Английская Википедия:Glass sea creatures

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Файл:Sea Creatures in Glass.jpg
A sample of the Blaschka invertebrate models

The glass sea creatures (alternately called the Blaschka sea creatures, glass marine invertebrates, Blaschka invertebrate models, and Blaschka glass invertebrates) are works of glass artists Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka. The artistic predecessors of the Glass Flowers, the sea creatures were the output of the Blaschkas' successful mail-order business of supplying museums and private collectors around the world with sets of glass models of marine invertebrates.

Between 1863 and 1880, the Blaschkas – working in Dresden – executed at least 10,000 of these highly detailed glass models, representing some 700 different species.[1]

A number of large collections of the models are held by museums and other academic institutions. Harvard's Museum of Natural History exhibits many of the Blaschka's glass creations, and its Museum of Comparative Zoology hold 430 items in the Blaschka Glass Invertebrate Collection and display about 60 at any given time.[2] Cornell University has about 570 items in its collection and has restored some 170 of these,[3] with many others in its collection stored at the Corning Museum of Glass in Corning, New York.[4] The largest collection in Europe, of 530 pieces, is at Ireland's Natural History Museum. Other holdings include the Boston Museum of Science; the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Natural History Museum in London, Redpath Museum of McGill University in Montreal, Natural History Museum in Geneva, and both Trinity College Dublin and University College Dublin in Ireland;[5] Hancock Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne, England; The Grant Museum of Zoology[6] in London, and Aquarium-Museum in Liège, Belgium,[7] and Melbourne Museum, in Melbourne, Australia.

Inspiration

Файл:Rudolf, Leopold and Caroline Blaschka in garden.tif
Rudolf (standing), Caroline, and Leopold Blaschka in the garden of their Dresden home

In 1853, shortly after the death of his father and wife Caroline, the latter to a cholera epidemic, Leopold Blaschka – grief stricken and in need of a vacation – traveled to the United States. En route the ship was becalmed and lay still upon the sea for two weeks.[8] During this period of forced idleness, Leopold studied and sketched the local marine invertebrate population, intrigued by the transparency of their bodies similar to the glass his family had long worked.[9]

Leopold felt a sense of quiet, inspirational, wonder at these luminescent ocean dwellers, a sense which he recorded and translated by Henri Reiling: "It is a beautiful night in May. Hopeful, we look out over the darkness of the sea, which is as smooth as a mirror; there emerges all around in various places a flashlike bundle of light beams, as if it is surrounded by thousands of sparks, that form true bundles of fire and of other bright lighting spots, and the seemingly mirrored stars. There emerges close before us a small spot in a sharp greenish light, which becomes ever larger and larger and finally becomes a bright shining sunlike figure."[8]

This sense of wonder would fuel his later work but, in the meantime and upon his return to Dresden, Leopold focused on his family business which was the production the glass eyes, costume ornaments, lab equipment, and other such fancy goods and specialty items that only a master Lampworker could accomplish;[10] plus the task of furthering the training of his son and apprentice (and eventual successor), Rudolf Blaschka. However, like anyone, he did have free time, and his hobby was to make glass models of plants – as opposed to invertebrates. This would, many years later, become a base for the fabled Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants (otherwise known as the Glass Flowers), but, for the moment, such artistry was naught but an amusing and profitless pastime done between his various commissions.[10] Yet, unsurprisingly given their stunning quality, this amusing hobby – itself born out of seeking consolation in nature upon his wife's death – attracted attention. Aristocratic attention, as it turned out, specifically the eyes of Prince Camille de Rohan who, being something of a naturalist himself, commissioned the Blaschkas to craft 100 glass orchids for his private collection.[11] Naturally the Prince was more than a little impressed by the mastery Leopold's work, and "between 1860 and 1862, the prince exhibited about 100 models of orchids and other exotic plants, which he displayed on two artificial tree trunks in his palace in Prague,"[8] a fateful act which brought the skill of the Blaschkas to the attention of another man whom the Prince had actually once introduced to Leopold: a certain Ludwig Reichenbach.[12]

Reichenbach's request

Файл:Reichenbach Ludwig 1793-1879.jpg
Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach

Director of the natural history museum in Dresden, Prof. Reichenbach was faced with an annoying yet seemingly unsolvable problem in regards to showing marine life. Land-based flora and fauna was not an issue, for it was a relatively simple matter to exhibit mounted and stuffed creatures such as gorillas and elephants, their lifelike poses attracting and exciting the museum's visitors. Invertebrates, however, by their very nature, posed a problem.[9][11][13] In the 19th century the only practiced method of showcasing them was to take a live specimen and place it in a sealed jar of alcohol.[14] This of course killed it but, more importantly, time and their lack of hard parts eventually rendered them into little more than colorless floating blobs of jelly. Neither pretty nor a terribly effective teaching tool, Prof. Reichenbach wanted something more, specifically 3D colored models of marine invertebrates that were both lifelike and able to stand the test of time.[10] By coincidence, in 1863, he "saw an exhibition of highly detailed, realistic glass flowers created by a Bohemian lampworker named Leopold Blaschka."[14]

Файл:Blaschka 1.jpg
Blaschka model of sea anemones

Enchanted by the botanical models, and positive that Leopold held the key to ending his own showcasing issue, in 1863[9] Reichenbach convinced and commissioned Leopold to produce twelve model sea anemones.[11][12][15] These marine models, hailed as "an artistic marvel in the field of science and a scientific marvel in the field of art,"[16] were a great improvement on previous methods of presenting such creatures: drawings, pressing, photographs and papier-mâché or wax models.[9][17] and exactly what Prof. Reichenbach needed. Moreover they, at last, provided an outlet for the wonder Leopold had felt all those years ago when observing the phosphorescent ocean life. The key fact, though, was that these glass marine models were, as would soon be acknowledged, "perfectly true to nature,"[18] and as such represented an extraordinary opportunity both for the scientific community and the Blaschkas themselves. Knowing this and thrilled with his newly acquired set of glass sea creatures, Reichenbach advised Leopold to drop his current and generations long family business of glass fancy goods and the like in favor of selling glass marine invertebrates to museums, aquaria, universities, and private collectors.[9][19] Advice which would prove wise and fateful both economically and scientifically, for Leopold did as the Dresden natural history museum director suggested.

A successful business

Файл:Blaschka 4.jpg
Blaschka model of jellyfish

Unlike the eventual Glass Flower, a private commission to a single University's museum, the Blaschka glass sea creatures were a global enterprise; and not just for museums and other such educational institutes, for "as popular interest in the history and sciences of the natural world burgeoned during the latter half of the 19th century, the sea became particularly alluring. The spread of home aquariums and the advent of deep-sea diving revealed a new frontier, filled with wondrous and unusual creatures."[20] In short, for the first time since Darwin, there was great universal interest in the natural world, and it became a sign of culture, of worldliness and sophistication, to exhibit examples of life in one's drawing rooms and parlors.[21] Hence private individuals were after these extraordinary models as well, and the Blaschkas, knowing this and knowing that Reichenbach was correct in that many museums would want them, made a mail-order business out of it. This business was hugely successful and they ended up making and selling 10,000 glass invertebrates dispersed in a diaspora of shipments all across the globe.[2][22][23] Indeed, "the world had never seen anything quite like the beautiful, scientifically accurate Blaschka models"[24] and yet they were available via so common a means as mail-order per one's local card catalog; for example, Ward's Natural Science would sell a small glass octopus for approximately $2.50.[10] Not glorious, perhaps, but highly effective, and museums and universities began purchasing them en masse to put on display much as Prof. Reichenbach had – for natural history museums directors the world over had the same marine invertebrate showcasing problem.[8] In short, Blaschka invertebrate models mail-order enterprise succeeded for two reason: 1- there was a huge and global demand; 2- they were the only and best glass artists capable of crafting literally scientifically flawless models. Initially the designs for these were based on drawings in books, but Leopold was soon able to use his earlier drawings to produce highly detailed models of other species,[9] and his reputation quickly spread.[11]

As Leopold wrote in an English-language trade catalog preserved at the Rakow Research Library at The Corning Museum of Glass: "[Models of invertebrate animals] have been purchased by... museums and scholastic establishments in all the quarters of the globe... in New Zealand... in Tokio [sic], Japan... for the Indian Museum in Calcutta... in the United States of America by Professor Ward's Natural Science Establishment in Rochester, New York; for the Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Massachusetts; for the Boston Society of Natural History; the University of Cornell; the Wellesley Female College... In Great Britain, Scotland and Ireland, copies have been conveyed to London, Edinburgh and Dublin... In Austria, orders have not only been made for the Imperial Royal Court collection, but also for the universities in Innsbruck, Graz, Czernovitz, and so forth. In Germany, purchases have been made for the universities of Berlin, Bonn, Koenigsberg, Jena, Leipzig, Rostock and many other museums."[8]

Leopold gradually extended his range of work by studying marine animals from the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Mediterranean,[9] and later constructed an aquarium at his house, in order to keep live specimens from which to model.[11]

Yet the fate of the marine invertebrate mail-order business was ultimately to be tied to those bought by Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology. At some time after the museum's founding in 1859, a collection of 430 glass sea creatures were purchased by either Louis Agassiz, the first director, or his son and successor Alexander Agassiz.[21] This set was not the largest ever sold and the models were no different from any of the others made by the Blaschkas, but their effect was to be greater than all the rest combined.

From invertebrates to flowers

Шаблон:Main article

Файл:PSM V39 D594 George Lincoln Goodale.jpg
George Lincoln Goodale

Paradoxically and in historically circular twist, the reason that the glass sea creatures sold to Harvard were to prove so crucial was because the University would soon, and did, open its new Botanical Museum in 1888. Given in effect a series of empty rooms and invited to make a museum for teaching botany, the first director, George Lincoln Goodale, faced a familiar problem.[10] At that time, Harvard was the global center of botanical study and, as such, Prof. Goodale wanted the best for his students, but the only used method was showcasing pressed and carefully labeled botanical specimens – a methodology that offered a twofold problem: being pressed, the specimens were two-dimensional and tended to lose their color.[25][26] Hence they were hardly the ideal teaching tools.[10] In fact, Goodale's problem was essentially the same as Reichenbach's had been, but applied to botany rather than marine biology for, in both cases, the practiced method of exhibition robbed the specimens of color and three-dimensional form.

Файл:GlassFlowers2HMNH.jpg
A glass model of a cactus at the Harvard Museum of Natural History Glass Flowers collection

Moreover and also like Prof. Reichenbach, Prof. Goodale first learned of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschkas' skill per an exhibition – that being the glass marine invertebrates belonging to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. And, like Reichenbach, upon seeing the Blaschkas' work Goodale was instantly sure that they held the answer to his showcasing problem. Thus, in yet another direct historical parallel, in 1886 the Blaschkas were approached by Goodale for the sole purpose of finding them, with a request to make a series of glass botanical models for Harvard. Naturally Leopold was initially unwilling as, again, his current business of selling glass marine invertebrates was booming; but, eventually, the famed glass artists agreed to send test-models to the U.S. and, although damaged in customs,[27] the fragments convinced Goodale that Blaschka glass art was a more than worthy educational investment. Thus, with the generous sponsorship of Elizabeth C. Ware and her daughter Mary, the initial contract was signed and dictated that the Blaschkas need only work half-time on the models, thus allowing them to continue their production of the Glass sea creatures. However, in 1890, they and Goodale – acting on behalf of the Wares – signed an updated version that allowed Leopold and Rudolf to work on them (the Glass Flowers) full-time;[28][29][30] though some sources describe the agreement as a shift from a 3-year contract to a 10-year one.[31] Regardless, the production and time of the Glass sea creatures was over, their fame as well as the attention of their makers shifting to the Glass Flowers – a project that, fifty years later, ended with the death of Rudolf Blaschka (Leopold having died thirty-nine years earlier).

The models today

Today, over a century after their making, the glass sea creatures live in the shadow of their younger botanical cousins, so much so that many of those well aware of the Glass Flowers have never even heard of them. The fact is that, "gradually, these glass animals began to disappear, their habitats shifting into dusty closets and museum storage. People began to forget that these incredible glass creations had existed in the first place."[24] Recently, however, that has begun to change, the invertebrate models being remembered and rediscovered.

Corning

With a collection 700 models bought in 1888,[18] the Corning Museum of Glass boasts the largest known collection of Blaschka sea creatures. Displayed (at least in part) in an exhibition named Fragile Legacy, "researchers at Cornell are using the collection as a time capsule for seeking out and documenting the creatures still living in our oceans today." Corning's exhibit also allows visitors to try crafting glass sea slugs[32] as well as view subsequent works inspired by the Blaschkas.[33] The exhibit was open through January 8, 2017. The Corning Museum of Glass produced a film entitled Fragile Legacy[34] exploring the related topics of the Glass sea creatures and the living ones they represent.

Harvard

Файл:The front view of Harvard's temporary exhibit which, for the first time, displayed both the Blaschka's Glass Flowers and marine invertebrates in together.jpg
Front view of Harvard's temporary renovation exhibit

Even those specimens purchased by Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) suffered a degree of neglect; they were not forgotten, but they were scattered much as the quote above describes, across several departments, and it was believed that the University only possessed 60-70 models (rather than the actual 430).[21] Recently Harvard has restored and, to best of their abilities, repaired the Glass sea creatures with the hired and instrumental help of Preservation Specialist and Glass Worker Elizabeth R. Brill of Corning, New York, a marine biologist and daughter of a glass chemist.[35] (Brill later co-authored a book about the Glass sea creatures.) Today they form the Harvard Museum of Natural History Sea Creatures in Glass display which, when combined with the Glass Flowers, form the largest Blaschka collection on display in the world.[21]

Harvard's renovation exhibit

For a several month period beginning in 2015 and ending in the early summer of 2016, the HMNH set up a "temporary display highlighting twenty-seven of the most popular plant models as well as some items from the Blaschka archives"[36] while the main Glass Flowers exhibit was under renovation. This exhibit was unique because it was the first recorded time that the Glass Flowers have been jointly exhibited with the Glass sea creatures in a major and equal display.[36] The renovation exhibit was dismantled when, on May 21, 2016, the main Glass Flowers exhibit reopened. The Glass sea creatures remained as a permanent exhibit in the same location until 2020, when they were relocated into a nearby room, and exhibit, all their own.

Cornell

In 1885 Andrew Dixon White, first president of Cornell University, authorized purchase of 570 glass marine invertebrates,[37] "some of which are on exhibit at Corson Mudd Hall and the Herbert F. Johnson Museum, making Cornell one of the few universities in the world where students and the public can view these wondrous creations."[38] However and like so many of their counterpart collections, they were neglected after a time and, in this case, remained forgotten under dust and grit until the latter half of the 20th century.[37] Currently Cornell has restored approximately 170 of the models thus far and "restoration work will continue as funding allows."[39]

National Museum of Ireland

The Natural History Museum branch of the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin was among the Blaschkas' "earliest customers and initially commissioned 85 glass models, paying the then significant sum of £15. It went on to purchase 530 models from the Blaschkas" – making it the largest collection of Blaschka Invertebrate Models in Europe[40] Since then, the Dead Zoo, as Ireland's Natural History Museum is sometimes called,[41][42] "has undertaken research on the conservation of these delicate objects."[43] Noteworthy in that, like Corning, they have forever taken excellent care of the Sea Creatures, the National Museum of Ireland is another center of learning regarding the Blaschkas; a fact proven in that, in 2006, they hosted (alongside University College Dublin) the Dublin Blaschka Congress, "conceived as a gathering to bring together the diverse scholarly disciplines that are uniquely, if eccentrically, joined in the study of scientific glass models."[44] Crucially and naturally, the Congress dealt with the Glass Flowers no less than their older maritime cousins.[45]

University of Wisconsin–Madison

In 2007 the University of Wisconsin–Madison Zoological Museum accidentally uncovered their hitherto forgotten 50-model collection in a "series of keyholes under the exhibit cases along a first-floor corridor[20] Curator Paula Holahan made the discovery, stating "It's not uncommon to find things packed away in any museum that is over 100 years old." The specimens, currently too brittle to be publicly displayed, remain in storage until conservation measures are funded and completed. These funds are not materializing, although the museum hopes to one willing to sponsor the restoration before the effects of age become irreversible.[20]

Field Museum of Natural History

A number of glass models, including shells and sea slugs were displayed in the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition and were among the 2,947 series purchased by the museum from Ward's Natural Science Establishment.[46] Many are on display in the What is an Animal? permanent exhibit.[47]

Natural History Museum, London

The Natural History Museum, London holds 182 of the models.[48]

Natural History Museum, Wollaston Hall, Nottingham, England

There is a large display of marine invertebrates and also two models of single cell animals living in fresh water.

Museum of Science (Boston)

The Museum of Science (MoS) has a small display of marine invertebrates towards the end of their Natural Mysteries exhibit.

D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum

The D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum at the University of Dundee in Scotland showcases the Blaschka models of marine invertebrates which its founder, Scottish biologist and mathematician D'Arcy Thompson acquired in 1888 to use as teaching aids.[49] In his 1917 book On Growth and Form, Thompson compares the forms of various marine invertebrates to the shapes made by glass-blowers, suggesting a link to these models.

Lost works

Many of the Glass sea creatures are yet to be located; Leopold's record books tell where many of the shipments went,[50] yet the condition and current whereabouts of the majority of these collections remains unknown.[23] The original six glass sea anemones purchased by Reichenbach in 1863 as well as the rest of that first collection were destroyed in the bombing of Dresden in World War II.[15]

See also

References

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External links

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  1. ↑ Crystal Sarakas, Corning exhibit shows sea creatures in glass, Democrat & Chronicle (August 6, 2016).
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Blaschka Glass Invertebrate Collection, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University (2016),
  3. ↑ Out of the Teeming Sea: The Cornell Collection of Blaschka Invertebrate Models, Albert R. Mann Library, Cornell University.
  4. ↑ More Info, Out of the Teeming Sea: The Cornell Collection of Blaschka Invertebrate Models], Albert R. Mann Library, Cornell University.
  5. ↑ [1]Шаблон:Dead linkШаблон:Cbignore
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Blaschkas Around the World, Corning Museum of Glass.
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 9,5 9,6 Шаблон:Cite web
      Short title: "Blaschka – English version". Translation by Peter Silbernagl. Lead sentence: "In September 2000, an association was founded in Dresden-Hosterwitz with the aim to establish a museum-type memorial for the work of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka and to treasure the memory of those two glass-artists."
      Earliest English-language title: The Association "Naturwissenschaftliche Glaskunst – Blaschka-Haus e.V.". Johanna Dühning, Chairman of the Association; translation by Benjamin Pentzold ().
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 10,5 Harvard University Herbaria and Botany Libraries
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 "Leopold + Rudolf Blaschka {...} The Glass Aquarium {...}". Design Museum (designmuseum.org). Retrieved 2015-06-10.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Museum of Natural History Berlin, Historical collection of pictures and writings – Katalog über Blaschka's Modelle, L. Blaschka, Dresden, 1885
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Goodyear, Anne Collins, and Weitekamp, Margaret A. Analyzing Art and Aesthetics. Artefacts: Studies in the History of Science and Technology ; v. 9. 2013.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Schultes, Richard Evans., William A. Davis, and Hillel Burger. The Glass Flowers at Harvard. New York: Dutton, 1982. Print.
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Rossi-Wilcox, Susan M., and David Whitehouse. Drawing upon Nature: Studies for the Blaschkas' Glass Models. Corning, NY: Corning Museum of Glass, 2007. Print.
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 Glass Flowers Renovation Project Frequently Asked Questions (Harvard University Herbaria and Botany Libraries)
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Sigwart, Julia D. "Crystal creatures: context for the Dublin Blaschka Congress." Historical Biology 20.1 (2008): 1-10.
  45. ↑ Proceedings of the Dublin Blaschka Congress, special issue, Historical Biology 20 no. 1 (2008).
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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