Английская Википедия:Eudicots

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Файл:Arabis voch1-4.jpg

Arabis pollen has three colpi.

The eudicots, Eudicotidae, or eudicotyledons are a clade of flowering plants mainly characterized by having two seed leaves (cotyledons) upon germination. The term derives from Dicotyledons (etymologically, eu = true; di = two; cotyledon = seed leaf).

Traditionally, they were called tricolpates or non-magnoliid dicots by previous authors. The botanical terms were introduced in 1991 by evolutionary botanist James A. Doyle and paleobotanist Carol L. Hotton to emphasize the later evolutionary divergence of tricolpate dicots from earlier, less specialized, dicots.

Numerous familiar plants are eudicots, including many common food plants, trees, and ornamentals. Some common and familiar eudicots include sunflower, dandelion, forget-me-not, cabbage, apple, buttercup, maple, and macadamia. Most leafy trees of midlatitudes also belong to eudicots, with notable exceptions being magnolias and tulip trees which belong to the magnoliids, and Ginkgo biloba, which is not an angiosperm.

Description

The close relationships among flowering plants with tricolpate pollen grains was initially seen in morphological studies of shared derived characters. These plants have a distinct trait in their pollen grains of exhibiting three colpi or grooves paralleling the polar axis.

Later molecular evidence confirmed the genetic basis for the evolutionary relationships among flowering plants with tricolpate pollen grains and dicotyledonous traits. The term means "true dicotyledons", as it contains the majority of plants that have been considered dicots and have characteristics of the dicots. One of the genetic traits which defines the eudicots is the duplication of DELLA protein-encoding genes in their most recent common ancestor. The term "eudicots" has subsequently been widely adopted in botany to refer to one of the two largest clades of angiosperms (constituting over 70% of the angiosperm species), monocots being the other. The remaining angiosperms include magnoliids and what are sometimes referred to as basal angiosperms or paleodicots, but these terms have not been widely or consistently adopted, as they do not refer to a monophyletic group.

Taxonomy

The earlier name for the eudicots is tricolpates, a name which refers to the grooved structure of the pollen. Members of the group have tricolpate pollen, or forms derived from it. These pollens have three or more pores set in furrows called colpi. In contrast, most of the other seed plants (that is the gymnosperms, the monocots and the paleodicots) produce monosulcate pollen, with a single pore set in a differently oriented groove called the sulcus. The name "tricolpates" is preferred by some botanists to avoid confusion with the dicots, a nonmonophyletic group.

The name "eudicots" (plural) is used in the APG systems (from APG system, of 1998, to APG IV system, of 2016) for classification of angiosperms. It is applied to a clade, a monophyletic group, which includes most of the (former) dicots.

"Tricolpate" is a synonym for the "Eudicot" monophyletic group, the "true dicotyledons" (which are distinguished from all other flowering plants by their tricolpate pollen structure). The number of pollen grain furrows or pores helps classify the flowering plants, with eudicots having three colpi (tricolpate), and other groups having one sulcus.

Pollen apertures are any modification of the wall of the pollen grain. These modifications include thinning, ridges and pores, they serve as an exit for the pollen contents and allow shrinking and swelling of the grain caused by changes in moisture content. The elongated apertures/ furrows in the pollen grain are called colpi (singular colpus), which, along with pores, are a chief criterion for identifying the pollen classes.

Subdivisions

The eudicots can be divided into two groups: the basal eudicots and the core eudicots. Basal eudicot is an informal name for a paraphyletic group. The core eudicots are a monophyletic group. A 2010 study suggested the core eudicots can be divided into two clades, Gunnerales and a clade called Pentapetalae, comprising all the remaining core eudicots.

The Pentapetalae can be then divided into three clades:

• Dilleniales
• superrosids consisting of Saxifragales and rosids (the APG IV system includes the Vitales in the rosids)
• superasterids consisting of Santalales, Berberidopsidales, Caryophyllales and asterids

This division of the eudicots is shown in the following cladogram:

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The following is a more detailed breakdown according to APG IV, showing within each clade and orders:

• clade Eudicots

  order Ranunculales

  order Proteales

  order Trochodendrales

  order Buxales

  clade Core eudicots

  order Gunnerales

  order Dilleniales

  clade Superrosids

  order Saxifragales

  clade Rosids

  order Vitales

  clade Fabids

  order Fabales

  order Rosales

  order Fagales

  order Cucurbitales

  order Oxalidales

  order Malpighiales

  order Celastrales

  order Zygophyllales

  clade Malvids

  order Geraniales

  order Myrtales

  order Crossosomatales

  order Picramniales

  order Malvales

  order Brassicales

  order Huerteales

  order Sapindales

  clade Superasterids

  order Berberidopsidales

  order Santalales

  order Caryophyllales

  clade Asterids

  order Cornales

  order Ericales

  clade Campanulids

  order Aquifoliales

  order Asterales

  order Escalloniales

  order Bruniales

  order Apiales

  order Dipsacales

  order Paracryphiales

  clade Lamiids

  order Solanales

  order Lamiales

  order Vahliales

  order Gentianales

  order Boraginales

  order Garryales

  order Metteniusales

  order Icacinales

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Eudicots in Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006.

External links

• Шаблон:EOL
• Eudicots, Tree of Life Web Project
• Dicots Шаблон:Webarchive Plant Life Forms