Английская Википедия:Gatumdug
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox deity Gatumdug (Шаблон:Lang-sux; dĜa2-tum3-dug3;Шаблон:Sfn also romanized as GatumduШаблон:Sfn) was a Mesopotamian goddess regarded as the tutelary deity of Lagash and closely associated with its kings. She was initially worshiped only in this city and in NINA, but during the reign of Gudea a temple was built for her in Girsu. She appears in a number of literary compositions, including the hymn inscribed on the Gudea cylinders and Lament for Sumer and Ur.
Name and character
The meaning of Gatumdug's name is unknown,Шаблон:Sfn though it is presumed that it can be classified as linguistically Sumerian.Шаблон:Sfn Its emesal form was ma-ze2-ze2-be.Шаблон:Sfn She was the tutelary goddess of Lagash, and could be metaphorically described as its mother in Early Dynastic sources.Шаблон:Sfn In the hymn inscribed on the Gudea cylinders she is addressed as its divine founder as well.Шаблон:Sfn
Some of the early Lagashite kings, including Enanatum I and Enmetena, designated her as their divine mother, though for other rulers of this state role was fulfilled by a different local goddess, Bau, as attested as in the case of Eanatum, Lugalanda and Urukagina).Шаблон:Sfn Gatumdug could be described with the term ku3, variously translated as "holy", "sacred", "lustrous" or "shining".Шаблон:Sfn
Associations with other deities
It has been suggested in past scholarship that Gatumdug and Bau were initially two names of the same deity, but Шаблон:Ill considers this implausible.Шаблон:Sfn However, they could be syncretised in later sources.Шаблон:Sfn A direct equation between them is attested in the god list An = Anum (tablet V, line 62).Шаблон:Sfn In an early example of a syncretic hymn, the Old Babylonian composition Ninisina and the gods (Ninisina F in the ETCSL), Gatumdug is instead equated with the eponymous goddess.Шаблон:Sfn
On the Gudea cylinders Gatumdug is addressed as a child of An.Шаблон:Sfn
Worship
Gatumdug was already worshiped in Lagash in the Early Dynastic period.Шаблон:Sfn She appears in the zame hymns discovered in Abu Salabikh, where she is described as its tutelary goddess.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Ill points out that in Early Dynastic sources from the state of Lagash, she received offerings in the city of Lagash itself as well as in NINA (during festivals of its city goddess Nanshe), but not in Girsu, the city associated with Bau, who in turn did not receive offerings in the former two of these three cities.Шаблон:Sfn The construction of a temple dedicated to Gatumdug is mentioned in the inscriptions of Ur-Nanshe, Eannatum and Entemena.Шаблон:Sfn The first of these rulers also erected a statue representing her.Шаблон:Sfn Bendt Alster pointed out that the inscription commemorating this event, which also mentions statues of Nanshe and Shulsaga, is the oldest known text to directly mention anthropomorphic statues of deities.Шаблон:Sfn Sources from Lagash state that the temple was set on fire by Lugalzagesi, who also stole precious metals and lapis lazuli from it and destroyed statues displayed in it.Шаблон:Sfn Despite her apparent importance in Lagash, Gatumdug is ultimately relatively sparsely attested in Early Dynastic sources.Шаблон:Sfn She was also not invoked in theophoric names in this period.Шаблон:Sfn Attested members of her clergy include a sanga (temple administrator) and a nin-dingir priestess.Шаблон:Sfn
Gatumdug retained her importance under the reign of Gudea.Шаблон:Sfn He referred to himself as her child.Шаблон:Sfn One of his year names refers to the construction of a temple dedicated to her.Шаблон:Sfn It was located in Girsu.Шаблон:Sfn He also dedicated a statue representing him as an architect to her in the same city.Шаблон:Sfn According to another of his inscriptions she assigned a lamma (tutelary protective deity) to him.Шаблон:Sfn Passages alluding to this event are considered evidence of lamma being regarded as separate from a personal deity, as it is well attested that Ningishzida played this role for said ruler.Шаблон:Sfn
Gatumdug continued to be worshiped in the Ur III period.Шаблон:Sfn A temple dedicated to her continued to operate.Шаблон:Sfn Various offerings were made to her, including butter, cheese, flour and dates.Шаблон:Sfn A bead dedicated to her for the life of king Ibbi-Sin by a certain E-ḫegal is also known.Шаблон:Sfn
In literature
Gatumdug is mentioned in the text inscribed on the Gudea cylinders,Шаблон:Sfn a hymn commemorating the rebuilding of Ningirsu's temple E-ninnu.Шаблон:Sfn She is the first of the deities the eponymous ruler consults regarding the meaning of his dreams.Шаблон:Sfn In his inquiry he refers to her as his mother and father.Шаблон:Sfn She subsequently provides the bricks needed for his construction project.Шаблон:Sfn
In the Lament for Sumer and Ur, composed after the fall of the Third Dynasty of Ur,Шаблон:Sfn Gatumdug is one of the goddesses who abandon their cult centers during the described disaster.Шаблон:Sfn
An indirect late reference to Gatumdug occurs in a bilingual (Sumero-Akkadian) hymn to Shulgi.Шаблон:Sfn It was discovered in Nippur and dates to the Old Babylonian period.Шаблон:Sfn It is attributed to an individual bearing the theophoric name Ur-Gatumdug, addressed as an apkallu.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Cite book
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External links
- The building of Ninĝirsu's temple (Gudea, cylinders A and B) in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
- Ninisina and the gods (Ninisina F) in the ETCSL
