Английская Википедия:Etymology of Curitiba

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Diagram representing the etymology of Curitiba according to Eduardo de Almeida Navarro

Diagram representing the etymology of Curitiba according to Eduardo de Almeida NavarroШаблон:Sfn

This article deals with the etymology of the name of the city of Curitiba, capital of the Brazilian state of Paraná.

The meaning of Curitiba is well-established among scholars. It signifies "Шаблон:Lang" or "Шаблон:Lang" (Шаблон:Literal translation), reflecting the landscape that surrounds the city. The primary subject of debate lies in the language of origin of this toponym. Aryon Rodrigues, in an academic article, argues that it ultimately derives from Old Guarani, albeit exhibiting significant influences from the General Language spoken by mestiços originating from São Paulo or Rio de Janeiro. Eduardo de Almeida Navarro, while concurring with Rodrigues regarding the meaning, specifies this language as the Paulista General Language.

Curitiba

The primitive nucleus of the city of Curitiba was called Шаблон:Lang. The region where this nucleus was located was called Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang. When a village was established in the area, it became known as Шаблон:Lang, that is, Шаблон:Lang was replaced by Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

Spelling and meaning

From 1720 to 1853, it was possible to write the name of Curitiba in various ways, such as Curiytyba, Curiytuba, Curituba, Coretyba, Coreytyba, Corityba, and Curetyba. The forms Corityba and Curityba were in use from 1853 to 1919. That year, the Municipal Chamber of Curitiba, through 25 July Resolution 7, officially defined the spelling as Curityba. On 19 December, Шаблон:Interlanguage link, then President of the state of Paraná, signed Decree 1126, which mandated the adoption of the name Curityba for all official acts of the state. In 1943, the spelling of the name of the capital of Paraná became Curitiba.

The meaning of the toponym Curitiba is well-established.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In this sense, it signifies "Шаблон:Lang" or "Шаблон:Lang" (Шаблон:Literal translation);Шаблон:Sfn all modern scholars concur with this interpretation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Indeed, the region surrounding the city of Curitiba is covered with Brazilian pine trees (Araucaria angustifolia), which is also reflected in the toponymy of immediate or neighboring areas, such as Pinhais, São José dos Pinhais, and Pinhalão.Шаблон:Sfn Certainly of Tupi–Guarani origin, there are, however, divergences regarding the specific language of origin of this toponym.Шаблон:Sfn

Records and morphological analysis

A significant portion of the territory of the Brazilian state of Paraná was inhabited by indigenous people who spoke the Old Guarani language. The Peruvian priest Antonio Ruiz de Montoya documented in his works the word "Шаблон:Lang" (pine tree), providing the compound name "Шаблон:Lang", among others.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Therefore, the basic form of the name for the Brazilian pine tree (Araucaria angustifolia) was Шаблон:Lang—in Old Guarani, the final consonant was often dropped, except in cases where it was followed by another consonant within the same word.Шаблон:Sfn The second part of the word Curitiba derives from a root common to the languages of the Tupi–Guarani family. Bringing forth an idea of existence, in composition it designates a place where something abounds. Montoya, exemplifying its use in Old Guarani, where the form of this root was Шаблон:Lang, provides the terms "Шаблон:Lang" (Шаблон:Literal translation) and "Шаблон:Lang" (Шаблон:Literal translation).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn One can thus construct Шаблон:Lang, to which the suffix Шаблон:Lang is added in specific situations, as documented by Montoya in "Шаблон:Lang" (Шаблон:Literal translation)Шаблон:Sfn and "Шаблон:Lang" (Шаблон:Literal translation).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

It is often asserted the name Curitiba is formed by Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. Although one can analyze Шаблон:Lang as a composition between Шаблон:Lang (pine or pine nut) and Шаблон:Lang (tree), Montoya does not record Шаблон:Lang without Шаблон:Lang—the pine nut with shell itself is called Шаблон:Lang, not Шаблон:Lang. In Old Guarani, the composition should have been Шаблон:Lang. The apostrophe here represents the glottal stop, and the letter y represents the close central unrounded vowel. When appropriated by Portuguese speakers, indigenous words lost the glottal stop, and the y was sometimes replaced by i, sometimes by u. Aryon Rodrigues suggests, then, Шаблон:Lang would have become Шаблон:Lang and, with the contraction of the two i's, Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn In one of the oldest records of the name Curitiba, from 1653, it is read as Quereitiba, indicating the sequence of two i's.Шаблон:Sfn There is also a possible record of Curijtiba in the 1698 land grant letter of Botiatuva.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

Language of origin

Although certainly of Tupi–Guarani origin, there is a claim of origin by a non-Tupi–Guarani language, the Kaingang.

Although certainly of Tupi–Guarani origin, there is a claim of origin by a non-Tupi–Guarani language, the Kaingang.Шаблон:Sfn

Augustin Saint-Hilaire attributed the name Curitiba to the Guarani language. Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius attributed it to the Tupi language, but he gave this term a broad sense,Шаблон:Efn so his hypothesis does not contradict that of Saint-Hilaire.Шаблон:Sfn

In Paraná, the toponym Curitiba is the only one ending in tiba; the others end in tuba or tuva (such as Guaratuba, for instance).Шаблон:Sfn There, the letter y before b was adapted, in Portuguese, as u.Шаблон:Sfn Along the coast, the area where tuba and tuva predominate extends from the bay of Angra dos Reis to Laguna; inland, it spans from the upper Paraíba do Sul River and the upper and middle Tietê River to the Uruguay River. Regarding the tiba element, it predominates in the area from the upper Tietê River to the upper Grande River in Minas Gerais; and from the coast of Angra dos Reis to the Jequitinhonha River in Bahia.Шаблон:Sfn

Anyway, it should be noted the forms Curituba, Curituva, Curutuba, and Currutuva have been documented.Шаблон:Sfn This indicates that, in the 17th century, the expected pronunciations Curituba and Curituva also existed;Шаблон:Sfn Curitiba specifically has been attested since at least 1649, as seen in testimony regarding the discovery of gold in the fields of Curitiba.Шаблон:Sfn Aryon Rodrigues argues the pronunciation Curitiba derives from the early explorers of the Curitiba fields. Most of them likely spoke a General Language, alongside Portuguese, and probably adapted words from one language to the other.Шаблон:Sfn Indeed, Шаблон:Interlanguage link, involved in gold mining in Curitiba, was a native of Rio de Janeiro (where tiba prevails, instead of tuba and tuva), and, in the testimonies taken at his initiative, the form Curitiba consistently appears 14 times.Шаблон:Sfn Therefore, the pronunciation Curitiba reveals accents of individuals hailing from distant regions, such as São Paulo or Rio de Janeiro. The toponym in question, according to Rodrigues, should be a name derived from a General Language.Шаблон:Sfn Eduardo de Almeida Navarro agrees, specifying the Paulista General Language as the language of origin of the toponym.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

Kaingang hypothesis

Шаблон:Interlanguage link reported the indigenous leader Arakxó, chief of the Kaingang people, attributed the name Curitiba to the phrase "Шаблон:Lang", which literally means "hurry, let's go!". According to Arakxó, the Kaingang people, upon abandoning their land in favor of the Portuguese, would have uttered the phrase, imperfectly reproduced by Portuguese speakers and transformed into Curitiba.Шаблон:Sfn In 1950, the Kaingang woman Maria Francisca das Dores provided Aryon Rodrigues with another hypothesis.Шаблон:Sfn Attempts to explain Tupi–Guarani toponyms in Kaingang are not limited to Curitiba; Maria Francisca das Dores attempted to explain, through her language, the toponym Itapetininga, which actually originates from the Paulista General Language.Шаблон:Sfn

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal