Английская Википедия:George Hamilton, Comte d'Hamilton

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Use list-defined references Шаблон:Infobox noble Sir George Hamilton, Comte d'Hamilton (died 1676) was an Irish soldier in English and French service as well as a courtier at Charles II's Whitehall.

At Whitehall he was a favourite of the King. He courted La belle Stuart and married Frances Jennings, the future Lady Tyrconnell, who was then a maid of honour of the Duchess of York. He appears in the Mémoires du comte de Grammont, written by his brother Anthony.

He began his military career as an officer in the Life Guards but was dismissed in an anti-Catholic purge in 1667, upon which he took French service and commanded English gens d'armes and then an Irish regiment in the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678). He served under Turenne at the battles of Sinsheim and Entzheim in 1674. He was at Sasbach (1675), when Turenne was killed. He then covered the retreat at Altenheim. He was killed in 1676 in a rearguard action at the Col de Saverne while serving under Marshal Luxembourg. His final rank was Maréchal de camp (major-general). He was known as "comte", but whether he was really ennobled by Louis XIV is not sure.

Birth and origins

George was probably born in the late 1630s or early 1640sШаблон:Efn in Ireland. He was the second son of George Hamilton and his wife Mary Butler.Шаблон:R His father was Scottish, the fourth son of James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, and would in 1660 be created Baronet of Donalong and Nenagh. The Dunnalong (or Donalong) estate, south of Derry, was his father's share of the land granted to his grandfather Abercorn during the Plantation of Ulster.Шаблон:R

George's mother was half Irish and half English, the third daughter of Thomas Butler, Viscount Thurles and his English Catholic wife Elizabeth Poyntz.Шаблон:R Viscount Thurles (courtesy title) predeceased his father, Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond, and therefore never succeeded to the earldom.Шаблон:R The Butlers were Old English.Шаблон:R George's mother also was a sister of James Butler,Шаблон:R making her husband a brother-in-law of the lord lieutenant.Шаблон:R

George's parents have often been confused with another George Hamilton, married with another Mary Butler. These are his father's uncle Sir George Hamilton of Greenlaw and Roscrea and his wife Mary, sixth daughter of Walter Butler, 11th Earl of Ormond. This other George Hamilton lived in Roscrea.Шаблон:R

George was one of nine siblings.Шаблон:R See James, Elizabeth, Anthony, Richard, and John.Шаблон:Efn

Both his parents were Catholic, but some relatives, on his father's as on his mother's side, were Protestants. His grandfather, James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Abercorn, had been a Protestant,Шаблон:R but his father and all his paternal uncles were raised as Catholics due to the influence of his paternal grandmother, Marion Boyd, a recusant.Шаблон:R Some branches of the Hamilton family were Protestant, such as that of his father's second cousin Gustavus (1642–1723). His mother's family, the Butlers, were generally Catholic with the exception of the future 1st Duke of Ormond, his maternal uncle. His eldest brother, James, would turn Protestant when marrying Elizabeth Colepeper in 1661.Шаблон:R His brother Thomas also conformed to the established religion as he became a captain in the Royal Navy.Шаблон:R

Early life

Irish wars

Hamilton's father, Sir George Hamilton, Baronet, served Ormond, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, during the Irish Confederate Wars (1641–1648) and the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–1653) and followed him into exile in 1651.Шаблон:R

Young George lived with his mother in Nenagh, deep in Confederate territory but being Catholic they were not troubled and anyway fighting was halted by a truce in 1643.Шаблон:R Their security deteriorated when Rinuccini in 1646 rejected the First Ormond Peace.Шаблон:Citation needed In May Lady Hamilton with George and his siblings were brought to Dublin for their security.Шаблон:R Owen Roe O'Neill's Confederate Ulster Army took Roscrea Castle Шаблон:Convert east of Nenagh on 17 September 1646.Шаблон:R In 1648 Ulster troops took Nenagh Castle,Шаблон:R but it was retaken that same year by Murrough O'Brien, 6th Baron Inchiquin.Шаблон:R

In October 1650 Hamilton's father was governor of Nenagh for the Royalist Alliance when the Parliamentarian army under Henry Ireton and Daniel Abbot attacked and captured the castle on the way back from their failed siege of Limerick to their winter quarters at Kilkenny.Шаблон:R

First exile

In spring 1651, Sir George Hamilton, Baronet, and his family followed Ormond into French exile.Шаблон:R They first went to Caen,Шаблон:R where they were accommodated for some time by the Marchioness of Ormond. They then moved to ParisШаблон:R where Charles II and his mother Henrietta Maria lived in exile at the Louvre and the Chateau-Neuf de Saint-Germain-en-Laye.Шаблон:R Young Hamilton, aged about 10, became a page to the King.Шаблон:R France was at that time fighting the long Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659). In 1654 France gained Cromwell as an ally against Spain resulting in the Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660), and in consequence Charles II had to leave France. He moved his court first to Cologne, then in March 1656 to BrusselsШаблон:R where on 2 April 1656, Ormond and Rochester signed in Charles's name the Treaty of Brussels with Spain. On 22 April Charles moved to Bruges.Шаблон:R

In 1657 Hamilton was present during a polite chat under the walls of Mardyck between royalists and parliamentarians who were at war with each other. Hamilton accompanied James Livingston, 1st Earl of Newburgh, a royalist, who asked to speak to Sir John Reynolds, who held Mardyck for the parliament. Hamilton then fetched the Duke of York as Reynolds desired to make his acquaintance.Шаблон:R

On 14 June 1658 Charles' brother James, the Duke of York, led the royalists in the Battle of the Dunes and was defeated by Turenne. The King then moved to Antwerp. On 3 September 1658 Cromwell died. On 7 February 1658 the King was allowed back to Brussels.Шаблон:R

A black-and-white photo of a painted half-length portrait in an oval format of a clean-shaven middle-aged grey-eyed man with long curly dark hair or such a wig, wearing a jabot, and clad in plate armour covering his breast and arms

Sir George Hamilton, painted about 1670.Шаблон:Efn

Restoration

At the Restoration, Hamilton was accepted into the Life Guards that Charles II and the Duke of York established early in 1660 in preparation of their return to London.Шаблон:R Hamilton served in the King's troop,Шаблон:R which was commanded by Charles Gerard as captain and colonel.Шаблон:R Hamilton was an officer rather than a private.Шаблон:R

After the King's return to London in May 1660,Шаблон:R Hamilton attended the court at Whitehall in addition to his military duties. He, like his brothers James and Anthony, and his sister Elizabeth, were part of to the inner circle around the King. Samuel Pepys reports that Hamilton was present at the Queen's Birthday dance on 15 October 1666 at Whitehall.Шаблон:R

At court Hamilton met Elizabeth Wetenhall and fell in love with her, but she was married.Шаблон:R He then courted Frances Stewart, called "La Belle Stuart" or the "fair Stuart", a maid of honour of the Queen,Шаблон:R Catherine of Braganza. Gramont warned Hamilton about courting the fair Stuart as the King had set his eyes on her.Шаблон:R Eventually, he met and courted Frances Jennings, a maid of honour of Anne Hyde, the Duchess of York.Шаблон:R Macaulay describes her as "beautiful Fanny Jennings, the loveliest coquette in the brilliant Whitehall of the Restoration."Шаблон:R

Marriage and children

In 1665 Hamilton married Frances Jennings.Шаблон:R The King approved of this marriage and granted the couple a pension of £500 per year (about £Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation/year Шаблон:Inflation/fn).Шаблон:R His marriage is the sixth of the seven marriages with which end the Memoirs of Count Grammont.Шаблон:R

half-length miniature portrait in an oval format set in a rectangle filled with decorations of a young woman with fair hair and some curls wearing a blue low-cut dress

His wife, Frances JenningsШаблон:Efn

Шаблон:Anchor George and Frances had six children,Шаблон:R but only four (all daughters) seem to be known by name:

Elizabeth (1667–1724), married in 1685 Richard Parsons, 1st Viscount Rosse as his 3rd wife, and was mother of Richard Parsons, 1st Earl of Rosse Шаблон:R
Frances (died 1751), married Henry Dillon, 8th Viscount Dillon in 1687Шаблон:R
Mary (died 1736), married Nicholas Barnewall, 3rd Viscount Barnewall in 1688Шаблон:R
Henrietta, seems to have been younger than the three listed aboveШаблон:R

Elizabeth, the eldest, was born in England in 1667 and baptised on 21 March at St Margaret's, Westminster, in an Anglican ceremony.Шаблон:R The others were born in France and were brought up as Catholics. The eldest married a Protestant; the younger two married Catholics. All three married Irish viscounts and were therefore known as the "three viscountesses".Шаблон:R

Lord Beaulieu, who owned the portrait of George Hamilton used in this article, was one of Elizabeth's grandsons. Her descendance through her two sons went extinct in 1764, but her second daughter, called Catharine, married in 1705 James HusseyШаблон:R and was by him mother of Edward Hussey-Montagu, 1st Earl Beaulieu.Шаблон:R

Later life

Second Anglo-Dutch War

On 4 March 1665 the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1665–1667) broke out. Hamilton joined the Royal Navy as a volunteer and on 3 June 1665 O.S. took part in the naval battle of Lowestoft, an English victory.Шаблон:R

Second exile

On 28 September 1667, in an increasingly anti-Catholic political climate, the King felt obliged to dismiss from his Life Guards the Catholics who refused to take the Oath of Supremacy, and among them, Hamilton.Шаблон:R The king arranged with Louis XIV that Hamilton would be made the captain-lieutenant of a company of gens d'armes under Louis's direct command as captain.Шаблон:R On 1 February 1668 Hamilton left England for France passing by Dover and Ostend.Шаблон:R He seems to have been knighted by the King before his departure as he is called Sir for the first time on his passport dated 14 January 1668.Шаблон:R Hamilton's gens d'armes were part of Louis's body guard.Шаблон:R

Portrait shows an old man with long grey hair, moustache and a mouche on the lower lip. He wears armour on his breast and arms.

Marshal Turenne

His wife followed him to France and converted to the Catholic religion.Шаблон:R She stayed in Paris.Шаблон:R Hamilton with his gens d'armes probably took part in the first conquest of the Franche-Comté during the War of Devolution 1667/1668.Шаблон:R The campaign ended on 19 February 1686 with the capitulation of Gray in presence of Louis XIV.Шаблон:R Шаблон:Efn Soon France was in peace talks with Spain that would lead to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in May 1668.Шаблон:R In 1668 Hamilton acquired French nationality.Шаблон:R

In 1671 Hamilton raised an infantry regiment of 1,500 men in Ireland.Шаблон:R Some of the officers who served in this régiment d'Hamilton would earn fame: Patrick Sarsfield, Justin McCarty, George's younger brothers Anthony and Richard, his cousin Gustavus Hamilton,Шаблон:R and Thomas Dongan, who was appointed lieutenant-colonel.Шаблон:R

In April 1672 France and England declared war on the Dutch Republic; the former starting the Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678), the latter the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Hamilton would pass the rest of his life fighting for France in that war, eventually being killed in action. The first three years he served under Henri, Viscount of Turenne. In the first year of the war, which the Dutch call the rampjaar (disaster-year), Hamilton's regiment was first employed to garrison Liège Шаблон:R but joined Louis's main army after the crossing of the Rhine in June.Шаблон:R The regiment took part in the siege of Utrecht, which fell on the 20th.Шаблон:R After the Dutch had flooded the land to the north, most of the French troops retreated, but Hamilton's regiment stayed behind with the small army of occupation under Marshal Luxembourg, being stationed at Zutphen in Gelderland to the east of Utrecht.Шаблон:R In the summer 1673 he joined Turenne's army.Шаблон:R

In February 1674 England and the Netherlands concluded the Treaty of Westminster (1674), which ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War, but the Franco-Dutch war continued. This peace did therefore not affect Hamilton, who served under French command. However, from there on to the Treaties of Nijmegen, which ended the Franco-Dutch war, the English Parliament pushed for measures to forbid the King's subjects to fight in French service. On 8 May 1675 the Parliament forced Charles to make a proclamation demanding the immediate return of all his subjects that had gone into French service since the date of the Treaty of Westminster and forbidding all his subjects to enter that service. This made recruiting for Hamilton's regiment difficult.Шаблон:R

Half-length portrait of a clean-shaven man wearing a high wig and armour.

Marshal Luxembourg

On 16 June 1674 Turenne fought the battle of Sinsheim, south of Heidelberg, against the Imperials under Aeneas de Caprara.Шаблон:R Hamilton commanded three battalions at that occasion, the two of his own regiment and one from the Monmouth regiment.Шаблон:R In July Hamilton's regiment took part in the first ravaging of the Palatinate.Шаблон:R

On 4 October Hamilton fought the Imperial forces under the Duke von Bournonville at Entzheim and was wounded.Шаблон:R

In March 1675 Hamilton visited England with his younger brothers Anthony and Richard. George returned to France from England, whereas Anthony and Richard continued to Ireland to recruit as the battles of Sinsheim and Entzheim had left gaps in the ranks.Шаблон:R The recruits were picked up by French ships at Kinsale in AprilШаблон:R after a missed appointment at Dingle in March.Шаблон:R

Anthony's and Richard's voyage to Ireland caused them to miss Turenne's winter campaign 1674–1675, during which the French marched south and surprised the Germans by attacking them in Upper Alsace. According to James Balfour Paul George excelled at Turenne's victory at Turckheim on 5 January 1675,Шаблон:R but according to Clark he was absent.Шаблон:R

On 27 July 1675 Hamilton was at his side when Turenne was killed at Sasbach.Шаблон:R The French retreated, pursued by the imperial army under Raimondo Montecuccoli, resulting in rearguard actions known as the Battle of Altenheim where Hamilton and his Irish excelled.Шаблон:R In this battle the French army was commanded by the comte Guy Aldonce de Durfort de Lorges and the marquis de Vaubrun, who was slain in the action.Шаблон:R Hamilton and his unit were part of the rearguard under Louis de Boufflers.Шаблон:R After Altenheim Louis XIV called in Louis, Grand Condé to take over the command of the Rhine Army.Шаблон:R

In January 1676 Hamilton went to Ireland to recruit as Altenheim had taken its toll. The recruiting was tolerated by Essex, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland on instruction by the King.Шаблон:R In February 1676 Hamilton was promoted maréchal de camp (major-general) for his achievements at Altenheim.Шаблон:R On 10 March 1676 (N.S.) François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg replaced the Grand Condé, who was old, sick, and tired.Шаблон:R

Comte d'Hamilton

French sources generally call Hamilton not chevalier [knight] but comte [count]Шаблон:R and once even marquis [marquess].Шаблон:R The Gazette de France of 26 June 1674 mentions Comte d'Hamilton as one of the French commanders at the Battle of Sinsheim.Шаблон:R This might simply reflect the belief held by the French that he was a nobleman in England, Scotland, or Ireland, or shear cautious politeness from their part. The French genealogist François-Alexandre Aubert de La Chesnaye Des Bois mentions the Hamiltons as a Scottish noble family that gave rise to a Duc de Châtelleraut and mentions Hamilton's father, George, as Count of Hamilton,Шаблон:R Anthony as Comte Antoine Hamilton, but not George Hamilton.Шаблон:R

Many English sources also call him count.Шаблон:R Ó Ciardha (2009) says he was made a count in February 1676, ennobled by Louis XIV,Шаблон:R This might simply echo the French use, taking for truth what is maybe a mistake or politeness. To call George Hamilton the father "the baronet" and his son "the count" is a neat way to distinguish them. Sergeant (1913) thinks he was made a count soon after he obtained French nationality.Шаблон:R Ó Ciardha believes he was made a count in February 1676 after his achievements at Altenheim.Шаблон:R

No source seems to mention a territorial designation or to state that Hamilton owned land that was erected as comté as was done in some other cases.Шаблон:Efn

Photo showing an old road along a rocky slope in a forest of tall broad-leaved trees.

Old road over the Col de Saverne

Death and timeline

Luxembourg's attempts to relieve the Siege of Philippsburg resulted in many marches and countermarches. Hamilton was killed on 1 June 1676 while commanding Luxembourg's rear-guard at the Col de Saverne (Zebernstieg in Alsatian Шаблон:R) where imperial troops under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine pursued the French who were retreating eastwards to Saverne in lower Alsace.Шаблон:R His younger brother Anthony supposedly succeeded him as comte d'Hamilton,Шаблон:R but King Charles and his brother the Duke of York insisted that Thomas Dongan should succeed as colonel buying the regiment from the Hamiltons.Шаблон:R Despite Luxembourg's efforts Philippsburg surrendered on the 17 September 1676.Шаблон:R

Timeline
Age	Date	Event
As his birth date is uncertain, so are all his ages. Italics for historical background.
0	Estimated 1640	Born, probably at Nenagh, Tipperary, Ireland.Шаблон:Efn
Шаблон:Age	1641	Sister Elizabeth bornШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	23 Oct 1641	Outbreak of the RebellionШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	15 Sep 1643	Cessation (truce) between the Confederates and the governmentШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	30 Jan 1649	Charles I beheaded.Шаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	Oct 1650	Father defended Nenagh Castle against the Parliamentarians.Шаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	1651	Fled to France with his family; became a page to Charles II Шаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	14 Jun 1658	Battle of the DunesШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	3 Sep 1658	Oliver Cromwell died.Шаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	29 May 1660	Restoration of Charles IIШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	1660	Followed Charles II to England and became an officer in the Life Guards.Шаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	Early in 1665	Married Frances Jennings Шаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	3 Jun 1665	Took part in the naval Battle of Lowestoft against the DutchШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	21 Mar 1667	Daughter Elizabeth baptised at St. Margaret's, Westminster, LondonШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	28 Sep 1667	Dismissed from the Life Guards Шаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	1 Feb 1668	Left England and went to FranceШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	1671	Recruited an Irish infantry regiment for French serviceШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	12 Mar 1672	Beginning of the Third Anglo-Dutch War.Шаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	6 Jun 1673	Brother James died after losing a leg in a sea-fight with the Dutch.Шаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	19 Feb 1674	First Anglo-Dutch War ended with Treaty of WestminsterШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	16 Jun 1674	Fought at Sinsheim Шаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	6 Oct 1674	Fought at Entzheim and was woundedШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	8 May 1675	The King's proclamation concerning French serviceШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	27 Jul 1675	Was at Sasbach when Turenne was killedШаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	Aug 1675	Fought rearguard actions at Altenheim Шаблон:R
Шаблон:Age	1 Jun 1676	Killed in a rearguard action on the Col de Saverne Шаблон:R

Notes and references

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Subject matter monographs:

Ó Ciardha in Dictionary of Irish Biography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
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Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia – First American edition, based on the 3rd British one.
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Шаблон:Cite book – 1643 to 1660
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Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
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Шаблон:Cite book – 1675 to 1676
Шаблон:Cite book – 1677 to 1678 (for daughter Henrietta)
Шаблон:Cite book – England
Шаблон:Cite book – Scotland and Ireland
Шаблон:Cite book – 1665 to 1706
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Шаблон:Cite book – (for timeline)
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Шаблон:Cite news – Issue should be 74 but is written 94
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Шаблон:Cite book – Bra to C (for Butler)
Шаблон:Cite book – N to R (for Ormond)
Шаблон:Cite book – Ab-Adam to Basing (for Abercorn family tree)
Шаблон:Cite book – Dacre to Dysart (for Henry Dillon)
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Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Cite book – (for English quotes)
Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Cite book – ABA to BAR (for Avaux)
Шаблон:Cite book – GAB to HAZ (for Hamilton)
Шаблон:Cite book – Viscounts
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Шаблон:Cite book – 1689 to 1690
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Шаблон:Cite book – D to K
Шаблон:Cite book – Abercorn to Balmerino
Шаблон:Cite book – 1 October 1666 to 30 June 1667
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Шаблон:Cite EB1911
Шаблон:Cite book – 1643 to 1681
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Шаблон:Cite book – 1661 to 1678
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Шаблон:Cite book – 1643 to 1685
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Шаблон:Cite book – 1641 to 1643
Шаблон:Cite book – 1643 to 1660 and index
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External links

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