Английская Википедия:French ironclad Couronne
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Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship class overviewШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsThe French ironclad Couronne ("Crown") was the first iron-hulled ironclad warship built for the French Navy in 1859–1862. She was the first such ship to be laid down, although the British armoured frigate Шаблон:HMS was completed first. The ship participated in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, but saw no combat. She was served as a gunnery training ship from 1885 to 1908 before she was hulked the following year and became a barracks ship in Toulon. Couronne was scrapped in 1934, over 70 years after she was completed.
Design and description
Designed by the French naval architect Camille Audenet[1] as an iron-hulled armoured frigate of similar type to the Шаблон:Sclasss, although strictly not a sister ship but a unique vessel, Couronne was also intended to fight in the line of battle, unlike the first British ironclads.[2] The ship was classified as an armoured frigate because she only had a single gun deck and her traditional disposition of guns arrayed along the length of the hull also meant that she was a broadside ironclad.[3] The ship was Шаблон:Convert long,[4] with a beam of Шаблон:Convert. She had a maximum draft of Шаблон:Convert, a depth of hold of Шаблон:Convert and displaced Шаблон:Convert.[4] The ship's metacentric height of Шаблон:Convert meant that she rolled less and was a better sea boat than the Gloires.[3] Her gun ports were slightly higher above the waterline than those of her predecessors, Шаблон:Convert, and Couronne took aboard less water as well.[5] She had a crew of 570 officers and enlisted men.[4]
The ship had a single horizontal return connecting-rod compound steam engine that drove a six-bladed, Шаблон:Convert propeller using steam provided by eight Indret oval boilers for a designed speed of Шаблон:Convert.[4] Figures for the engine's designed power vary wildly, from Шаблон:Convert,[4][5][6] but Couronne reached Шаблон:Convert from Шаблон:Convert during her sea trials. She carried a maximum of Шаблон:Convert of coal[4] which allowed her to steam for Шаблон:Convert at a speed of Шаблон:Convert.[6] The details of CouronneШаблон:'s sailing rig are not precisely known, although a photograph of her in her original single-decker ironclad guise quite clearly shows her with full ship rig (square rig on three masts), but presumably she was fitted with a light barquentine rig with three masts like that of the Gloire-class ships. It is also unknown if she had the same multiple changes of rigging as those ships.[7]
Couronne was armed with 36 Modèle 1860 Шаблон:Convert rifled breech-loading guns, 30 of which were positioned on the single gun deck in the broadside. The remaining 4 guns were placed on the upper deck as chase guns.[4] They fired a Шаблон:Convert shell at a muzzle velocity of only Шаблон:Convert and proved to be ineffective against armour.[8] The ship was rearmed multiple times during her career, the first of which was the replacement of the chase guns by four Шаблон:Convert howitzers in 1864 and the replacement of the rest of the guns by improved Modèle 1864 guns. The ship was subsequently rearmed with 16 Modèle 1864 or 1866 Шаблон:Convert guns on her main deck and six 164.7-millimetre guns on the upper deck as chase guns. Her final armament configuration before she became a gunnery training ship in 1881 was eight Шаблон:Convert Modèle 1870 guns and four 194-millimetre Modèle 1870 guns on the main deck. A pair of Шаблон:Convert guns and a dozen Шаблон:Convert 5-barrelled Hotchkiss revolving cannon were mounted on the upper deck.[3]
CouronneШаблон:'s wrought iron hull was completely protected by armour plates 120 millimetres thick. The armour backing consisted of two layers of teak, totaling Шаблон:Convert in thickness, an iron lattice work Шаблон:Convert thick, and the Шаблон:Convert side of the hull. The ship had a conning tower with armour Шаблон:Convert thick and Шаблон:Convert of armour underneath the wooden upper deck.[3]
Construction and service
Ordered on 4 March 1858,[3] Couronne was laid down at the Arsenal de Lorient on 14 February 1859, launched on 28 March 1861 and commissioned on 2 February 1862 at a cost of 6,018,885 francs.[5] On 19 June 1864, Couronne played an incidental role in the Battle of Cherbourg as she escorted the Confederate commerce raider Шаблон:Ship out of French territorial waters to her fight with Шаблон:USS.[9] While assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet, the ship made a port visit in August 1865 to Brest where the fleet hosted the British Channel Fleet. A few days later the French fleet made a reciprocal visit to Portsmouth where it was hosted by the Channel Fleet.[10] On 1 March 1867, Couronne was driven ashore in the Îles d'Hyères, Var in a storm. Several people died.[11]
During the Franco-Prussian War the ship was assigned to Vice Admiral Léon Martin Fourichon's squadron that blockaded German ports in the Heligoland Bight in August and September 1870.[12] The four German ironclads at Wilhelmshaven sortied in search of the French squadron in early August before the French arrived and in mid-September[13] after the French were forced to abandon the blockade for lack of coal.[14]
Couronne returned to Toulon on 10 December. In 1876, she was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron. From 1881 to 1885, Couronne was reconstructed to serve as a gunnery training ship, replacing Souverain:[15] her armour was replaced by wood of the same thickness, two boilers were removed and her propeller was replaced. Her rigging was replaced by a full ship rig and iron spar deck and poop decks were fitted which gave her the appearance of a steam ship of the line of the Шаблон:Ship type. The ship was rearmed with an assortment of guns of various calibres for training purposes, replacing Souverain in this role.[16] Her crew and trainees numbered 1200 officers and enlisted men. Couronne was replaced as a gunnery training ship on 1 December 1908 and disarmed on 1 September 1909.[5] She was subsequently converted to a floating barracks at Toulon until she was scrapped in 1934.[6]
Footnotes
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Bibliography
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Шаблон:French ironclads Шаблон:1867 shipwrecks
- ↑ Biography Camille Audenet
- ↑ Gardiner, p. 54
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Campbell, p. 286
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6 Gille, p. 23
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 de Balincourt & Vincent-Bréchignac, Part II, p. 24
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Silverstone, p. 61
- ↑ de Balincourt & Vincent-Bréchignac, Part I, p. 14
- ↑ Gardiner, p. 159
- ↑ Luraghi, p. 319
- ↑ Jones, pp. 35, 37
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Wilson, vol. 1, pp. 275–276
- ↑ Sondhaus, p. 102
- ↑ Wilson, vol. 1, p. 276
- ↑ Le Souverain (1819 – 1885), Nicolas Mioque
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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