Английская Википедия:Galilee, Queensland
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Australian English Шаблон:Infobox Australian place
Galilee is a former rural locality in the Barcaldine Region, Queensland, Australia.[1] In the Шаблон:CensusAU, Galilee had a population of 20 people.[2]
On 22 November 2019 the Queensland Government decided to amalgamate the localities in the Barcaldine Region, resulting in five expanded localities based on the larger towns: Alpha, Aramac, Barcaldine, Jericho and Muttaburra. Galilee was incorporated into Aramac.[3][4][5]
Geography
Galilee is bounded to the east by the Great Dividing Range and is within the Desert Uplands area of Central West Queensland. In the centre of the locality is Lake Galilee, a semi-arid saline lake which is Шаблон:Convert long, up to Шаблон:Convert and covers approximately Шаблон:Convert. It is quite shallow, being no more than Шаблон:Convert deep.[6][7] Lake Galilee is registered on the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia (DIWA) and provides an important refuge and breeding site for waterbirds. It has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because it regularly supports over 1% of the world populations of freckled ducks and grey teals.[8]
The principal land use is cattle grazing.[7]
History
Pastoral settlement began on the eastern side of Lake Galilee in 1877, when Charles Bowly acquired the Oakley run and stocked it with cattle. The following year he also acquired the “Northmere”, “Powala”, “Eastmere”, “Westmere” and “Southmere” runs with “Eastland” being added in 1883. Together these runs were named “Eastmere” Station.[9]
Charles Bowly later regretted having invested in cattle. He wrote to the daughter of Robert Christison, his first employer:[9]
“I, to my regret, got tired of sheep and wanted to ride after cattle. I sold out with 6000 cattle and 220 horses after going through five droughts and working for 21 years for the Bank, got £6000 left after 21 years hard work and hard living too, and that is Queensland."
The new owners of “Eastmere” reached the same conclusion and began introducing sheep two years after purchase and had completely changed to sheep in 1913. Charles Bowly was fortunate in selling when he did. The cattle tick invaded the district soon afterwards, killing up to 50% of cattle on some properties. In 1899 the worst drought Queensland had ever experienced set in, and by the time it broke in 1903, 80% of cattle in the district had died.[9]
Cattle were reintroduced in very different market conditions in the 1950s and sheep were removed from “Eastmere” in 1966.[10] Over the years other properties were taken up around the lake including “Fleetwood” to the north and west, “Lake Dunn” to the west, and “Clare” and Clunies Creek” – now “Clunievale” - to the south. “Eastmere” first pulled (cleared trees) in 1967, while “Fleetwood” first pulled in 1963. (The clearing of trees is a method of increasing productivity and sustainability of pastoral grazing enterprises in the Desert Uplands).[9]
In the early 2000s a biodiversity audit suggested some concern about over-clearing in some ecosystems and said, "the most quantifiable threatening process is broad scale tree clearing",[11] although data collated for 1999 indicated that 87% of the bioregion remained uncleared.[12]
Buffel grass was introduced into the Desert Uplands bioregion the late 1960s.[13] Many pastoralists regard it highly because in many situations it greatly increases pasture productivity for cattle. However, it is also widely seen as having negative environmental impacts through competition with native species and changes to fire regimes.[14]
Many ecosystems in the Desert Uplands are being invaded by buffel grass, which forms a dense monoculture therefore decreasing the biodiversity of ecosystems[13] Another aspect of invasion by buffel grass is that the buffel plant is very phosphorus- and nitrogen-dependent and a long term run down of phosphorus in the already phosphorus deficient soils of the Desert Uplands may occur leading to a further loss of native plant species.[13]
In 1995, the Desert Uplands Build-up and Development Committee was established and has worked with landholders to enhance grazing and ecological sustainability, enterprise profitability and community resilience.[15]
Education
There are no schools in Galilee. The nearest primary school is in Aramac. The nearest secondary school is in Aramac (to Year 10 only). For Years 11 and 12, the nearest school is in Barcaldine.[7]
References
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite QPN
- ↑ Шаблон:Census 2016 AUS
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Environmental Protection Agency, QLD Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Queensland Globe
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 Desert Uplands Build-up and Development Strategy Committee and Desert Channels Group. Lake Galilee Management Plan 2011-2016.
- ↑ Desert Uplands Build-up and Development Strategy Committee and Desert Channels Group. Lake Galilee Management Plan 2011-2016. Шаблон:Verify source
- ↑ Mitchell, C.; Egan, S. and Leverington, A. (Draft: 2002) Шаблон:Cite web Biodiversity Audit – Bioregional Case Study, Desert Uplands bioregion. Queensland Queensland Government Environment Protection Agency, Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service and National Land and Water Resources Audit (A program of the National Heritage Trust).
- ↑ Sattler, P. and Creighton, C. (2002) Case study: Desert Uplands (1, 2 & 3) Second lowest stress class Шаблон:Webarchive. Land and Water Resources Audit. Australian Terrestrial Biodiversity Assessment 2002.
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Mitchell, C.; Egan, S. and Leverington, A. (Draft: 2002) Шаблон:Cite web Biodiversity Audit – Bioregional Case Study, Desert Uplands bioregion. Queensland Queensland Government Environment Protection Agency, Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service and National Land and Water Resources Audit (A program of the National Heritage Trust).
- ↑ CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences (updated 2011) The costs and benefits of buffel grass and its management Шаблон:Webarchive. CSIRO. Retrieved on 10 November 2012.
- ↑ Build-Up and Development Strategy Committee Шаблон:Webarchive. Retrieved on 15 November 2012.
