Английская Википедия:Franconian Circle
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The Franconian Circle (Шаблон:Lang-de) was an Imperial Circle established in 1500 in the centre of the Holy Roman Empire. It comprised the eastern part of the former Franconian stem duchy—roughly corresponding with the present-day Bavarian Regierungsbezirke of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia—while western Rhenish Franconia belonged to the Upper Rhenish Circle. The title of a "Duke of Franconia" was claimed by the Würzburg bishops.
Emergence and location
As early as the Middle Ages, Franconia had very close links to king and empire. Located between the Rhenish territories of the empire and the Kingdom of Bohemia, Franconia, which included the former Duchy of Franconia, had been one of the centres of empire for a long time.
By order of Emperor Louis of Bavaria, Bamberg, Würzburg, Eichstätt and Fulda with the Hohenzollern Burgraves of Nuremberg, Counts of Henneberg, the Castell and Hohenlohe, the three episcopal cities, and the imperial cities of Nuremberg and Rothenburg united for the first time in a Landfrieden union. But this union (the Franconian Landfrieden) did not last long; it disintegrated in the face of opposition from cities and princes.[1][2]
On 2 July 1500, at the Reichstag of Augsburg, the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was divided into six imperial circles. These first circles were originally numbered, the Franconian Imperial Circle being given the number 1:
The circles were later given names that corresponded to their geographical location, which gave rise to the name Franconian Imperial Circle, which appeared for the first time in 1522. In the late Middle Ages, Franconia was understood to mean the area between the forested uplands of the Spessart and the Steigerwald, mainly comprising the estates of the Bishopric of Würzburg.
The imperial circle extended from the Franconian Saale river to the Altmühl river and encompassed most of the upper and middle reaches of the River Main, roughly corresponding to the modern Bavarian provinces of Upper, Middle and Lower Franconia, but without the Electoral Mainz estates of the Upper Stift around Aschaffenburg.
Using the name Franconia, created an awareness of an inner unity and with an increased sense of togetherness and solidarity which, however, did not exist in the political or sovereign arenas.
Composition
The circle was made up of the following states:
| Name | Type of entity | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Файл:Wappen Brandenburg-Ansbach.svg Ansbach | Margraviate | Established in 1398, held by the House of Hohenzollern, acquired by Prussia in 1791, 28th seat to the Reichstag |
| Файл:CoA Bamberg Diocese.svg Bamberg | Prince-Bishopric | Diocese established in 1007 by King Henry II, Prince-Bishopric since about 1245, 11th seat to the Reichstag |
| Файл:Wappen von Bayreuth.svg Bayreuth | Margraviate | Established in 1398 at Kulmbach, held by the House of Hohenzollern, personal union with Ansbach from 1769, acquired by Prussia in 1791, 30th seat to the Reichstag |
| Файл:Wappen Nellingen auf den Fildern.svg Castell | County | Imperial counts since 1202 |
| Файл:CoA Eichstätt Diocese.svg Eichstätt | Prince-Bishopric | Established in 741 by Saint Boniface; 17th seat to the Reichstag |
| Файл:Wappen Grafschaft Erbach.svg Erbach | County | Imperial counts from 1532 |
| Файл:Blason ordre teutonique 2.svg Franconia | Teutonic bailiwick | Seated in Bad Mergentheim, 9th seat to the Reichstag |
| Файл:Wappen von Hausen (Forchheim).svg Hausen | Lordship | Held by Bamberg since 1007, condominium with Bayreuth and Nuremberg from 1538 |
| Файл:Wappen-Ufeld.gif Henneberg | Princely County | Principality since 1310, line extinct in 1583, acquired by Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Gotha in 1660 |
| Файл:Arms of the house of Hohenlohe (1).svg Hohenlohe | County | Immediate counts since 1450, raised to principality in 1744 |
| Файл:Limpurg2.PNG Limpurg | Lordship | Territory around Limpurg Castle near Schwäbisch Hall, held by the Schenken von Limpurg, hereditary cup-bearers of the Empire for the Bohemian kings |
| Файл:Löwenstein-Wertheim-count.PNG Löwenstein | County | Imperial immediacy since 1494, Löwenstein-Wertheim from 1574, raised to principality in 1711 |
| Файл:DEU Nürnberg COA (klein).svg Nuremberg | Imperial City | Reichsfreiheit granted by Frederick II of Hohenstaufen in 1219 |
| Файл:CoA Reichelsberg Lordship, Franconia.svg Reichelsberg | Lordship | Territory around Reichelsberg Castle near Aub, originally a fiefdom granted by Bamberg to Hohenlohe, since 1401 a fief of Würzburg |
| Файл:RieneckGrafen.jpg Rieneck | County | Territory around Rieneck Castle, established in 1168, claimed as a fief by Mainz from 1366, line extinct in 1559, acquired by the Imperial counts of Nostitz in 1673 |
| Файл:Wappen von Rothenburg ob der Tauber.svg Rothenburg ob der Tauber | Imperial City | Reichsfreiheit granted by Rudolph of Habsburg 1274 |
| Файл:Arms of the house of Schwarzenberg (1599).svg Schwarzenberg | Lordship | Established in 1429 by the Lords of Seinsheim, territory around Schwarzenberg Castle near Scheinfeld, Imperial county from 1599, principality from 1670 |
| Файл:DEU Schweinfurt COA.svg Schweinfurt | Imperial City | Since 1254 |
| Файл:DEU Seinsheim COA.svg Seinsheim | Lordship | Held by the Counts of Schwarzenberg from 1655 |
| Файл:DEU Weißenburg COA.svg Weißenburg | Imperial City | Since 1296 |
| Файл:Wappen Welzheim.svg Welzheim | Lordship | Fiefdom of Württemberg, from 1379 to 1713 in possession of the Schenken von Limburg |
| Файл:Wappen Wertheim.svg Wertheim | County | Established in 1132, acquired by Löwenstein in 1574 |
| Файл:DEU Wiesentheid COA.svg Wiesentheid | Lordship | Imperial county from 1678, acquired by the Counts of Schönborn in 1701 |
| Файл:Wappen von Bad Windsheim.svg Windsheim | Imperial City | Since 1248 |
| Файл:CoA Würzburg Diocese.svg Würzburg | Prince-Bishopric | Established in 741 by Saint Boniface, prince-bishopric since 1168, titular "Duke in Franconia", 13th seat to the Reichstag |
See also
References
Sources
- The list of states making up the Franconian Circle is based on that in the German Wikipedia article Fränkischer Reichskreis.
External links
- Imperial Circles in the 16th Century – Historical Maps of Germany
Шаблон:Franconian Circle Шаблон:Circles of the Holy Roman Empire Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Endres, Rudolf (1967). Zur Geschichte des fränkischen Reichskreises [On the History of the Imperial Franconian Circle], p. 168.
- ↑ Pfeiffer, Gerhard (1971). Die königlichen Landfriedenseinungen in Franken [The Royal Landfrieden Agreements in Franconia] in: Vorträge und Forschungen: Der deutsche Territorialstaat im 14. Jahrhundert II (1986, 2nd edn.) Vol. 14: Vorträge und Forschungen: Der deutsche Territorialstaat im 14. Jahrhundert II (1986, 2nd edn.) Konstanzer Arbeitskreis für mittelalterliche Geschichte (eds.), p. 231
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