7,520 46.97%
Шаблон:Flag 6,950 7,150 7,560 8,090 8,500 9,510 10,580 11,560 11,430 12,630 15,010 8,060 115.97%
Шаблон:Flag 13,620 13,760 14,090 14,780 14,960 15,570 16,500 17,320 17,110 18,430 19,980 6,360 46.70%
Шаблон:Flag 17,630 17,700 18,250 18,830 19,590 20,820 22,140 23,260 22,370 24,800 27,040 29,759 9,410 53.37%
Шаблон:Flag 22,050 21,910 22,230 23,230 23,990 24,980 25,760 26,440 23,630 25,820 28,280 30,320 6,230 28.25%
Шаблон:Flag 45,170 46,020 45,260 46,480 46,990 47,730 46,260 46,390 46,420 51,910 53,690 8,520 18.86%
Шаблон:Flag (27) 25,770 26,010 26,580 27,500 28,190 29,320 30,290 31,310 30,050 32,690 35,440 9,670 37.52%
Eurozone (20) 29,000 29,240 29,870 30,820 31,590 32,710 33,730 34,760 33,190 35,950 38,730 9,730 33.55%
Шаблон:Nowrap
Member state 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Шаблон:Flag 27.4 27.6 27.0 27.6 27.2 27.2 27.9 26.8 27.5 27.0 26.7 27.8
Шаблон:Flag 26.3 26.5 25.9 25.9 26.2 26.3 26.1 25.7 25.1 25.4 24.1 24.9
Шаблон:Flag 35.0 33.6 35.4 35.4 37.0 37.7 40.2 39.6 40.8 40.0 39.7 38.4
Шаблон:Flag 31.2 30.9 30.9 30.2 30.4 29.8 29.9 29.7 29.2 28.3 29.2 28.5
Шаблон:Flag 29.2 31.0 32.4 34.8 33.6 32.1 30.8 29.1 31.1 29.3 29.4 29.4
Шаблон:Flag 25.2 24.9 24.6 25.1 25.0 25.1 24.5 24.0 24.0 24.2 24.9 24.8
Шаблон:Flag 26.6 26.5 26.8 27.7 27.4 27.7 27.6 27.9 27.5 27.3 27.0 27.7
Шаблон:Flag 31.9 32.5 32.9 35.6 34.8 32.7 31.6 30.6 30.5 30.5 30.6 31.9
Шаблон:Flag 25.8 25.9 25.4 25.6 25.2 25.4 25.3 25.9 26.2 26.5 25.7 26.6
Шаблон:Flag 30.8 30.5 30.1 29.2 29.2 29.3 29.3 28.5 29.2 29.2 29.3 29.8
Шаблон:Flag 29.0 28.3 29.7 30.7 30.1 29.5 29.1 31.1 29.7 30.5 31.2 28.8
Шаблон:Flag 33.5 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.2 34.3 33.4 32.3 31.0 31.4 32.4 31.4
Шаблон:Flag 26.9 27.2 28.3 28.6 28.2 28.2 28.1 28.7 28.0 28.0 27.6 27.4
Шаблон:Flag 29.8 30.5 30.7 31.1 29.8 29.5 30.6 28.9 28.3 28.3 26.9 27.9
Шаблон:Flag 32.5 32.4 32.8 32.4 32.4 33.1 32.7 33.4 32.8 32.5 32.9 32.7
Шаблон:Flag 35.1 35.7 35.2 35.5 35.4 34.5 34.5 35.6 35.2 34.5 35.7 34.3
Шаблон:Flag 33.0 32.0 34.6 35.0 37.9 37.0 37.6 36.9 35.4 35.1 35.4 36.2
Шаблон:Flag 27.2 28.0 30.4 28.7 28.5 31.0 30.9 31.3 32.3 31.2 29.6 29.5
Шаблон:Flag 27.2 27.1 27.9 27.7 28.1 28.5 28.3 28.7 28.0 30.3 31.2 31.1
Шаблон:Flag 25.8 25.4 25.1 26.2 26.7 26.9 27.1 27.4 26.8 28.2 26.4 26.3
Шаблон:Flag 31.1 30.9 30.7 30.8 30.6 29.8 29.2 27.8 28.5 27.2 26.8 26.3
Шаблон:Flag 34.2 34.5 34.2 34.5 34.0 33.9 33.5 32.1 31.9 31.2 33.0 32.0
Шаблон:Flag 33.5 34.0 34.6 35.0 37.4 34.7 33.1 35.1 34.8 33.8 34.3 32.0
Шаблон:Flag 25.7 25.3 24.2 26.1 23.7 24.3 23.2 20.9 22.8 20.9 21.8 21.2
Шаблон:Flag 23.8 23.7 24.4 25.0 24.5 24.4 23.7 23.4 23.9 23.5 23.0 23.1
Шаблон:Flag 34.0 34.2 33.7 34.7 34.6 34.5 34.1 33.2 33.0 32.1 33.0 32.0
Шаблон:Flag 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.9 26.7 27.6 28.0 27.0 27.6 26.9 26.8 27.6
Шаблон:Flag 30.5 30.4 30.6 30.9 30.8 30.6 30.3 30.4 30.2 30.0 30.2 29.6
Eurozone 30.6 30.5 30.7 31.0 30.7 30.7 30.4 30.6 30.2 30.0 30.2 29.6

Labour market

Файл:EU Unemployment.svg
Unemployment rate by country in the EEA in March 2019

The EU seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 6.7% in September 2018.[67] The euro area unemployment rate was 8.1%.[67] Among the member states, the lowest unemployment rates were recorded in the Czech Republic (2.3%), Germany and Poland (both 3.4%), and the highest in Spain (14.9%) and Greece (19.0 in July 2018).[67]

Unemployment rate

The following table shows the history of the unemployment rate for all European Union member states:

Шаблон:Nowrap
Member state[68] 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Шаблон:Flag 5.0 4.9 4.7 4.6 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.9 5.8 4.9 4.8 4.8 6.7 4.2 4.5
Шаблон:Flag 8.0 8.5 6.9 7.1 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.2 7.7 6.1 5.5 4.9 6.7 5.6 5.6
Шаблон:Flag 6.3 9.9 11.2 12.1 13.0 11.9 10.0 8.1 6.4 5.3 4.5 4.4 5.9 4.3 4.2
Шаблон:Flag 8.9 10.8 13.7 15.5 16.5 17.7 16.6 14.0 11.9 9.0 7.0 6.5 8.2 6.5 6.6
Шаблон:Flag 4.6 6.7 6.9 10.7 14.9 16.2 16.2 13.0 12.2 8.9 7.6 6.3 7.8 5.9 6.3
Шаблон:Flag 5.9 7.7 6.8 6.9 7.2 6.5 5.6 4.1 3.3 2.1 2.0 2.0 3.4 2.3 2.6
Шаблон:Flag 5.3 7.6 7.4 7.7 7.1 6.6 6.4 6.1 6.0 5.1 5.4 4.8 5.7 4.5 4.6
Шаблон:Flag 4.3 11.9 19.2 14.0 11.1 9.1 7.9 6.7 5.5 6.1 4.6 5.1 6.7 5.4 6.7
Шаблон:Flag 7.6 8.5 7.9 7.6 8.1 8.4 9.2 9.4 8.9 8.0 6.3 6.7 7.5 6.4 6.6
Шаблон:Flag 8.9 9.3 9.1 9.5 10.3 10.2 10.3 10.2 9.5 9.2 8.6 7.4 8.1 7.4 7.1
Шаблон:Flag 7.6 7.3 6.1 5.4 5.3 5.1 4.8 4.3 3.9 3.5 3.2 3.8 3.8 2.9 2.8
Шаблон:Flag 9.1 11.6 16.0 22.7 27.1 26.9 26.0 23.9 22.3 20.2 17.8 15.9 17.1 12.9 11.2
Шаблон:Flag 9.6 11.4 11.1 11.3 10.6 7.9 7.3 5.6 4.6 3.5 3.2 3.4 4.0 3.2 3.8
Шаблон:Flag 11.1 13.2 14.3 15.0 13.6 12.0 9.8 8.9 7.2 5.9 5.1 5.0 7.7 5.1 4.1
Шаблон:Flag 7.6 8.4 8.0 10.5 11.9 12.7 12.4 11.6 11.7 11.0 10.1 7.4 10.0 8.3 7.8
Шаблон:Flag 14.8 20.4 16.7 15.9 11.9 11.1 9.8 9.7 8.8 7.7 6.4 7.4 7.6 7.0 6.0
Шаблон:Flag 11.6 17.8 16.5 14.0 12.1 11.5 9.3 8.1 7.6 6.6 6.1 7.2 6.5 6.9 7.6
Шаблон:Flag 5.4 4.6 4.7 5.1 5.7 6.0 6.4 6.4 5.7 5.6 5.6 6.5 6.1 4.5 4.9
Шаблон:Flag 6.6 6.9 6.5 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.7 5.1 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.8 3.0 2.8
Шаблон:Flag 3.9 5.1 4.8 5.5 6.9 7.8 7.0 6.4 5.1 3.9 3.3 2.9 4.6 3.3 3.5
Шаблон:Flag 7.9 10.0 9.4 9.8 10.6 9.7 7.8 6.5 5.0 3.8 3.6 3.0 3.9 3.0 2.7
Шаблон:Flag 10.1 11.6 12.5 15.0 17.2 14.7 13.2 12.1 9.9 7.6 6.6 6.3 6.6 5.7 6.8
Шаблон:Flag 6.0 7.3 6.8 7.0 6.9 7.0 6.7 6.2 5.2 4.4 3.8 4.5 5.9 5.7 5.5
Шаблон:Flag 10.7 14.9 13.6 13.7 14.1 13.6 11.9 10.2 8.6 7.0 5.8 6.0 7.2 6.5 6.0
Шаблон:Flag 5.3 6.9 8.1 7.9 10.8 10.1 9.2 8.3 7.0 5.5 4.4 4.5 5.0 4.0 3.7
Шаблон:Flag 17.4 19.5 20.7 23.9 26.3 25.2 23.0 20.2 18.0 15.9 14.2 14.4 15.4 13.5 11.7[69]
Шаблон:Flag 7.8 8.8 7.9 7.5 8.3 8.0 7.5 7.3 6.4 6.1 7.3 6.8 9.5 7.6 7.2
Шаблон:Flag 8.6 9.7 9.5 10.3 10.9 10.5 9.7 9.4 8.5 7.5 6.8 6.4 7.4 6.2 6.0
Файл:Unemployment in Europe.jpg
Unemployment rates in selected European countries and in the EU28 between 01/2004 and 04/2014

Public finance

Шаблон:Nowrap
Member state Public deficit as % of GDP (2022)
(E.U. limit : –3%)[70] 		Public debt as % of GDP (2022)
(E.U. limit : 60%)[71] 		HICP inflation rate (2021)
Max. 4.9% (as of 1 June 2022)[72][73] 		Long-term interest rate (2021)
Max. 2.6% (as of 1 June 2022)[72][74]
Шаблон:Flag –3.2 78.4 2.8 –0.09
Шаблон:Flag –3.9 105.1 3.2 –0.01
Шаблон:Flag –2.8 22.9 2.8 0.19
Шаблон:Flag 0.4 68.4 2.7 0.45
Шаблон:Flag 2.1 86.5 2.3 0.37
Шаблон:Flag –3.6 44.1 3.3 1.90
Шаблон:Flag 3.3 30.1 1.9 –0.06
Шаблон:Flag –0.9 18.4 4.5 0.06
Шаблон:Flag –0.9 73.4 2.1 –0.09
Шаблон:Flag –4.7 111.6 2.1 0.01
Шаблон:Flag –2.6 66.3 3.2 –0.37
Шаблон:Flag –2.3 171.3 0.6 0.88
Шаблон:Flag –6.2 73.3 5.2 3.06
Шаблон:Flag 1.6 44.7 2.4 0.06
Шаблон:Flag –8.0 144.4 1.9 0.81
Шаблон:Flag –4.4 40.8 3.2 0.00
Шаблон:Flag –0.6 38.4 4.6 0.16
Шаблон:Flag 0.2 24.6 3.5 –0.36
Шаблон:Flag –5.8 53.4 0.7 0.5
Шаблон:Flag 0.0 51.0 2.8 –0.33
Шаблон:Flag -3.7 49.1 5.2 1.95
Шаблон:Flag –0.4 113.9 0.9 0.30
Шаблон:Flag –6.2 47.3 4.1 3.62
Шаблон:Flag –2.0 57.8 2.8 –0.08
Шаблон:Flag –3.0 69.9 2.0 0.07
Шаблон:Flag –4.8 113.2 3.0 0.35
Шаблон:Flag 0.7 33.0 2.7 0.27
Шаблон:Flag –3.4 84.0 2.9 0.39
Eurozone –3.6 91.5 2.6 0.06

Trade

Шаблон:Further

Файл:Press conference EU-Mercosul on June 26, 2019 (VII).jpg
The European Union–Mercosur Free Trade Agreement would form one of the world's largest free trade areas.
Файл:10 largest EU trading partners.png
10 largest trading partners (2016, UK included in the EU before Brexit)

The European Union is the largest exporter in the world[75] and as of 2008 the largest importer of goods and services.[76][77] Internal trade between the member states is aided by the removal of barriers to trade such as tariffs and border controls. In the eurozone, trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members.[78]

The European Union Association Agreement does something similar for a much larger range of countries, partly as a so-called soft approach ('a carrot instead of a stick') to influence the politics in those countries. The European Union represents all its members at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and acts on behalf of member states in any disputes. When the EU negotiates trade related agreement outside the WTO framework, the subsequent agreement must be approved by each individual EU member state government.[78]

In 2023, over half of EU enterprises exported products or services (51%), while 53% imported goods or services.[79][80][81] Slovenia, Slovakia, Austria, and the Czech Republic are the countries with the most exporting businesses, Malta and Cyprus have the fewest.[82][83]

Шаблон:Sticky headerШаблон:Table alignment

Main trading partners (2021)[84]
Partner Imports
(mil €) 		%
total 		Exports
(mil €) 		%
total 		Total
trade
(mil €) 		%
total
Шаблон:Flag 2,118,818 100% 2,180,623 100% 4,299,442 100%
1 Шаблон:Flag 472,715 22,2% 223,413 10,3% 696,127 16,2%
2 Шаблон:Flag 232,454 11,0% 399,391 18,3% 631,845 14,7%
3 Шаблон:Flag 146,927 6,9% 283,603 13,0% 430,530 10,0%
4 Шаблон:Flag 123,672 5,8% 156,480 7,2% 280,152 6,5%
5 Шаблон:Flag 162,342 7,7% 89,275 4,1% 251,617 5,9%
6 Шаблон:Flag 77,983 3,7% 79,255 3,6% 157,238 3,7%
7 Шаблон:Flag 74,666 3,5% 56,532 2,6% 131,198 3,1%
8 Шаблон:Flag 62,269 2,9% 62,351 2,9% 124,621 2,9%
9 Шаблон:Flag 55,440 2,6% 51,857 2,4% 107,297 2,5%
10 Шаблон:Flag 46,155 2,2% 41,844 1,9% 87,999 2,1%
11 Шаблон:Flag 32,917 1,6% 33,856 1,6% 66,773 1,6%
12 Шаблон:Flag 35,576 1,7% 28,411 1,3% 63,987 1,5%
13 Шаблон:Flag 23,384 1,1% 37,718 1,7% 61,101 1,4%
14 Шаблон:Flag 23,457 1,1% 37,249 1,7% 60,706 1,4%
15 Шаблон:Flag 24,074 1,1% 28,293 1,3% 52,367 1,2%
16 Шаблон:Flag 38,507 1,8% 10,628 0,5% 49,136 1,1%
17 Шаблон:Flag 20,842 1,0% 25,007 1,2% 45,849 1,1%
18 Шаблон:Flag 22,059 1,0% 22,010 1,0% 44,069 1,0%
19 Шаблон:Flag 17,979 0,9% 25,133 1,2% 43,112 1,0%
20 Шаблон:Flag 15,604 0,7% 27,276 1,3% 42,880 1,0%
21 Шаблон:Flag 9,207 0,4% 33,072 1,5% 42,279 1,0%
22 Шаблон:Flag 29,152 1,4% 11,762 0,5% 40,914 1,0%
23 Шаблон:Flag 9,426 0,4% 29,813 1,4% 39,239 0,9%
24 Шаблон:Flag 12,599 0,6% 24,257 1,1% 36,856 0,9%
25 Шаблон:Flag 22,044 1,0% 13,311 0,6% 35,355 0,8%
26 Шаблон:Flag 13,998 0,7% 18,305 0,8% 32,304 0,8%
27 Шаблон:Flag 19,099 0,9% 12,645 0,6% 31,744 0,7%
28 Шаблон:Flag 9,053 0,4% 21,548 1,0% 30,601 0,7%
29 Шаблон:Flag 6,854 0,3% 23,468 1,1% 30,322 0,7%
30 Шаблон:Flag 17,514 0,8% 11,169 0,5% 28,683 0,5%
Trade with partner country groupings (2012)[84]
Partner Imports
(mil €) 		%
total 		Exports
(mil €) 		%
total 		Total
trade
(mil €) 		%
total
Total EU 1,791,727 100% 1,686,774 100% 3,478,501 100%
ACP 99,196 5,5% 86,652 5,1% 185,848 5,3%
Andean Community 17,728 1,0% 11,738 0,7% 29,467 0,8%
ASEAN 100,035 5,6% 81,324 4,8% 181,360 5,2%
BRIC 577,513 32,2% 345,198 20,5% 922,711 26,5%
CACM 9,546 0,5% 5,354 0,3% 14,900 0,4%
EU Candidate Countries 55,386 3,1% 89,654 5,3% 145,040 4,2%
CIS 273,505 15,3% 172,641 10,2% 446,146 12,8%
EFTA 208,739 11,7% 186,222 11,0% 394,961 11,4%
Latin America Countries 109,978 6,1% 110,297 6,5% 220,275 6,3%
MEDA (excl. EU and Turkey) 73,341 4,1% 92,812 5,5% 166,153 4,8%
Mercosur 49,196 2,7% 50,266 3,0% 99,461 2,9%
NAFTA 255,657 14,3% 351,090 20,8% 606,746 17,4%
Main trading partners 2008–2011
Main trade partners[85] 2008 2009 2010 2011
Exports (million euro) Imports (million euro) Total Trade (million euro) Exports Imports Total Trade Exports Imports Total Trade Exports Imports Total Trade
Total EU 1,319,819 1,582,932 2,902,751 1,101,746 1,234,317 2,336,063 1,360,059 1,531,043 2,891,102 1,561,890 1,726,514 3,288,404
Шаблон:Flag 247,818 182,351 430,169 203,587 154,862 358,449 242,451 173,067 415,518 263,791 191,555 455,346
Шаблон:Flag 78,276 247,815 326,091 82,391 214,238 296,629 113,426 282,509 395,935 136,372 293,693 430,065
Шаблон:Flag 104,843 178,294 283,137 65,587 118,122 183,709 86,134 160,709 246,843 108,355 199,922 308,277
Шаблон:Flag 100,537 82,348 182,885 88,693 80,570 169,263 110,401 85,228 195,629 142,022 93,202 235,224
Шаблон:Flag 43,698 95,888 139,586 37,476 68,864 106,340 41,914 78,981 120,895 46,678 93,813 140,491
Шаблон:Flag 42,347 76,177 118,524 35,932 58,233 94,165 43,948 67,258 111,206 49,018 69,549 118,567
Шаблон:Flag 54,415 45,963 100,378 44,385 36,228 80,613 61,747 42,397 104,144 73,096 48,143 121,239
Шаблон:Flag 31,349 29,540 60,889 27,477 25,414 52,891 34,866 33,308 68,112 40,558 39,906 80,464
Шаблон:Flag 25,491 39,565 65,056 21,596 32,370 53,966 27,957 39,391 67,348 32,510 36,175 68,685
Шаблон:Flag 26,302 35,855 62,157 21,574 25,926 47,500 31,466 33,238 64,704 35,752 38,939 74,691
Шаблон:Flag 25,468 25,043 50,511 21,934 19,285 41,219 26,758 24,697 51,455 29,885 30,708 60,593
Шаблон:Flag 22,213 16,137 38,350 20,404 14,579 34,983 24,550 18,760 43,310 27,256 19,184 46,440
Шаблон:Flag 20,800 24,597 45,397 16,083 19,229 35,312 21,755 20,406 42,161 26,212 21,807 48,019
Шаблон:Flag 21,081 22,001 43,082 19,068 11,766 30,834 23,216 16,300 39,516 26,401 28,440 54,841
Шаблон:Flag 11,595 24,069 35,660 10,021 17,875 27,896 14,782 24,138 38,920 16,212 24,230 40,532
Шаблон:Flag 21,786 12,258 34,044 19,667 13,277 32,944 27,250 14,302 41,552 30,763 10,969 41,732
Шаблон:Flag 26,689 13,785 40,474 21,930 9,923 31,853 26,955 12,454 39,409 31,159 14,944 46,103
Шаблон:Flag 15,391 28,259 43,650 14,807 17,410 32,217 15,584 21,069 36,653 17,279 27,844 45,123
Шаблон:Flag 5,836 35,308 41,144 6,484 20,870 27,354 7,087 29,230 36,317 2,093 10,444 12,537
Шаблон:Flag 21,976 13,981 35,597 15,988 10,135 26,123 21,342 13,748 35,090 23,908 16,985 40,893
Trade balance, EU28 (as of 2018 before Brexit)
Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Sources: Eurostat [ext_lt_intertrd][86]
Trade balance, EU27 (as of 2020 post Brexit)
Шаблон:Graph:Chart
Sources: Eurostat, December 2019

Euro area international trade in goods surplus €23.1 bn €23.4 bn surplus for EU27

Regional variation

Шаблон:Main Comparing the richest areas of the EU can be a difficult task. This is because the NUTS 1 & 2 regions are not homogenous, some of them being very large regions, such as NUTS-1 Hesse (21,100 km2) or NUTS-1 Île-de-France (12,011 km2), whilst other NUTS regions are much smaller, for example NUTS-1 Hamburg (755 km2). An extreme example is Finland, which is divided for historical reasons into mainland Finland with 5.3 million inhabitants and Åland, an autonomous archipelago with a population of 27,000, or about the population of a small Finnish city.

One problem with this data is that some areas are subject to a large number of commuters coming into the area, thereby artificially inflating the figures. It has the effect of raising GDP but not altering the number of people living in the area, inflating the GDP per capita figure. Similar problems can be produced by a large number of tourists visiting the area. The data is used to define regions that are supported with financial aid in programs such as the European Regional Development Fund. The decision to delineate a Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) region is to a large extent arbitrary (i.e. not based on objective and uniform criteria across Europe), and is decided at European level (See also: Regions of the European Union).

NUTS-1 and NUTS-2 regions

Шаблон:See also The top 10 NUTS-1 and NUTS-2 regions with the highest GDP per capita are almost all, except one, in the first fifteen-member states: Prague is the only one in the 13 new member states that joined in May 2004, January 2007 and July 2013. The leading regions in the ranking of NUTS-2 regional GDP per inhabitant in 2019 were the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (260%), the Southern region of Ireland (240%), and Prague, Czech Republic (205%). Figures for these three regions, however, were artificially inflated by the commuters who do not reside in these regions ("Net commuter inflows in these regions push up production to a level that could not be achieved by the resident active population on its own. The result is that GDP per inhabitant appears to be overestimated in these regions and underestimated in regions with commuter outflows.".[87] Another example of artificial inflation is Groningen. The calculated GDP per capita is very high because of the large natural gas reserves in this region, but Groningen is one of the poorest parts in the Netherlands.

Among the 16 NUTS-2 regions exceeding the 160% level in 2020, two were in Belgium, Germany, Ireland and the Netherlands and one each in the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Sweden, as well as in the single region Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

The NUTS Regulation lays down a minimum population size of 3 million and a maximum size of 7 million for the average NUTS-1 region, whereas a minimum of 800,000 and a maximum of 3 million for NUTS-2 regions.[88] This definition, however, is not respected by Eurostat. For example, the région of Île-de-France, with 11.6 million inhabitants, is treated as a NUTS-2 region, while the state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, with only 664,000 inhabitants, is treated as a NUTS-1 region.

Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-2

Top NUTS-2 regions[87]
Rank NUTS-2 region Member state GDP per capita (2022)
In euros As % of EU-27 average
1. Southern Шаблон:IRL 101,200 286%
2. Luxembourg Шаблон:LUX 90,900 257%
3. Eastern and Midland Шаблон:IRL 87,600 247%
4. Prague Шаблон:CZE 73,400 207%
5. Brussels Шаблон:BEL 69,500 196%
6. Hamburg Шаблон:GER 69,100 195%
7. Capital Region of Denmark Шаблон:DEN 67,800 191%
8. Bucharest - Ilfov Шаблон:ROM 62,900 177%
9. Upper Bavaria Шаблон:GER 60,000 169%
10. North Holland Шаблон:NED 59,400 168%
11. Île-de-France Шаблон:FRA 57,900 163%
12. Warsaw Шаблон:POL 57,200 162%
13. South Tyrol Шаблон:ITA 56,900 161%
12. Stockholm Шаблон:SWE 56,700 160%
13. Utrecht Шаблон:NED 56,400 159%
15. Budapest Шаблон:HUN 56,100 158%
16. Walloon Brabant Шаблон:BEL 54,000 152%
17. Salzburg Шаблон:AUT 49,500 148%
18. Voralberg Шаблон:AUT 52,500 147%
19. Darmstadt Шаблон:GER 52,000 146%
20. Bratislava Шаблон:SVK 51,900 146%

Шаблон:Col-2

Top NUTS-1 regions[89]
Rank NUTS-1 region Member state GDP per capita (2022)
In euros As % of EU-27 average
1. Luxembourg Шаблон:LUX 90,900 257%
2. Ireland Шаблон:Flag 83,300 235%
3. Brussels-Capital Region Шаблон:Flag 69,500 196%
4. Hamburg Шаблон:GER 69,100 195%
5. Île-de-France Шаблон:FRA 57,900 163%
6. West Netherlands Шаблон:Flag 51,500 145%
7. Bremen Шаблон:GER 51,000 144%
8. Bavaria Шаблон:GER 48,300 136%
9. East Sweden Шаблон:SWE 48,200 136%
10. Denmark Шаблон:DEN 47,700 135%

Шаблон:Col-2 Шаблон:Col-end

Among the lowest regions in the ranking in 2021 most were in Bulgaria, with the lowest figure recorded in South-Central Region. Among the poorest 20 regions, six were in Greece, five in Bulgaria, three in Hungary, two in France and one each in Croatia, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-2

Bottom NUTS-2 regions[87]
Rank NUTS-2 region Member state GDP per capita (2022)
In euros As % of EU-27 average
1. Mayotte Шаблон:FRA 10,600 30%
2. North-West Шаблон:BUL 14,100 40%
3. French Guiana Шаблон:FRA 14,300 40%
4. North Aegean Шаблон:GRE 14,500 41%
5. North-Central Шаблон:BUL 14,800 42%
6. South-Central Шаблон:BUL 15,400 43%
7. North-East Шаблон:ROU 16,300 46%
7. Pannonian Croatia Шаблон:CRO 16,400 46%
8. Epirus Шаблон:GRE 16,500 47%
9. Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Шаблон:GRE 16,800 47%
11. North-East Шаблон:BUL 17,100 48%
12. Western Greece Шаблон:GRE 17,300 49%
13. Northern Great Plain Шаблон:HUN 17,600 50%
14. Great Hungarian Plain Шаблон:HUN 17,700 50%
15. Eastern Slovakia Шаблон:SVK 18,400 52%
16. Thessaly Шаблон:GRE 18,500 52%
17. Southern Transdanubia Шаблон:HUN 18,500 52%
18. Central Macedonia Шаблон:GRE 18,800 53%
19. Podkarpackie Шаблон:POL 19,200 54%
20. Lublin Шаблон:POL 19,100 54%

Шаблон:Col-2

Bottom NUTS-1 regions[89]
Rank NUTS-1 region Member state GDP per capita (2022)
In euros As % of EU-27 average
1. Severna i Iztochna Bulgaria Шаблон:BUL 16,800 47%
2. Voreia Ellada Шаблон:GRE 18,300 52%
3. Alföld és Észak Шаблон:HUN 18,400 52%
4. Macroregiunea Doi Шаблон:ROU 18,400 52%
5. Region Wschodni Шаблон:POL 19,500 55%
7. Aegean Islands, Crete Шаблон:GRE 20,100 57%
7. Kentriki Ellada Шаблон:GRE 20,300 57%
8. Départements d'outre mer Шаблон:FRA 20,400 58%
9. Insular Italy Шаблон:ITA 22,000 62%
10. Transdanubia Шаблон:HUN 22,800 64%

Шаблон:Col-2 Шаблон:Col-end

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

The following links are used for the GDP growth and GDP totals (IMF):

External links

Шаблон:Economy of the European Union Шаблон:European Union topics Шаблон:World Trade Organization Шаблон:Trade Шаблон:Portal bar

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

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