Английская Википедия:Freducci map
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:DMY Шаблон:UBE Шаблон:Infobox The Freducci map is an Italian portolan chart of the Atlantic Ocean depicting portions of both the Old and New Worlds, drafted in Ancona in 1514–1515 or in the first half of the 16th century by Conte di Ottomanno Freducci. It is regarded as the earliest map of Florida, and one of the earliest non-Amerindian maps of northern Central America. It is now held at the Archivio di Stato di Firenze in Florence.
Background
Details of the map's creation are not certain, other than that it was signed by Conte di Ottomanno Freducci in Ancona sometime during the first half of the 16th century.Шаблон:Sfnm The map, thought to have been held 'for a long time' in the private archives of the Istituto de' Bardi, was in 1891 deposited in the public Archivio di Stato di Firenze.Шаблон:Sfn It was first brought to scholarly attention by Eugenio Casanova's 1894 monograph, La carta nautica.Шаблон:Refn
Contents
The map encompasses parts of both the Old and New Worlds.Шаблон:Sfn Of the former is included Western Europe (from Gdańsk to Naples) and Africa (from Ras Amusa, in Tripolitania, to the Bight of Benin, on the Slave Coast).Шаблон:Sfn Of the New World are (imperfectly) charted the Atlantic coasts of North and South America between 50º N and 15º S, approximately (from Newfoundland to rio da bestrelas, past Porto Seguro, Bahía).Шаблон:Sfn
Toponyms are written in black, except where they were deemed to be of greater importance, in which case they were marked in vermilion ink.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
The map features a 32-wind compass rose, a windrose network with a central ring of 16 vertices, two scales on a legend (no indication of the unit of measurement), and a rectilinear series of small numbered discs (through the Azores, along the Tordesillas meridian) marking the latitudes from 60º N to 15º S.Шаблон:Sfn The map is signed in the legend, but the date marked therein has been shorn off, and therefore lost.Шаблон:Sfn
Analysis
Dating
Since damage to the parchment has resulted in loss of the map's date, it has taken a bit of work to infer one. Casanova proposed to date the map by inference from extrinsic and intrinsic characteristics.Шаблон:Sfn Among the former is the map's author, whose birth and death would place lower and upper bounds on the map's date of creation.Шаблон:Sfn Among the intrinsic factors are the geographical features charted and toponyms marked in the map, which would place a lower bound before which the map could not have been created.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
Freducci lived from the last quarter of the 15th to the first half of the 16th centuries, and was active as a cartographer at least during 1497–1539.Шаблон:Sfn One of his relatives, Angelo Freducci, produced an atlas in 1556 whose New World coastlines closely match those of this map.Шаблон:Sfn Casanova deems it more likely that Angelo copied Freducci rather than viceversa, thus accepting 1556 as the upper bound for the map's creation.Шаблон:Sfn The 1513 Ponce de Leon discovery of Florida is the latest one evident in the map, with the 1513 Balboa discovery of the Gulf of San Miguel being the earliest one ommitted, according to Casanova.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn Assuming news of these discoveries did not take too long in reaching Freducci, Casanova proffers a creation date in 1513–1516 as acceptable, with one in 1514–1515 as probable.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
Recently, some scholarship has pushed the map's probable creation date past 1515, however. For instance, of the 19 toponyms in and about Florida, Peck traces only six of them back to the 1513 Ponce de Leon voyage, noting that the remaining 13 'can easily be traced to much later voyages and later cartography.'Шаблон:Sfn Similarly, Peck identifies in the map geographical features of Florida which were not discovered until Шаблон:Em 1513, like Lake Okeechobee, the St Lucie River, the Thousand Islands, and Cape Canaveral.Шаблон:Sfn
Distortion
New World coasts and features in the northern hemisphere are shifted a number of degrees north from their true location, with an even greater northerly shift than that in contemporaneous maps.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, the portos de las igueas in the Bay of Honduras is placed at 28º 15' N, despite contemporaries placing it at 14º 30' N and 15º 30' N.Шаблон:Sfn Similarly, cavo de graba dios is laid at 21º N, whereas others placed it at 13º 30' N, 14º N, and 15º N.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, New World coasts and features in the Шаблон:Em hemisphere are shifted some degrees Шаблон:Em from their true position.Шаблон:Sfn
Additional non-shift distortions evident in the map include scaling. For instance, the Antilles are enlarged by a factor of circa 1.65 relative to Europe.Шаблон:Sfn
Scale
The map's legend provides two scales, but does not indicate a unit of measurement.Шаблон:Sfn Casanova, with reference to the latitudes marked at the Tordesillas meridian, assuming each such degree spans 111,111 metres, calculates 1:12,044,444 and 1:6,260,106 for the coarser and finer scales provided in the legend, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn He further opines that the Old World was charted to the finer scale, and the New World to the coarser one.Шаблон:Sfn
Sources
Casanova argues that the New World portion of the map was not copied from a single source chart, but rather compiled from a myriad such sources.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, while the Newfoundland portion of the map is 'exactly similar, point for point,' to that of the 1529 Ribero map, the Florida and Cuba portions are Шаблон:Em, both being rather unique for the period.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
Furthermore, Casanova deems Spanish charts, rather than Portuguese ones, as generally the more influential sources evident in the New World portion of the Freducci map.Шаблон:Sfn For instance, the mainland Central and South American coastlines on the Caribbean follow the 'much more exact' Spanish rather than Portuguese maps of the period.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
Toponyms
The map's New World toponyms are notably 'very copious and in many parts completely new.'Шаблон:Sfn More than three quarters of these are drawn from Spanish sources, with fewer than one quarter of them from Portuguese ones.Шаблон:Sfn Most placenames were Шаблон:Em written proximally to the place they name, however, and some were even misspelt or otherwise corrupted.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn
Legacy
Casanova deemed the map 'among the most notable cartographic treasures discovered in recent years.'Шаблон:Sfn It is regarded as the earliest map to depict Florida, and one of the earliest to depict 'a coastline west of Hispaniola that is recognisable as part of Central America.'Шаблон:SfnmШаблон:Refn It has been studied 'by a considerable number of scholars.'Шаблон:Sfn
Tables
Toponyms
| Area | Name | Place | Variants |
|---|---|---|---|
| Newfoundland | y.a de fuego | Fogo Island | illa do fuoco, y.a del fuego, y. del fuego |
| Newfoundland | y.a de becaliab | Baccalieu Island | rivo de los bacalaos, y. dos bacalhas, i. baccalauras, bachalnao, bachagaos, y. de bacallaos, y.a de bacalaos, i. dos bacalhaos, y.a de bacaliab |
| Newfoundland | balia de concepçam | Conception Bay | b. da comceicã, cabo de cõcepicion, baia de cocecam, a baia de concipcion, a cõçeiçã, balia de concepçam |
| Newfoundland | co raxo | Cape Race | c. rasso, c. raxo, c.o raso, cabo rrasso, co raxa |
| Florida | I. florda | Florida | isla florida, terra florida, tera florida, la florida |
| Tierra Firme | portos de las igueas | Cabo de las HiguerasШаблон:SpacesШаблон:Refn | cabo de las fegues, p. de higuera, p. de las higueras, r. de las higeras |
| Tierra Firme | gran baia de navidat | Amatique Bay | la navidad, a baia de navida, gran baia de navidal |
| Tierra Firme | baia de s. tome | Bahía de Santo Tomás | baia de san tome |
| Tierra Firme | baia de sagua | Xagua | baia de sagua |
| Tierra Firme | cavo de la fondura | Cabo Honduras | la fondura, c. la fondura, c. de hondura santa, c. de la fondura |
| Tierra Firme | Rio verde | Sico River | rio verde |
| Tierra Firme | Rio primero | Patuca River | rio primero |
| Tierra Firme | cavo de graba dios | Cape Gracias a Dios | gracias a dios, c.o de gracias a dios, c. gracia dios, c. de gracias a dios, cavo de granba dios |
| Tierra Firme | coro borro | Carabaro | coroboro, caroboro, y. de cerebaro, carabaro, cornoborro |
| Tierra Firme | vebra | Belén River | vebra |
| Tierra Firme | benagua | Veragua | veragua, beragua, beragna, beraga, baliraga |
| Tierra Firme | retrecta | Puerto del Retrete | p. retrete, retrote |
| Tierra Firme | dariem | Darien | tariene, dariem, darien, el darien, darem, demen |
| Tierra Firme | rio salado | Gulf of Urabá | rio salado |
| Tierra Firme | gudego | Codego | codego, gudego |
| Tierra Firme | caramari | Calamari | caramari |
| Tierra Firme | porto cartaçena | Cartagena | cartayenia, p. di cartagena, cartagena, p. de cartajena, p. cartagena |
| Tierra Firme | Rio grande | Magdalena River | rio grande, rio nando, r. grande |
| Tierra Firme | s. marta | Santa Marta | s. marta, santa marta, scã marta |
| Tierra Firme | yrna | Isla Orna | yrna, irna |
| Tierra Firme | seturnia | Seturnia | seturnia |
| Tierra Firme | c.o de vela | Cabo de la Vela | c. de la bela, c. de la vela, c. del vera, cabo de la vela, la vela, c. la vela, cavo la vela |
| Tierra Firme | coquibacua | Gulf of Venezuela | coquibacoa, cochibachoa, coquibacha, comquivacoa, coquibacua |
| Tierra Firme | veneçuela | Venezuela | venecuela, g. de venetia, vencarella, veneçuela, g. de veneçuala, venerçuola |
| Tierra Firme | c.o de isleo | Cape San Román | de lisleo, cavo de illeo, lixleo, cavo de isleo |
| Tierra Firme | coriana | Coro | coro, coriana, cora, quriana |
See also
- Weimar map, 15th century map attributed to Freducci
- Egerton 2803 maps, early map depicting Central America
- Suma de Geographia, early pilot's manual to New World
Notes and references
Explanatory footnotes
Short citations
Full citations
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