Английская Википедия:First Lady of Chile
The first lady of Chile (Шаблон:Lang-es) is the title for the wife of the president of Chile, who is traditionally responsible for directing and coordinating activities in the social field of the presidency and also accompany the president in ceremonies or official activities, for example, on state visit. Although not an official title, it is widely used in formal protocol and has been used in some decrees.[1]
History
In colonial times, the wives of the royal governors (known also as "presidents") were called Presidentas. The title was still in use after Chile become a republic in the 19th century; the term, was slowly superseded by the newer First Lady, similar to the one used in other countries.Шаблон:Efn
Due to the complex evolution of the Head of State of Chile after the emancipation from Spain and the non-official character of the title, it is not possible to define who was the "first First Lady". Potential options include:
- María Nicolasa Valdés, wife of Mateo de Toro Zambrano, former Royal Governor and first President of the Government Junta (1810).
- Mercedes Fontecilla, wife of José Miguel Carrera, first Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army and president of the Provisional Government Junta (1811–1813)
- Isabel Riquelme, mother of Bernardo O'Higgins, first Supreme Director of Chile as an independent country (1818–1823).
- Carmen Gana, wife of Manuel Blanco Encalada, first President of the Republic of Chile (1826).
During the 19th and early 20th century, the First Lady was considered one of the most influential figures of Chilean high society. As the wife of the President, the first ladies fulfilled the role as hostesses of ceremonies, especially after the President moved to the La Moneda Palace in 1845, and were in charge of the decoration of the presidential residences. Also, they participated in several charities and promoted different causes: Delfina de la Cruz and Emilia Márquez de la Plata, for example, organized events to support injured veterans, orphans and widowers caused by the War of the Pacific. In 1925, the First Lady had their own private office and staff, to support her role as the president of different charitable organizations created by the government.
During the 20th century, the role of the First Lady increased, in line with the empowered role women had in politics and became more visible to the general public, not just for the high society. Juana Rosa Aguirre, wife of Pedro Aguirre Cerda (president between 1938 and 1941), promoted the adoption of women's suffrage and helped the people affected by the 1939 Chillán earthquake. Other foundations created by the First Ladies by the middle of the 20th century included the Ropero del Pueblo (1947–1958) and CEMA Chile (1967–1990).
At the moment, no male presidential spouse has existed. The title of First Gentleman (Primer Caballero) has been proposed for this case, although colloquially the term Primer Damo was used to refer to Bachelet's son Sebastián Dávalos when he acted as her representative.[2]
Vacancy
The role of the First Lady has been vacant in six times, once by the death of the title holder and five times when the President has not been married. Usually in these cases, the role has been assumed by a close female relative.
- During Bernardo O'Higgins's rule as Supreme Director (1818-1823), his mother Isabel Riquelme acted in ceremonies similarly to a contemporary First Lady.
- During Carlos Ibáñez del Campo's first presidency (1927-1931), before his marriage with Graciela Letelier in December 1927.
- During Arturo Alessandri's second presidency (1932-1938), after his wife Rosa Rodríguez Velasco died in 1936.
- During Jorge Alessandri's presidency (1958-1962), the role was assumed by Louise Schäffer, wife of Sótero del Río, his minister of Interior.
- During Michelle Bachelet's first presidency (2006-2010), the Director of the Social-Cultural Area of the Presidency was held first by former minister Adriana Delpiano and later by María Eugenia Hirmas, wife of minister Sergio Bitar. During her second presidency (2014-2018), the role was held first by her son Sebastián Dávalos and later by Paula Forttes. However, the ceremonial role of First Lady was unofficially fulfilled by Bachelet's mother, Ángela Jeria.[3]
- During Gabriel Boric's presidency (2022-), the role was assumed by his girlfriend Irina Karamanos.[4] Boric and Karamanos announced the end of their relationship in November 2023.[5]
Director of the Social-Cultural Area of the Presidency
Michelle Bachelet, a divorced woman, created an administrative position under her direct appointment, the Director of the social-cultural area of the Presidency, to absorbe the different non-profit foundations of the presidency (Red de Fundaciones de la Presidencia de la República) that were traditionally managed by the First Lady. The foundations included are Integra, Promoción y Desarrollo de la Mujer, Prodemu (Women's promotion and development); Fundación de la Familia; Tiempos Nuevos; Museo Interactivo Mirador; Matucana 100 Cultural Center; the Chilean Youth Orchestras; Artesanías de Chile (Arts and crafts) and Todo Chilenter.[6]
List of first ladies
| Dates | Name | President | Parents |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1810 | María Nicolasa Valdés y Carrera | Mateo de Toro y Zambrano y Ureta | Domingo Valdés y González-Soberal and Francisca de Borja de la Carrera y Ureta |
| 1811–1813 | María Mercedes Fontecilla Valdivieso | José Miguel Carrera Verdugo | Diego Antonio Fontecilla Palacios and Rosa Valdivieso Portusagasti |
| 1818–1823 | Isabel Riquelme y Meza Шаблон:Efn | Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme | Simón Riquelme de la Barrera y Goycochea and María Mercedes de Meza y Ulloa |
| 1823–1826 | Шаблон:Ill | Ramón Freire Serrano | Francisco de Paula Caldera y Fontecilla-Palacios and Micaela Mascayano Larraín |
| 1826 | Carmen Gana López | Manuel Blanco Encalada | Agustín Gana Darrigrande and Dolores López Guerrero |
| 1826–1827 | María Teresa de Larraín y Guzmán | Agustín Manuel de Eyzaguirre y Arechavala | Agustín de Larraín y Lecaros and of Ana Josefa de Guzmán Peralta y Lecaros |
| 1827–1829 | Шаблон:Ill | Francisco Antonio Pinto Díaz | Ignacio Garmendia y Aguirre and María Elena de Aldurralde y Villagrán |
| 1829 | Mariana de Aguirre y Boza | Francisco Ramón Vicuña Larraín | José Santos de Aguirre y Díez de Aséndegui and Antonia de Boza de Lima y Andía-Irarrázaval |
| 1830–1831 | Rafaela Bezanilla Bezanilla | José Tomás Ovalle y Bezanilla | Francisco Bezanilla y De la Bárcena y Juana Bezanilla y Abós-Padilla |
| 1831 | María del Carmen Sotomayor Elzo | Fernando de Errázuriz y Martínez de Aldunate | Francisco Sotomayor Serrano and María de la Concepción de Elzo y Ureta |
| 1831–1841 | Шаблон:Ill | José Joaquín Prieto Vial | Manuel Antonio Warnes y Durango and Ana Jacoba García de Zúñiga y Lizola |
| 1841–1851 | Enriqueta Pinto Garmendia | Manuel Bulnes Prieto | Ex presidente Francisco Antonio Pinto and the ex-First Lady Luisa Garmendia Aldurralde |
| 1851–1861 | Rosario Montt | Manuel Montt Torres | Filiberto Montt y Prado and Luz Goyenechea Sierra. |
| 1861–1871 | Шаблон:Ill | José Joaquín Pérez Mascayano | Antonio Flores y Toro Zambrano and Micaela de la Cavareda y Trucíos |
| 1871–1876 | Eulogia Echaurren García-Huidrobro | Federico Errázuriz Zañartu | José Gregorio de Echaurren y Herrera and Juana García de Huidobro y Aldunate |
| 1876–1881 | Delfina de la Cruz Zañartu | Anibal Pinto Garmendia | José María de la Cruz Prieto and Josefa Zañartu Trujillo |
| 1881–1886 | Шаблон:Ill | Domingo Santa María González | Fernando Márquez de la Plata y Calvo de Encalada and María del Carmen Guzmán y Fontecilla |
| 1886-1891 | Шаблон:Ill | José Manuel Balmaceda Fernández | Domingo José Francisco Rafael de Toro y Valdés and María Mercedes Guzmán y Lecaros |
| 1891–1896 | Шаблон:Ill | Jorge Montt Álvarez | Jonathan Frederick Winthon and Nieves Ledesma Varas |
| 1896-1901 | Gertrudis Echenique Mujica | Federico Errázuriz Echaurren | Juan José Echenique Bascuñán and Jesús Mujica Echaurren |
| 1901–1906 | María Errázuriz Echaurren | Germán Riesco Errázuriz | Ex presidente Federico Errázuriz Zañartu and the ex-First Lady Eulogia Echaurren García-Huidrobro |
| 1906-1910 | Sara del Campo Yávar | Pedro Montt Montt | Evaristo del Campo Madariaga and Antonia Yávar Ruiz de Cabrera |
| 1910–1915 | Шаблон:Ill | Ramón Barros Luco | Francisco de Borja Valdés Aldunate and Alejandra Cuevas Avaria |
| 1915–1920 | Ana Echazarreta Pérez-Cotapos | Juan Luis Sanfuentes Andonaegui | Juan Manuel Echazarreta Irigoyen and Mercedes Pérez-Cotapos Recabarren |
| 1920–1925 | Шаблон:Ill | Artuto Alessandri Palma | José Antonio Rodríguez Velasco and Antonia Velasco Pérez-Cotapos |
| 1925–1927 | Шаблон:Ill | Emiliano Figueroa Larraín | Teodoro Sánchez Foulkner and Teresa Vicuña Vicuña |
| 1927–1931 | Шаблон:Ill | Carlos Ibáñez del Campo | Ricardo Letelier Silva and Margarita Velasco Urzúa |
| 1931–1932 | Шаблон:Ill | Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez | Eduardo Fehrman Zúñiga and Adelaida Martínez Prado |
| 1932 | Herminia Arrate | Carlos Dávila Espinoza | Miguel Arrate Larraín and Delia Ramírez Molina |
| 1932–1938 | Шаблон:Ill | Arturo Alessandri Palma | José Antonio Rodríguez Velasco and Antonia Velasco Pérez-Cotapos |
| 1938-1941 | Juana Rosa Aguirre Luco | Pedro Aguirre Cerda | José Joaquín Aguirre Campos and Mercedes Luco Gutiérrez |
| 1942-1946 | Шаблон:Ill | Juan Antonio Ríos Morales | Carlos Jorge Ide Schulz and Juana Pereira Ahuer |
| 1946–1952 | Rosa Markmann Reijer | Gabriel González Videla | Ladislao Markmann Villagrán and Ana Reijer Silva |
| 1952–1958 | Шаблон:Ill | Carlos Ibáñez del Campo | Ricardo Letelier Silva and Margarita Velasco Urzúa |
| 1958–1964 | NoneШаблон:Efn | Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez | |
| 1964–1970 | Шаблон:Ill | Eduardo Frei Montalva | Alfredo Ruiz-Tagle Adriasola and Claudia Jiménez Pérez de Arce |
| 1970-1973 | Hortensia Bussi Soto | Salvador Allende Gossens | Ciro Bussi Aguilera and Mercedes Soto García |
| 1973–1990 | María Lucía Hiriart Rodríguez | Augusto Pinochet Ugarte | Osvaldo Hiriart Corvalán and Lucía Rodríguez Auda |
| 1990–1994 | Leonor Oyarzún Ivanovic | Patricio Aylwin Azócar | Manuel Oyarzún Lorca and Ana Ivanovic Roccatagliata |
| 1994–2000 | Marta Larraechea Bolívar | Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle | Vasco de Larraechea Herrera and Victoria Bolívar Le Fort |
| 2000–2006 | Luisa Durán de la Fuente | Ricardo Lagos Escobar | Hernán Durán Morales and Luisa de la Fuente Tavolara |
| 2006–2010 | NoneШаблон:Efn | Michelle Bachelet | |
| 2010–2014 | Cecilia Morel Montes | Sebastián Piñera Echenique | Eduardo Morel Chaigneau and Paulina Montes Brunet |
| 2014–2018 | NoneШаблон:Efn | Michelle Bachelet | |
| 2018–2022 | Cecilia Morel Montes | Sebastián Piñera Echenique | Eduardo Morel Chaigneau and Paulina Montes Brunet |
| 2022–2023 | Irina Karamanos AdríanШаблон:Efn | Gabriel Boric Font | Jorge Karamanos and Sabine Adrian |
Footnotes
References
Шаблон:First Ladies and Gentlemen
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ La Segunda, March 17, 2004, Sebastián Dávalos se instaló en La Moneda y comienza a ejercer rol de «primer damo» Шаблон:Webarchive (Sebastián Dávalos is working at La Moneda and begins his job as "male first lady".)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite instagram
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
