Английская Википедия:Empress Sun

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Empress Xiaogongzhang (孝恭章皇后; Шаблон:Circa 1399 – 26 September 1462), of the Sun clan, was a Chinese empress consort of the Ming dynasty, married to the fifth Ming emperor, the Xuande Emperor. She was mother of Zhu Qizhen, Emperor Yingzong.

Early life

Empress Sun was born in 1399 in Zouping, Shandong Province.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her personal name is unknown. Her father was Sun Zhong, an assistant magistrate in Yongcheng District.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She had five brothers, the eldest of whom was Sun QizongШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn (1395 – 1480). He and his three brothers held the rank of guard commander, and another brother held the rank of assistant commander in the Embroidered Uniform Guard.

Sun was known to be a local beauty. When Crown Princess Zhang (the future Empress Zhang, who also grew up in the Yongcheng District) visited her hometown, she heard about Sun's beauty. Curious about the young girl's beauty, the crown princess brought her to the palace. Here she received praise from the palace women.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The Yongle Emperor ordered his wife, Empress Xu, to care for and educate the young girl. In 1417, Sun was selected to be a concubine to Zhu Zhanji (future Xuande Emperor), who was the imperial grandson.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1424, she gave birth to a daughter, the Princess Changde. When Zhu Zhanji ascended the throne in 1425, she became Noble Consort Sun (Шаблон:Zh), which was the second-highest position after the empress.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Empress

In 1427, she gave birth to a son. As Empress Hu had not given birth to a son, the son of Sun was made crown prince. In 1428, the emperor proposed to depose Empress Hu and install Sun as the new empress. At first, Sun refused and said that Empress Hu would eventually have a son that would take precedence over her own son.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, the emperor insisted and finally, Sun agreed. Empress Hu was deposed, and Sun herself, the mother of the crown prince, was promoted to the position of empress (Шаблон:Zh).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The investiture of Empress Sun was a very grand affair.Шаблон:Sfn Once her formal announcement was made, the palace held congratulatory banquets, one for the emperor and the other for the empress.Шаблон:Sfn

After Sun was invested, she held court in her residence and regularly met with eunuchs and female officials. Her official duties included personnel evaluation, approving budgets, and planning royal marriages. The emperor's consorts and imperial princesses would make regular visits to her. She reported daily to her mother-in-law, Empress Zhang on family affairs. She also performed the rites at the ancestral altar. On special occasions, she would dine with the emperor at his residence.Шаблон:Sfn

Empress dowager

After Xuande's unexpected death in 1435, their son Yingzong ascended the throne,Шаблон:Sfn and Sun became the empress dowager (Шаблон:Zh). A day before he died, Xuande issued instructions that the civil and military officials should guide the child, and they should petition his mother, Empress Dowager Zhang and Sun on all important matters of the family and state. She and her mother-in-law openly vied for supremacy. Ultimately Zhang prevailed and sidelined Sun.Шаблон:Sfn Sun tried to influence certain government matters, and the imperial historians censured her, a custom acted to restrain palace women.Шаблон:Sfn

After Zhang's death in 1442, Yingzong began to manage the matters himself. In 1449, he foolishly decided to lead a military expedition against the Mongols, and ended up being captured.Шаблон:Sfn Sun and his consort Empress Qian immediately raised a ransom in jewels, and sent it off to secure his release.Шаблон:Sfn At first it was decided that the court should retreat to the south. However, Li Yongchang won over the empress, and Yu Qian's party won the day, according to whom that those who advocated retreat should be executed.Шаблон:Sfn

The officials despised Yingzong, and decided to make his younger brother Jingtai Emperor.Шаблон:Sfn He was first instructed by Sun to take charge of government affairs as regent, while the emperor's one year old son was made heir apparent.Шаблон:Sfn On 15 September 1449, with Sun's assent, he was urged to ascend the throne in person, since the emperor was in captivity and his one year old son was incapable of ruling.Шаблон:Sfn He at first refused, since it would confuse the dynastic succession. Only after Sun's approval and Yu Qian's advocacy of the urgent national need for leadership eventually persuaded him.Шаблон:Sfn On 23 September, only three weeks after the emperor's capture he ascended the throne, and the captive emperor was given the title of retired emperor.Шаблон:Sfn Sun was given the title of high and sacred empress dowager (Шаблон:Zh).Шаблон:Sfn

The Mongols soon released Yingzong, knowing that the presence of two emperors would cause instability among their enemies. He was initially placed under house arrest. Six years later in 1457, Sun and her brothers lead a coup that dethroned Jingtai, and placed Yingzong back on the throne.Шаблон:Sfn She was given the title of Empress Dowager Shengliecishou (Шаблон:Zh).

Death

Empress Sun died of illnessШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn on 26 September 1462, and was given the posthumous title Empress Xiaogong Yixian Ciren Zhuanglie Qitian Peisheng Zhang (孝恭懿憲慈仁莊烈齊天配聖章皇后). She was buried on 23 November 1462 in the Jingling Mausoleum.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Issue

• As concubine of the Imperial Grandson-heir:
  • Princess Changde (常德公主; 1424–1470), the Xuande Emperor's third daughter
• As Noble Consort Sun:
  • Zhu Qizhen, Emperor Yingzong (英宗 朱祁鎮; 29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464), the Xuande Emperor's first son

Titles

• During the reign of the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402):
  • Lady Sun (孫氏; from 1399)
• During the reign of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424):
  • Concubine of the Imperial Grandson-heir (皇太孫嬪; from 1417)
• During the reign of the Xuande Emperor (r. 1425–1435):
  • Noble Consort Sun (孫貴妃; from 1425)
  • Empress (皇后; from 1428)
• During the reign of the Zhengtong Emperor (r. 1435–1449):
  • Empress dowager (皇太后; from 7 February 1435)
• During the reign of the Jingtai Emperor (r. 1449–1457):
  • Empress Dowager Shangsheng (上聖皇太后; from 1449)
• During the reign of the Tianshun Emperor (r. 1457–1464):
  • Empress Dowager Shengliecishou (聖烈慈壽皇太后; from 1457)
  • Empress Xiaogong Yixian Ciren Zhuanglie Qitian Peisheng Zhang (孝恭懿憲慈仁莊烈齊天配聖章皇后; from 1462)

In popular culture

• Portrayed by Tang Wei as the main character in the 2019 Chinese TV series Ming Dynasty.Шаблон:Citation needed
• Portrayed by Wu Jinyan as the main character in the 2022 Chinese TV series Royal Feast.Шаблон:Citation needed

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book