Английская Википедия:Erhua

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Шаблон:Short description Erhua (Шаблон:Zh Шаблон:IPA-cmn); also called erization or rhotacization of syllable finals[1]) is a phonological process that adds r-coloring or the "er" (注音：Шаблон:Lang, common words: Шаблон:Lang、Шаблон:Lang、Шаблон:Lang[2]) sound (transcribed in IPA as Шаблон:IPA-cmn) to syllables in spoken Mandarin Chinese. Erhuayin (Шаблон:Zh) is the pronunciation of "er" after rhotacization of syllable finals.

It is common in most varieties of Mandarin as a diminutive suffix for nouns, though some dialects also use it for other grammatical purposes. The Standard Chinese spoken in government-produced educational and examination recordings features erhua to some extent, as in Шаблон:Lang nǎr ("where"), Шаблон:Lang yìdiǎnr ("a little"), and Шаблон:Lang hǎowánr ("fun"). Colloquial speech in many northern dialects has more extensive erhua than the standardized language. Southwestern Mandarin dialects such as those of Chongqing and Chengdu also have erhua. By contrast, many Southern Chinese who speak their own languages may have difficulty pronouncing the sound or may simply prefer not to pronounce it, and usually avoid words with erhua when speaking Standard Chinese; for example, the three examples listed above may be replaced with the synonyms Шаблон:Lang nǎlǐ, Шаблон:Lang yìdiǎn, Шаблон:Lang hǎowán. Furthermore, Erhua is extremely rare or absent in Taiwanese Mandarin speakers.[3][4]

Only a small number of words in standardized Mandarin, such as Шаблон:Lang èr "two" and Шаблон:Lang ěr "ear", have r-colored vowels that do not result from the erhua process. All of the non-erhua r-colored syllables have no initial consonant, and are traditionally pronounced Шаблон:IPA-cmn in Beijing dialect and in conservative/old Standard Mandarin varieties. In the recent decades, the vowel in the toned syllable "er", especially èr, has been lowered in many accents, making the syllable come to approach or acquire a quality like "ar" (i.e. Шаблон:IPA-cmn~Шаблон:IPA-cmn with the appropriate tone).

Rules in Standard Mandarin

The basic rules controlling the surface pronunciation of erhua are as follows:

Following the rules that coda Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are deleted, noted above, the finals in the syllables Шаблон:Lang (bànr) Шаблон:Lang (gàir) are both Шаблон:IPA; similarly, the finals in the syllables Шаблон:Lang (mèir) and Шаблон:Lang (fènr) are both also Шаблон:IPA. The final in Шаблон:Lang (tàngr) is similar but nasalized, because of the rule that the Шаблон:IPA is deleted and the syllable is nasalized.

The realization of ar, i.e. the erhua of codaless a, varies. It may be realized as Шаблон:IPA,[5] distinct from anr and air, or it may be merged with the latter two. That is, a word like Шаблон:Lang (bàr) may be realized with either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA depending on the speaker.

Because of the rule that Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA become glides, the finals of Шаблон:Lang (qìr) and Шаблон:Lang (jìnr) are both Шаблон:IPA, and Шаблон:Lang (qúnr) and Шаблон:Lang (lǘr) are both Шаблон:IPA.

The following chart shows how the finals are affected by the addition of this suffix:[6][7][8][9]

IPA and pinyin counterparts of Zhuyin finals
Rhyme
ㄚ
a		 ㄜ
o		 ㄛ
e		 ㄝ
ê		 ㄞ
ai		 ㄟ
ei		 ㄠ
ao		 ㄡ
ou		 ㄢ
an		 ㄣ
en		 ㄤ
ang		 ㄥ
eng
Medial Шаблон:IPA
(ㄭ)ㄦ 1

-ir 		Шаблон:IPA~Шаблон:IPA
ㄚㄦ
ar
-ar 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄛㄦ
or
-or 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄜㄦ
e'r
-er 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄞㄦ
air
-air 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄟㄦ
eir
-eir 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄠㄦ
aor
-aor 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄡㄦ
our
-our 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄢㄦ
anr
-anr 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄣㄦ
enr
-enr 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄤㄦ
angr
-angr 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄥㄦ
engr
-engr
ㄧ
i 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄧㄦ
yir
-ir 		Шаблон:IPA~Шаблон:IPA
ㄧㄚㄦ
yar
-iar 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄧㄝㄦ
yer
-ier 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄧㄠㄦ
yaor
-iaor 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄧㄡㄦ
your
-iur 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄧㄢㄦ
yanr
-ianr 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄧㄣㄦ
yinr
-inr 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄧㄤㄦ
yangr
-iangr 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄧㄥㄦ
yingr
-ingr
ㄨ
u 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄨㄦ
wur
-ur 		Шаблон:IPA~Шаблон:IPA
ㄨㄚㄦ
war
-uar 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄨㄛㄦ
wor
-uor 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄨㄞㄦ
wair
-uair 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄨㄟㄦ
weir
-uir 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄨㄢㄦ
wanr
-uanr 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄨㄣㄦ
wenr
-unr 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄨㄤㄦ
wangr
-uangr 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄨㄥㄦ
wengr
-ongr
ㄩ
ü 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄩㄦ
yur
-ür 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄩㄝㄦ
yuer
-üer 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄩㄢㄦ
yuanr
-üanr 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄩㄣㄦ
yunr
-ünr 		Шаблон:IPA
ㄩㄥㄦ
yongr
-iongr

Examples

Шаблон:Further

Beijing dialect

Aside from its use as a diminutive, erhua in the Beijing dialect also serves to differentiate words; for example, Шаблон:Lang (báimiàn "flour") and Шаблон:Lang (báimiànr "heroin", literally "little white powder").[10] Additionally, some words may sound unnatural without rhotacization, as is the case with Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang (huā/huār "flower").[10] In these cases, the erhua serves to label the word as a noun (and sometimes a specific noun among a group of homophones). Since in modern Mandarin many single-syllable words (in which there are both nouns and adjectives) share the same pronunciation, adding such a label on nouns can reduce the complication.

As an example, the syllable wǎn may mean one of "bowl" (Шаблон:Lang), "gentleness" (Шаблон:Lang), "to take (hand) with hand; to roll (sleeve)" (Шаблон:Lang), a short form of "Anhui" (Шаблон:Lang), a place name and surname (Шаблон:Lang), and "late; night" (Шаблон:Lang). However, of these words, only "Шаблон:Lang" (wǎnr, bowl, or the little bowl) can generally have erhua. Further, many people erhua 晚, but only when it means "night" and not "late". The rest never has erhua, and erhua attempts will cause incomprehension.

Erhua does not always occur at the end of a word in Beijing dialect. Although it must occur at the end of the syllable, it can be added to the middle of many words, and there is not a rule to explain when it should be added to the middle. For example, Шаблон:Lang (bǎnrzhuān, "brick", especially the brick used as a weapon) should not be Шаблон:Lang (bǎnzhuānr).

The composition of the erhua system varies within Beijing, with the following variations reported. Apart from sub dialects, many sociological factors are involved, such as gender, age, ethnicity, inner/outer city, South/North.[11]

  • Some merge -ar (nucleus a with no coda) with -anr/-air (nucleus a with coda -i/-n), as Шаблон:IPA, while others distinguish them as Шаблон:IPA vs Шаблон:IPA.
  • Some merge -er (single e with erhua) with -enr/-eir, as Шаблон:IPA. This may depend on phonological environments, such as the tone and the preceding consonant.
  • Some merge -ier and -üer with -ir/-inr and -ür/-ünr, as Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA.[6]
  • Some merge -uor with -uir/-unr, as Шаблон:IPA.
  • Some lose the nasalization of -ngr, thus potentially merging pairs like -ir/-ingr, -enr/-engr and -angr/-anr.

In other Mandarin varieties

Note: Tones in this part are marked by the tone diacritics of the corresponding tone in Standard Mandarin, and do not necessarily represent the actual realization of tones.

The realization and behavior of erhua are very different among Mandarin dialects. Some rules mentioned before are still generally applied, such as the deletion of coda Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA and the nasalization with the coda Шаблон:IPA. Certain vowels' qualities may also change. However, depending on the exact dialect, the actual behavior, rules and realization can differ greatly.

Chongqing and Chengdu dialects

Erhua in Chengdu and Chongqing is collapsed to only one set: Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA,[12] Many words become homophonous as a result, for example Шаблон:Lang bǎnr "board" and Шаблон:Lang běnr "booklet", both pronounced Шаблон:IPA with the appropriate tone. It is technically feasible to write all erhua in Pinyin simply as -er.

Besides its diminutive and differentiating functions, erhua in these two dialects can also make the language more vivid.[12] In Chongqing, erhua can also be derogative.[13]

Different from Beijing, erhua can be applied to people's names and kinship words, such as cáoyēr (diminutive of the name Cao Ying Шаблон:Lang) and xiǎomèr "little sister" (Шаблон:Lang).[12]

Erhua occurs in more names of places, vegetables and little animals compared to Beijing.[12]

Erhua causes sandhi for the reduplication of monosyllabic words. In both dialects, the application of erhua to a monosyllabic noun usually results in its reduplication, e.g. Шаблон:Lang "dish" becomes Шаблон:Lang pánpánr "little dish". The second syllable invariably has yángpíng (Шаблон:Zh) or the second tone.[12]

In Chongqing, erhua causes sandhi in some bisyllabic reduplicative adverbs, where second syllable acquires Шаблон:Zh (Шаблон:Zh) or the first tone.[12]

Zhongyuan dialects

Some dialects of Zhongyuan Mandarin preserve the coda Шаблон:IPA. They are typically deleted in erhua like with the codas Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.

Some dialects distinguish pairs like -ir/-inr and -ür/-ünr, making words like Шаблон:Lang (jīr) "little chicken" and Шаблон:Lang (jīnr) "today" different. For example, in Huojia, the former is Шаблон:IPA while the latter is Шаблон:IPA.[14]

Nanjing dialect

Erhua causes the medial Шаблон:IPA to be dropped and the Шаблон:Zh (third) tone to assimilate to the Шаблон:Lang-zh (second) tone, the original tone of the morpheme Шаблон:Lang.

The Nanking dialect preserves the checked syllable (Шаблон:Zh) and thus possesses a coda Шаблон:IPAslink. Erhua checked syllables are realized with Шаблон:IPA.

Non-rhotic erhua

Many Mandarin dialects have a handful of words exhibiting a fossilized lexical form of nasal-coda erhua. An example is Шаблон:Lang bíting Шаблон:IPA "nasal mucus", cf. the etymon Шаблон:Lang bíti Шаблон:IPA.

In other Chinese languages

Wu

Wu Chinese varieties exhibit a similar phenomenon with the morpheme Шаблон:Lang, generally pronounced Шаблон:IPA. The erhua coda is almost always a nasal coda instead of a rhotic one. Some lects' erhua also causes vowel umlaut.[15][16][17][18] The exception is Hangzhounese, which adds a er² Шаблон:IPA final instead, which is phonotactically a rhotic.[19][20]

For example, Шаблон:Lang (Shanghainese: mo-cian, "Mahjong") is etymologically Шаблон:Lang (mo-ciaq-ng, "little sparrow"), from Шаблон:Lang (mo-ciaq, Шаблон:IPA, "sparrow"). The syllable Шаблон:Lang (ciaq, Шаблон:IPA) undergoes erhua with the morpheme Шаблон:Lang (ng, Шаблон:IPA), resulting in the syllable cian Шаблон:IPA, which is then represented by the homophonous but etymologically unrelated word Шаблон:Lang cian Шаблон:IPA.[15] Further examples include:

  • Addition of rhotic coda (Examples from Hangzhounese)[19]
  • Historical nasal coda resulting in umlaut (Examples from Shanghainese)[15]

Yue

Yue languages such as Cantonese have a small number of terms with Шаблон:Lang (ji⁴, Шаблон:IPA) that exhibits tone change, such as the term Шаблон:Lang (hat¹ ji⁴⁻¹, Шаблон:IPA, "beggar"). Cantonese also exhibits a diminutive formation known as changed tone (Шаблон:Zh) by altering the base tone contour to that of the dark rising tone (Шаблон:Lang), such as the term Шаблон:Lang (gwong² zau¹ waa⁶⁻², "Cantonese"), which etymologically may be an erhua-based construction.[23][24][25]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Wiktionary

External links

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

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  1. ↑ Penelope Eckert. Meaning and Linguistic Variation: The Third Wave in Sociolinguistics. 2018
  2. ↑ 汪德琪. 对规范儿化的争议. 江西师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）. 1987年第3期. pp. 58–60
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Lang
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 12,5 Шаблон:Lang
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Lang (unknown author)
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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