Английская Википедия:Fort Oranje (Ternate)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed
Fort Oranje is a 17th century Dutch fort on the island of Ternate in Indonesia.
History
Ternate is a volcanic island in Maluku (also known as "the Moluccas") and is the seat of the Sultanate of Ternate. The island was once Шаблон:Clarify,Шаблон:Sfn a commodity which allowed the Sultanate of Ternate to become one of the most powerful Sultanates in the Malay archipelago.Шаблон:When The Sultanate of Ternate was in continuous conflict with the nearby Sultanate of Tidore.Шаблон:When By the end of the 15th century the people of Ternate had adopted Islam as their official religion, mainly due to influence from Java.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The first Europeans to arrive in Ternate were the members of an expedition led by Francisco Serrão.Шаблон:Citation needed Serrão had been shipwrecked near Seram and was rescued by local inhabitants.Шаблон:Citation needed Informed by local Ternatenese, Sultan Hairun brought the survivors to Ternate in 1512 and gave the Portuguese permission to build a fort.Шаблон:Citation needed Construction of the fort began in 1522, but the relationship between the Portuguese and the Sultan, having been difficult since the beginning of the treaty, had deteriorated over time.Шаблон:Citation needed Following the assassination of Sultan Hairun, the Ternatenese expelled the Portuguese in 1575 after a five-year siege.Шаблон:Citation needed European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, anti-Portuguese Islamic state under the rule of Sultan Babullah (r. 1570–1583) and his son, Sultan Saidi Berkat.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
In 1599 two Dutch ships led by Commander Wybrand van Warwijck arrived in Ternate. In 1605 the VOC succeeded in driving the Portuguese out of Ternate but in 1606 the Spanish troops captured the former Portuguese fort and deported the Sultan and his entourage to Manila.Шаблон:Citation needed In 1607, the VOC admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge helped the Sultan of Ternate to expel the Spanish from Ternate, so the Sultan gave permission for the VOC for the spice trade monopoly and allowed the VOC to establish a fort.Шаблон:Citation needed This new fort, known as Fort Malay, was established on top of an undated Malay Sultan's fortress that had been damaged.Шаблон:Citation needed In 1609, the first Dutch authority in Ternate, Paul van Carden, renamed the fort "Fort Oranje", after the House of Orange.Шаблон:Citation needed Despite this, the name Fort Malay remained in use after several years later.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
On February 17, 1613, the Board of Commissioners (also known as the Heeren XVII) issued the "Decision Letter" on February 17, 1613, Шаблон:Clarify.Шаблон:Citation needed Ternate and Ambon were chosen for the official residence of the Governor-General.Шаблон:Citation needed This occurred when Pieter Both was appointed the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.Шаблон:Citation needed Шаблон:Clarify, and so Fort Orange became the official place for the Dutch East Indies Council to do their administrative work.Шаблон:Sfn
Fort Oranje remained the headquarters of the VOC until it was moved to Batavia in 1619.Шаблон:Citation needed Around this time, control of Ternate was divided between the Spanish and the Dutch.Шаблон:Citation needed Under Sultan Hamzah (1627-1648), the territory of Ternate was expanded.Шаблон:Citation needed A number of territories were given to the VOC in exchange for controlling riots.Шаблон:Citation needed In 1663 the Spanish left Ternate and Tidore.Шаблон:Sfn
In the 18th century, a governor of the VOC was set in Fort Oranje to control the trade in the area of North Maluku.Шаблон:Sfn
When the VOC went bankrupt,Шаблон:When the possessions of VOC were transferredШаблон:To whom? under the administration of the government of Maluku in 1800.Шаблон:Citation needed Most of the possessions of the former VOC were subsequently occupied by Great Britain during the Napoleonic wars and Fort Oranje was captured in 1810.Шаблон:Citation needed After the new United Kingdom of the Netherlands was created by the Congress of Vienna, Fort Oranje was restored to the Dutch in 1817.Шаблон:Sfn
The fort
Fort Oranje is the largest fort on Ternate Island. It is rectangular in form, consisting of four stone bulwarks, thick walls, a deep moat, and many cannons. Despite frequent earthquakes, most of the walls of Fort Oranje are still standing. Part of the southern wall collapsed in 2018,Шаблон:Sfn but has since been repaired. Major clean-up and refurbishment works were completed in 2019. The fort now hosts frequent public events and remains an important tourist attraction in Ternate.
See also
References
Works cited
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