Английская Википедия:Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament

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The Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament was a 1986 protest march that crossed the length of the United States to raise awareness of nuclear proliferation and to advocate for complete, verifiable elimination of nuclear weapons from the earth. The Great Peace March consisted of hundreds of people, mostly but not exclusively Americans, who left Los Angeles, California on March 1, 1986. Despite financial difficulties which drove the march's organizers into bankruptcy shortly after it began, the marchers themselves took control of the event and continued onward. They successfully completed the full route of Шаблон:Cvt and arrived in Washington, D.C., on November 15, 1986.

The march

The Great Peace March was conceived by Los Angeles businessman David Mixner, who formed People Reaching Out for Peace (PRO-Peace), a non-profit organization, to fund the trek. Mixner, an experienced political consultant, began planning for the event in 1984 after his work for the Gary Hart presidential campaign ended in failure,[1][2] and announced his plans for the march at the Los Angeles Press Club in April 1985.[3]

PRO-Peace hoped to attract corporate sponsors to provide funding for the march, akin to other major charity events of the mid-1980s like Live Aid, Farm Aid, and Hands Across America. However, the issue of nuclear disarmament proved to be too politically controversial for most of the companies PRO-Peace approached, and fundraising fell well below expectations.[1]

Beginning in early February, marchers gathered in a park in Reseda, California to await the beginning of the journey.[4] The march was supposed to begin with a star-studded benefit concert at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum on March 1, but this plan had to be scaled down after PRO-Peace struggled to convince major artists to appear for free.[5] The Coliseum still served as the starting point of the march on that date, but the send-off ceremonies were moved a few miles down the road to City Hall, where Mayor Tom Bradley and numerous Hollywood actors wished the marchers well and Melissa Manchester, Holly Near, and Mr. Mister performed on a temporary stage. The 1,200 marchers – about a quarter of the 5,000 that PRO-Peace had hoped to attract – then proceeded to their first overnight campsite on the California State University, Los Angeles campus.[1]

Despite large and well-publicized contributions from celebrities including Barbra Streisand, who gave the march half the proceeds from her rendition of "Somewhere",[6] and Paul Newman, PRO-Peace had raised less than $4 million by the time the march began.[2] It was estimated that the march's total expenses would be about $21 million,[7] nearly half of which would be needed just to feed the marchers along the way.[8] Caltrans required event organizers to purchase an insurance policy covering at least $5 million in damages before the marchers would be allowed to travel along state highways, but PRO-Peace was unable to afford this much insurance coverage.[9] With logistical problems cropping up and uncertainty as to whether they would even be allowed to cross the Cajon Pass out of San Bernardino, over 200 participants dropped out of the march in the first two days, before it had even left the Los Angeles suburbs.[8][2]

After March 3, however, the group of marchers remained stable at a population of roughly 975[10] or 980. Although it was impossible to exit San Bernardino to the north without using state roadways, the insurance problem was avoided by having buses transport the marchers much of the way to Hesperia. Six marchers were allowed to follow the entire route on foot to complete the symbolic link.[11]

On March 10, the marchers arrived at a campsite eight miles south of Barstow, planning to hold a peace rally at Barstow Community College the next morning and then proceed through the city and further into the desert. However, the college refused to host the rally without liability insurance, while cold and heavy rains incapacitated several marchers[12] and made further progress impossible.[13][14] With serious concerns about the safety of marchers in the Mojave Desert and PRO-Peace almost $500,000 in debt, the march remained stalled outside of Barstow for several days.[12][15]

As supplies ran low, several hundred people left the march. On March 14, Mixner announced to the remaining marchers that PRO-Peace would fold due to its growing debt.[16] The next day, marchers established a new non-profit organization, The Great Peace March for Nuclear Disarmament Inc., which took control of as much of PRO-Peace's facilities and equipment as possible, while other equipment was seized and repossessed by creditors.[17][18] The roughly 500 participants that remained then walked 10 miles to a BMX track on the north side of Barstow, which already had its own liability insurance, ensuring that the marchers would not have to pay that cost themselves.[19] The group began raising funds to continue onward, and in the meantime offered acts of community service to the city of Barstow.[20] The 300 marchers that remained after two weeks in Barstow left the city on March 28 to proceed through the desert toward Las Vegas.[21] Along the way, they democratically elected a "city council" and a board of directors for the new organization.[22]

The march arrived at the Nevada state line near Primm on April 4, but marchers were forced to wait again while organizers searched for campsites in Nevada they could use.[23] During this time, about 100 of the 320 participants were driven to the Nevada Test Site to join the ongoing protests against the Mighty Oak nuclear test, where dozens were arrested for trespassing alongside Daniel Ellsberg and members of Greenpeace.[24] The remaining marchers ceremonially crossed the state border on April 8, although both the California and Nevada highway patrol agencies said their campsite for the past few days had been just within Nevada all along.[25] On April 10, the march reached Sunset Park in Las Vegas,[26] 19 days behind schedule.[27] The arrival in Las Vegas coincided with a $25,000 donation to the march from Paul Newman, a substantial boost for an organization that was spending $3,000 a day.[26] Marchers walked down the Las Vegas Strip on April 12,[28] then spent the night staying at people's homes on the northeast side of the city before resuming their journey across the desert.[29] Most of those who were arrested at the Test Site were released from jail after six days and rejoined the march northeast of Las Vegas.[30]

Briefly crossing the Arizona Strip, a group of marchers traveled to Kingman and received a proclamation in their honor from Arizona governor Bruce Babbitt.[31][32] With the help of a rabbi from Las Vegas, the marchers held a Passover seder in Hurricane, Utah.[33] On April 24, two marchers who broke from the group to hitchhike to Zion National Park were in a truck that rolled over, killing 24-year-old marcher Cynthia Carlson.[34]

The Utah Department of Transportation warned marchers against trying to cross the unpopulated San Rafael Desert on foot, due to the lack of facilities, the absence of shoulders along the road, and the potential risks of contracting hoof-and-mouth disease and giardia.[35] March organizers agreed to be bused from Cove Fort to Salt Lake City, giving them an opportunity to stage public events and raise money in a major city the marchers otherwise would not have visited, before returning to the originally planned route at Cisco, Utah. This detour also allowed marchers to make up for some of the time they had lost in Barstow.[36] Approximately 50 participants broke off from the main group near Beaver on April 29 and began to march eastward, determined to cross the country on foot without the approval of the march organization or Utah state authorities.[37][38] These marchers continued until they reached Cisco and completed the cross-country link.[39][40] Part of this group then became an "evaluation team" which lagged a few days behind the main march, surveying local residents to determine what effect the march had had on the community.[41] A similar group covered the route through De Beque Canyon east of Grand Junction, Colorado, which the main group could not follow because of road construction on the narrow alignment of I-70,[42] as well as through Glenwood Canyon.[41]

The marchers celebrated Mother's Day by having those among them who were mothers and their children lead the walk to Parachute, Colorado.[43] On May 22, the march crossed the Continental Divide at Loveland Pass, thus climbing to the highest elevation of their cross-country route at 11,992 feet. May 22 had been planned as a rest day, but marchers crossed the divide a day early to avoid an incoming snowstorm.[44] In Lawson, Colorado, marchers met with poet Allen Ginsberg, who joined some members of the group in a protest at Rocky Flats Plant.[45] Also while in Lawson, marchers joined hands with local residents for "Feet Across America", staged at the same time as the nationwide Hands Across America event, which did not pass through Colorado.[46] Along the way into Denver, marchers met with Colorado lieutenant governor Nancy E. Dick and congresswoman Pat Schroeder, and stayed at Red Rocks Amphitheatre with folk singer Pete Seeger, who performed for the group.[47] In Denver, two marchers who had fallen in love along the trek in California were married at a local church.[48] A rally at the Colorado State Capitol was joined by thousands of local residents, with another performance by Holly Near, and mayor Federico Peña praised the undertaking.[49]

Having crossed through the Rocky Mountains, the flatter terrain of eastern Colorado and Nebraska allowed marchers to pick up the pace, averaging more than 20 miles a day compared to the originally planned 15 miles per day, in the hopes of catching up with the original itinerary for the march.[50] On June 6, marchers hiked more than 25 miles from Fort Morgan to Merino in a single day.[51] In Nebraska, marchers were met with a severe heatwave, and some suffered sunburns and risked heat stroke, unused to the humid conditions after three months in the arid West. The march crossed the 100th meridian, often considered the dividing line between west and east, on June 19.[52] That same day, actress Betty Thomas joined the march.[53] The main body of the march reached Lincoln, Nebraska on June 29,[54] two days earlier than the original schedule had projected.[27]

Having caught back up with their planned itinerary, the marchers were able to honor their previous commitment to spend the Independence Day holiday in the Omaha area working with local peace groups. They had intended to spend July 4 staying on the campus of Creighton Preparatory School, but the school revoked its permission after learning that some marchers were planning to engage in civil disobedience that included entering restricted areas of Offutt Air Force Base, as part of a protest planned by other groups that was not sanctioned by the march organization. Having lost their Omaha campsite, the marchers crossed into Iowa two days early and spent the holiday at Lake Manawa State Park in Council Bluffs.[55] About 100 of the 240 protesters arrested for trespassing at Offutt on July 6 were march participants; all were released shortly afterward.[56]

Baba Ram Dass spoke to the assembled marchers in Treynor, Iowa.[57] Pete Seeger joined the marchers again at nearby Lake Anita State Park, marking the march's 2,000th mile traveled from Los Angeles.[58] A rally at the Iowa Statehouse in Des Moines was joined by gubernatorial candidate Lowell Junkins and secretary of state Mary Jane Odell.[59] Approaching Davenport, marchers met with a group of Soviet and American citizens traveling down the Mississippi River on the historic Delta Queen steamboat as part of the Mississippi Peace Cruise.[60] The march crossed the Mississippi River into Illinois on August 1. A group of marchers were arrested that morning after attempting to enter the Rock Island Arsenal, and were immediately released.[61]

Marchers commemorated the 41st anniversary of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6 by freezing in place in Dixon, Illinois, the hometown of then-president Ronald Reagan.[62][63] A similar observance was held three days later in Hinckley to mark the anniversary of the bombing of Nagasaki.[64] In Chicago, marchers met with mayor Harold Washington at the Buckingham Fountain in Grant Park, although they were not allowed to camp in Grant Park as they had originally hoped due to a city ordinance passed after the 1968 Democratic National Convention protests.[65][66] A rally in Lincoln Park was joined by Betty Thomas and Studs Terkel.[67]

In northern Indiana, marchers were offered a potluck supper by local groups of Amish, who shared their desire for peace.[68] The march route was planned to follow the Edison Bridge across Sandusky Bay in Ohio, but organizers were denied permission to cross the bridge days before their arrival due to the lack of shoulders along the span.[69] Instead, marchers were ferried across the bay.[70] Ohio governor Richard Celeste, senator Howard Metzenbaum, and congressman Louis Stokes met with marchers in Cleveland.Шаблон:R Roughly half of the marchers detoured from the official route in Aurora to visit Kent State University, site of the infamous 1970 fatal shootings of peace protesters.[71]

In Pittsburgh, marchers joined unemployed steelworkers for a rally outside U.S. Steel's recently closed Homestead Steel Works.[72] On October 4, two marchers were struck by a car while marching outside of Bedford, Pennsylvania, marking the first such accident of the march up to that point.[73] Marchers met with Mitch Snyder and Philip Berrigan in Fort Loudon, and attended a Ralph Nader rally for Bob Edgar in Shippensburg.[74]

On October 23, marchers crossed the George Washington Bridge into New York City, completing the cross-country phase of their journey.[75] Some participants appeared that morning on The Phil Donahue Show.Шаблон:R A rally at the United Nations Building, coinciding with United Nations Day, was joined by Yoko Ono and Rev. Jesse Jackson.[76]

The march visited Philadelphia on November 2 and 3, on the eve of the midterm elections, and were met by mayor Wilson Goode, Maggie Kuhn, and Graham Nash. Documents relating to the march were donated to the Swarthmore College Peace Collection, after marchers stayed the night on their campus just outside Philadelphia.Шаблон:R

As originally planned, marchers arrived in Washington, D.C. on November 14. The march culminated with rallies in the capital on November 15, in Lafayette Square across from the White House (although President Reagan was at Camp David at the time) and finishing at the Lincoln Memorial. They were lauded by some prominent politicians, including Senator Tom Harkin, Representative Ed Markey, and Washington mayor Marion Barry.[77] Harkin offered the marchers a letter of congratulations signed by 13 other senators, including Ted Kennedy and future presidential candidate John Kerry.Шаблон:R Equipment and leftover supplies from the march were sold off beginning on November 17, with proceeds going to fund future anti-war efforts.[78] A final unofficial protest action was held that same day, with participants blocking doors to the James V. Forrestal Building, headquarters of the United States Department of Energy overseeing the nation's nuclear weapons program.[79]

Activities

The traveling encampment of marchers was referred to as "Peace City", which had an elected city council as well as a ceremonial mayor, Diane Clark. In many of the cities the march passed through, a "Keys-and-Trees" ceremony was held, in which the local mayor would award the marchers a key to the city, Clark would reciprocate by offering a key to Peace City, and a commemorative "peace tree" or "peace pole" would be planted. The peace tree ceremony was introduced to the march by activist Caroline Killeen, who had previously cycled across the country planting trees as she went.[80]Шаблон:Rp[81]

A lantern containing a flame derived from the eternal flame at Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park was carried along the march by members of Asian and Pacific Americans for Nuclear Awareness. Like the original flame in Japan, it was to be extinguished only when all nuclear weapons on Earth were dismantled and the threat of nuclear war was gone.[82]

Among the amenities provided to marchers was a bookmobile which also served as a schoolhouse for the children that participated in the march, formally known as the Peace Academy Center for Education. The bookmobile received donations of books from libraries in the towns that the march passed through.[83]

One of the most notable marchers was actor Robert Blake, who vowed at the beginning of the march to walk all the way to Washington.[1] While Blake did not remain with the march for its entire duration, breaking from the group at times to drive back to Los Angeles and rejoining them later,[84] he later described the march as a transformative experience that allowed him to escape a faltering career in Hollywood and to come to terms with the abuse he had received as a child actor.[85]

Route

Шаблон:Location map+ Below are listed the official rest stops taken by the main body of the Great Peace March each night. Throughout the duration of the march, some participants stayed elsewhere, often helping to make preparations for future stops or soliciting donations in nearby cities. Wherever the bulk of the marchers were unable to continue the journey on foot due to safety concerns, a smaller group of "Spirit Walkers" stayed behind to walk along an alternative route and complete the symbolic link, eventually catching back up with the larger march.Шаблон:R

The national map shows only major stops along the route where marchers camped for multiple nights, typically in or near large cities. The regional maps below highlight these same major stops with a larger marker and labeled with the place name, while all of the nightly stops are shown with the default marker and no label. Some locations are approximate, particularly those far from any named settlement. All markers also serve as links to the article on the place in question, except where no such article exists, when they are clicked on or moused over.

California

Шаблон:Location map+

Nevada

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Arizona

Utah

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Colorado

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Nebraska

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Iowa

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Illinois

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Indiana

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Ohio

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Pennsylvania

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New Jersey

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New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Delaware

Maryland

Шаблон:Location map+

Washington, D.C.

Outcomes

Writer Connie Fledderjohann, who had participated in the march, retraced its route and interviewed supporters and local residents throughout 1987 to assess the impact it had on the communities through which it passed. Fledderjohann concluded that many people who witnessed the march had been influenced by what they saw, and that the organization of the march had helped to inspire further protests against nuclear weapons.Шаблон:R Contrary to expectations, marchers generally saw that their journey had a greater effect on people in small towns, where they were more conspicuous, compared to more populous cities where they were often ignored.[80]

The model of the Great Peace March was followed by organizers of other protest events. Among the first was a trek across Florida in December 1986 and January 1987, protesting the first launch tests of the Trident II nuclear missile at Cape Canaveral.Шаблон:R During the summer of 1987, a group of 200 Soviets and 200 Americans, including some who had helped to organize the Great Peace March, took part in the American-Soviet Peace Walk from Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) and Moscow in the Soviet Union. This walk was largely inspired by the Great Peace March, which had received substantial coverage in the Soviet press.Шаблон:R[177] Seeds of Peace, a group of organizers from the Great Peace March using equipment from the march, supported the Florida march and subsequently organized the New England Walk for Nuclear Disarmament in 1987, covering over 200 miles from Pease Air Force Base in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, to the Electric Boat nuclear submarine plant in Groton, Connecticut.Шаблон:R

The march also had similarities to several other cross-continental protests both before and after, although the Great Peace March was unusual in its scale and scope, with hundreds of participants at all points along the way. In particular, the Great Peace March was preceded by Walk of the People – A Pilgrimage for Life, which started in Southern California on March 1, 1984, reached Washington, D.C. in November of that year on its way to New York City, then was flown across the Atlantic and crossed Western Europe before being denied entry to East Germany. Journalist Kevin James Shay, who later wrote about his experience in the Walk of the People, walked with the Great Peace March for its first week in California.[178][179]

More recently, Ed Fallon was inspired by his experience with the Great Peace March to organize the Great March for Climate Action, which was held in 2014.[180]

While the march's central objective of total worldwide nuclear disarmament has not been achieved, some of its smaller protest targets have disappeared or have been significantly reduced in the decades since. The Rocky Flats Plant was shut down due to safety concerns in 1989 and formally decommissioned in 1992. President Reagan had rejected calls for a moratorium on nuclear testing since taking office in 1981, but his administration restarted negotiations to do so in 1987.[181] The Great Peace March was followed shortly after by the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, removing the impetus for the nuclear arms race. The United States ultimately ended all of its nuclear weapons testing in 1992, as it entered into negotiations for the international Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. While the treaty has not entered into force, no nation other than North Korea has tested a nuclear weapon since 1998. Since 1986, the United States' nuclear stockpile has been reduced from 22,995[182] to 3,708,[183] while total global stockpiles peaked in 1986 at 70,300 and have since been reduced to 13,890.[184]

The Great Peace March has been the subject of several books written by marchers and supporters (see the "Resources" section below), as well as a documentary film, Just One Step, directed by Cathy Zheutlin.[185]

Resources

Film

  • Just One Step was a documentary film of the Great Peace March by Cathy Zheutlin, edited by James Knight[185]

Books

  • The Great Peace March: An American Odyssey (Peacewatch Edition) by Franklin Folsom, Connie Fledderjohann, and Gerda Lawrence
  • Feet Across America by New Zealand marcher Anne Macfarlane[186]
  • Walking For Our Lives by marcher Donna Rankin Love[187]
  • Spirit Walk: The Great Peace March of 1986 by Martin Vincent Hippie, 2012.
  • Peace Like a River: A Personal Journey Across America by Sue Guist[188]
  • Lost Journals from the Great Peace March by Gene Gordon[189]
  • A Strange Place Called Home: My Walk Across America on the Great Peace March by Laura Monagan[190]
  • The Great Peace March, song by Holly Near adapted into children's book, with paintings by Lisa Desimini[191]
  • Central Body: The Art of Guy Colwell, including work from the years 1964 to 1991. Includes a section of his sketches of the G.P.M.[192]
  • "Pit Stop For The Angels" by Bill Patterson. This book contains sketches of the marchers and the places they stayed throughout the march.
  • Walking to Japan—a Memoir by Derek Youngs & Carolyn Affleck Youngs, 2016. This book contains several chapters about the Great Peace March.
  • The Prince of Peace City, a novel based on the Great Peace March by marcher Lee W. Anderson, 2016.

Research

Music

  • Wild Wimmin For Peace CD[194]
  • Lyrics for song from Wild Wimmin CD-Bridgett Evans by Judy Small[195]
  • "No More Silence" YouTube video. Song written by marcher Darryl Purpose. This updated version sung by Clan Dyken with new rap added.[196]
  • No More Silence lyrics.[197]
  • Beautiful Planet by Michael Krieger. Scroll down to "Look Inside" CD.[198]

Articles written by marchers

  • "A Laboratory in Democracy: Revisiting the Great Peace March" by Steve Brigham[199]
  • "How to Make a Decision Without Making a Decision" (written for Communities magazine, Winter 2000) by Tom Atlee[200]
  • "The Tao of Democracy" by Tom Atlee[201]

Audio interviews

  • "The Wisdom of the Whole", audio of Tom Atlee[202]
  • "Audio interview with New Zealand marcher Maynie Thompson"[203]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Related archives

Шаблон:Anti-war Шаблон:US anti-nuclear movement

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 Stein, George. "Rally Spirit Starts Trek for Peace", Los Angeles Times, March 2, 1986, Part II, pages 1 and 2.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 "All is not harmony with idealistic Peace March", McClatchy News Service, via Redding Record Searchlight, March 4, 1986, page A-9.
  3. ↑ "5,000 Sought for Anti-Nuclear Trek in 1986", Los Angeles Times, April 8, 1985, Part I, page 22.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Smith, Doug. "Peace March's Tent City Rises in Reseda", Los Angeles Times, February 4, 1986, Part II, page 6.
  5. ↑ Hendrix, Kathleen. "Peace March Organizers Cancel Send-off Concert", Los Angeles Times, February 17, 1986, Part IV, page 7.
  6. ↑ Raebeck, Wendy. "Go: The 'Impossible Dream' Hits the Road", LA Weekly, March 6, 1986, pages 22, 23, and 25.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Gomes, Ruth. "'Better world' his goal", Hanford Sentinel, March 5, 1986, front page.
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 "Peace March loses steam 23 miles from the start", UPI, via Ventura County Star, March 3, 1986, page B-7.
  9. ↑ "Insurance woes stymie peace march", Associated Press, via San Bernardino County Sun, March 1, 1986, pages B-1 and 25.
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Whitehair, John. "Peace march takes break in Devore", San Bernardino County Sun, March 6, 1986, page B-1.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Couey, William. "Peace marchers take the bus instead", Victorville Daily Press, March 7, 1986, front page and page A5.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Pollock, Kent. "Peace march foundering on financial rocks", McClatchy News Service, via Victorville Daily Press, March 12, 1986, pages A1 and A2.
  13. ↑ "Marchers reach Barstow", Victorville Daily Press, March 11, 1986, page A-2.
  14. ↑ "Peace Marchers Still Miles From Barstow", Desert Dispatch, March 11, 1986, front page.
  15. ↑ Whitehair, John, and Chuck Mueller. "Walkers will decide next step in peace march", San Bernardino County Sun, March 13, 1986, pages B-1 and A2.
  16. ↑ "Debt stops peace march in its tracks", Fort Worth Star-Telegram, March 15, 1986, page 6A.
  17. ↑ "Marchers Take Control Of Trek", Desert Dispatch, March 15, 1986, front page.
  18. ↑ Hendrix, Kathleen. "Great Peace March Stalled in Barstow, but 560 Still Struggle to Continue Trip", Los Angeles Times, March 16, 1986, Part II, page 3.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 "Peace hikers set up new camp", Associated Press, via Palm Springs Desert Sun, March 17, 1986, page A3.
  20. ↑ Gorman, Linda. "City, Marchers Give Each Other Hand", Desert Dispatch, March 22, 1986, front page.
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 21,5 Fernandez, Modesto. "Peace Marchers Get Back On Road Again", Desert Dispatch, March 28, 1986, front page.
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Mueller, Chuck. "Peace march hits Nevada in high spirit", San Bernardino County Sun, April 5, 1986, pages B1 and B2.
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 "Marchers camped on Nevada border", Las Vegas Review-Journal, April 6, 1986, via NewsBank. "The 300-or-so walkers with the Great Peace march will not make it into Nevada today, and their current delay may last until Tuesday while organizers try to find campsites on the route to Las Vegas. The marchers, on a cross-country trek to protest nuclear arms, are currently staying on California land just the other side of the state border near Whiskey Pete's casino, said Elizabeth Fairchild, a Las Vegas spokesman for the group. Marchers had earlier hoped to resume the walk today after a rest day Saturday, but arrangements for a campsite at Pop's Oasis in Jean fell through, Fairchild said. Organizers now hope to obtain permits to camp on Bureau of Land Management property near Jean, however, the BLM's offices won't open until Monday."
  24. ↑ "Nevada nuke test delayed; 89 protesters are arrested", Reno Gazette-Journal, April 9, 1986, pages 1A and 16A.
  25. ↑ "Protesters take symbolic step into Nevada", UPI, via Reno Gazette-Journal, April 9, 1986, page 2C.
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 "Peace march reaches Las Vegas", UPI, Simi Valley Enterprise, April 11, 1986, page 9.
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 "Peace march itinerary set", UPI, Simi Valley Enterprise, March 2, 1986, page 2.
  28. ↑ Hendrix, Kathleen. "Peace Marchers Beat the Odds, Reach Las Vegas", Los Angeles Times, April 13, 1986, Part I, pages 3 and 38.
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 "Peace marchers continue trek, leave Las Vegas", UPI, via Simi Valley Enterprise, April 14, 1986, page 3.
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 "Marchers continue", Associated Press, via Desert Dispatch, April 15, 1986, front page.
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 "Peace march heads for Utah", UPI, via Santa Maria Times, April 21, 1986, page 3.
  32. ↑ Daniels, Steve. "Peace group enters state on way east", Arizona Republic, April 21, 1986, page A7.
  33. ↑ Esplin, Jean. "Marchers end Dixie vacation, go north", St. George Daily Spectrum, April 24, 1986, front page and page 3.
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 "Peace march participant killed in one-vehicle accident in Utah", Associated Press, via Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, April 27, 1986, page 3A.
  35. ↑ Vrana, Ralph. "Opinion: Utah is a beehive of peaceful activity", San Luis Obispo Telegram-Tribune, May 17, 1986, page 9/B.
  36. ↑ "Marchers to Visit Wasatch Front", UPI, via Provo Herald, April 23, 1986, page 5.
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Christian, Patrick. "Peace Marchers Take Break near Beaver", Provo Herald, April 30, 1986, page 4.
  38. ↑ "50 marchers to hike through Garf. Co.; rest SLC bound", St. George Daily Spectrum, April 30, 1986, front page.
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 "Peace marchers depart Salt Lake", UPI, via St. George Daily Spectrum, May 5, 1986, page 4.
  40. ↑ Holley, Phil. "Peace March group prefers to stay on foot", Cincinnati Post, May 9, 1986, page 6B.
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 41,2 McGregor, Heather. "Floor game shows need for peace, marchers say", Associated Press, via Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, May 16, 1986, page 3B.
  42. ↑ "Peace March splinter group still in Utah", St. George Daily Spectrum, May 11, 1986, page 4.
  43. ↑ 43,0 43,1 "Protests and presents make the day for mom", Associated Press, via Fort Worth Star-Telegram, May 12, 1986, page A5.
  44. ↑ 44,0 44,1 "Peacemarchers head for Mile-High City", UPI, via El Paso Herald-Post, May 22, 1986, page A-14.
  45. ↑ "Great Peace March across the divide", Reno Gazette-Journal, May 25, 1986, page 2A.
  46. ↑ 46,0 46,1 46,2 "Marchers' feet support 'Hands'", Associated Press, Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, May 26, 1986, page 3A.
  47. ↑ "Peace March proceeds", Santa Rosa Press Democrat, May 29, 1986, page 2A.
  48. ↑ 48,0 48,1 "Marchers enter Denver; third of trek complete", Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, May 30, 1986, page 3A.
  49. ↑ "Peace march heads east from Denver", Associated Press, via Idaho Statesman, June 2, 1986, page 3C.
  50. ↑ 50,0 50,1 "Peace marchers trek in Colorado", Associated Press, via Des Moines Register, June 7, 1986, page 5T.
  51. ↑ 51,0 51,1 "Peace March covers a lot of ground", wire services, via Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, June 8, 1986, page 3A.
  52. ↑ Boellstorff, Leslie. "Great Peace March is near its geographical midpoint", Lincoln Journal, June 20, 1986, page 10.
  53. ↑ "Actress Betty Thomas Joins Nebraska Great Peace March", Associated Press, via Alliance Times-Herald, June 21, 1986, page 10.
  54. ↑ Hendrix, George. "Warm reception greets Peace Marchers", Lincoln Star, June 30, 1986, front page and page 10.
  55. ↑ 55,0 55,1 55,2 Gonzalez, Cindy. "Peace Marchers Declare 'Interdependence'", Omaha World-Herald, July 2, 1986, page 25.
  56. ↑ "Offutt peace demonstration 'goes well'; 240 detained", Associated Press, via The Daily Nonpareil, July 7, 1986, page 2-A.
  57. ↑ "Peace marcher inspired by Declaration signer", UPI, via Moline Dispatch, July 9, 1986, page 24.
  58. ↑ "Seeger Joins Peace March", UPI, via Omaha World-Herald, July 12, 1986, page 46.
  59. ↑ "Rally greets marchers at Capitol", Des Moines Register, July 19, 1986, page 2A.
  60. ↑ Carlson, John. "Warm welcome charms Soviet visitors to Iowa", Des Moines Register, July 31, 1986, page 5M.
  61. ↑ Raithel, Tom, and Ann Dahlen. "Into Illinois: 29 detained after Arsenal protest", Moline Dispatch, August 1, 1986, front page and page 4A.
  62. ↑ 62,0 62,1 "Peace walkers mark Hiroshima A-bomb", UPI, via Northwest Herald, August 7, 1986, page 3.
  63. ↑ "Hiroshima bombing remembered in Dixon", Associated Press, via The Southern Illinoisan, August 8, 1986, page 2.
  64. ↑ 64,0 64,1 "Activists on peace march", DeKalb Daily Chronicle, August 10, 1986, front page.
  65. ↑ 65,0 65,1 65,2 Blau, Robert. "In Lisle, demonstrators quest in peace", Chicago Tribune, August 13, 1986, Section 2, page 2.
  66. ↑ 66,0 66,1 Recktenwald, William. "650 peace marchers rally at Grant Park", Chicago Tribune, August 15, 1986, Section 2, page 3.
  67. ↑ "Peace march causes family feud between father and son", UPI, via Northwest Herald, August 18, 1986, page 3.
  68. ↑ "Marchers in Indiana", Indianapolis News, August 29, 1986, page 29.
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  70. ↑ 70,0 70,1 Cooper, Alesia. "Peace City moves across county", Port Clinton News Herald, September 9, 1986, front page and page A-3.
  71. ↑ 71,0 71,1 Cole, Patrick E. "Peace hike gives Kent its salute", Akron Beacon Journal, September 17, 1986, pages D1 and page D4.
  72. ↑ Johnson, Robert. "Peace marchers get steelworkers' support", Pittsburgh Press, September 28, 1986, page A2.
  73. ↑ "Car hits marchers", Chambersburg Public Opinion, October 6, 1986, page 2.
  74. ↑ DeSalvo, Pamela. "Nader tells SU students: Become involved", Chambersburg Public Opinion, October 8, 1986, page 1.
  75. ↑ 75,0 75,1 Brenna, Susan. "Cross-Country Peace March Hits NY", Newsday, October 24, 1986, page 40.
  76. ↑ "N.Y. Tour Over, Peace Marchers Begin Last Leg of Trip", Los Angeles Times Service, via Press of Atlantic City, October 29, 1986, page 12.
  77. ↑ 77,0 77,1 "Peace march activists find praise at the finish line", Knight-Ridder News Service, via Baltimore Sun, November 16, 1986, page 14A.
  78. ↑ 78,0 78,1 78,2 "Peace marchers to spend night in Beltsville", Associated Press, via Baltimore Sun, November 13, 1986, page D10.
  79. ↑ "Sixty anti-nuke protestors arrested", UPI, via Suffolk News-Herald, November 18, 1986, page 12.
  80. ↑ 80,0 80,1 Folsom, Franklin, and Connie Fledderjohann, with Gerda Lawrence. The Great Peace March: An American Odyssey, Ocean Tree Books, 1988.
  81. ↑ Martin, Mary. "Desert downpour greets peace marchers", San Bernardino County Sun, March 9, 1986, pages B-1 and B-2.
  82. ↑ Massaro, Gary. "Tiny flame brings hope to marchers", Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, May 8, 1986, page 1B.
  83. ↑ 83,0 83,1 83,2 McGregor, Heather. "Marchers exercise minds, too", Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, May 13, 1986, pages 1B and 2B.
  84. ↑ 84,0 84,1 Massaro, Gary. "'Put down the bombs now,' urges TV actor Blake", Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, May 9, 1986, page 1B.
  85. ↑ Smith, Steven Cole. "Actor Returns From Oblivion: Haunted by Childhood, Robert Blake 'Walked Away' for 6 Years", Fort Worth Star-Telegram wire service, via Omaha World-Herald, January 24, 1993, page 4-A.
  86. ↑ Robbins, Kathy, and William Couey. "Peace marchers hit the road again", Victorville Daily Press, March 10, 1986, pages A1 and A2.
  87. ↑ "Great Peace marchers spend Easter in desert", Associated Press, via Oroville Mercury Register, March 31, 1986, page 4B.
  88. ↑ "Peace marchers aim for Nevada", Associated Press, via Victorville Daily Press, April 1, 1986, page A-5.
  89. ↑ "Desert wind doesn't stop peace march", Associated Press, via Chico Enterprise-Record, April 2, 1986, page 3B.
  90. ↑ 90,0 90,1 "Peace march stalls again", Associated Press, via Victorville Daily Press, April 3, 1986, page A-10.
  91. ↑ "Great Peace March takes a break after facing a sandstorm", Associated Press, via Santa Rosa Press Democrat, April 4, 1986, page 2A.
  92. ↑ "Peace marchers in Nevada", UPI, via Simi Valley Enterprise, April 8, 1986, page 8.
  93. ↑ "Nevada slow going for peace marchers", Reno Gazette-Journal, April 10, 1986, page 1C.
  94. ↑ "Peace marchers reunited with jailed anti-nuke protesters", UPI, via Reno Gazette-Journal, April 17, 1986, page 2C.
  95. ↑ "Peace marchers plan to take a day's rest", Fresno Bee, April 18, 1986, page A4.
  96. ↑ "Peace marchers takes break", Reno Gazette-Journal, April 19, 1986, page 1C.
  97. ↑ Webb, Loren. "Peace march arrives in Dixie", St. George Daily Spectrum, April 22, 1986, front page and page 3.
  98. ↑ Dickson, Dan. "'Great Peace March' moves on", St. George Daily Spectrum, April 30, 1986, front page.
  99. ↑ "Marchers pass thru Washington County", Washington County News, April 23, 1986, front page.
  100. ↑ "Peace marchers walk 21 miles", UPI, via Troy Daily News, April 28, 1986, page 5.
  101. ↑ "Peace marchers a 'Children's Crusade'", UPI, via St. George Daily Spectrum, April 29, 1986, page 4.
  102. ↑ "Great Peace March Arrives In Beaver City", Beaver Press, May 1, 1986, front page.
  103. ↑ McMullin, Eric. "400 Peace Marchers Arrive in S.L. Filled With Hope Their Efforts Will Win Out", Salt Lake Tribune, May 4, 1986, pages 1B and 2B.
  104. ↑ "Marchers enter fifth state today", UPI, via St. George Daily Spectrum, May 6, 1986, page 4.
  105. ↑ Massaro, Gary. "Marchers cross into Colorado", Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, May 7, 1986, front page and 2B.
  106. ↑ Massaro, Gary. "Peace City's soul soggy, but devoted", Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, May 8, 1986, front page and 2B.
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  108. ↑ DeBruin, Courtney. "Dr. King's friend marches for peace", Grand Junction Daily Sentinel, May 11, 1986, pages 1C and 6C.
  109. ↑ "Peace marchers continue trek across western U.S.", Associated Press, via Idaho Statesman, May 13, 1986, page 3C.
  110. ↑ Dubin, Murray. "Peace march hits its stride in the Rockies", Philadelphia Inquirer, May 16, 1986, page 16A.
  111. ↑ "Great Peace March reaches highest point", Associated Press, via Allentown Morning Call, May 21, 1986, page A2.
  112. ↑ "Great Peace March across the divide", via Santa Cruz Sentinel, May 23, 1986, page A-24.
  113. ↑ "Peace march leaves Denver", Associated Press, via Hazleton Standard-Speaker, June 2, 1986, page 24.
  114. ↑ "Va. pupils support peace march", Associated Press, via Roanoke Times, June 4, 1986, page 1B.
  115. ↑ "Thunderstorms douse hundreds as peace march approaches state", Associated Press, via Kearney Hub, June 5, 1986, front page.
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  119. ↑ "Peace marchers heading for Paxton", Associated Press, via Beatrice Daily Sun, June 14, 1986, page A-7.
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  123. ↑ Taylor, Nancy. "Great Peace Marchers making final plans for weekend stops in Elm Creek, Kearney", Kearney Hub, June 19, 1986, front page and page 3A.
  124. ↑ "Members Of Peace March Leave Shelton Early For 22 Mile Walk To Grand Island", Associated Press, via Alliance Times-Herald, June 23, 1986, page 5.
  125. ↑ "Great Peace March headed for Aurora", Associated Press, via Scottsbluff Star-Herald, June 26, 1986, page 9.
  126. ↑ "Marchers told: Protest at Offutt on your own", Associated Press, via Scottsbluff Star-Herald, June 28, 1986, page 7.
  127. ↑ Boellstorff, Leslie. "Great Peace March coming to Lincoln", Lincoln Star, June 29, 1986, page 1B.
  128. ↑ "Peace City Moves Along Down the Road to Treynor", Omaha World-Herald, July 7, 1986, page 14.
  129. ↑ "In step with peace march", Des Moines Register, July 30, 1986, page 7A.
  130. ↑ Ricci, James. "A hard pace for peace", Detroit Free Press, July 27, 1986, pages 1K and 4K.
  131. ↑ Rasdale, Dave. "Peace March beds down in Brooklyn on way to East Coast", Cedar Rapids Gazette, July 23, 1986, page 14B.
  132. ↑ Singleton, Robyn Sue. "'I can't believe we've walked this far': Iowa City mother, son anticipate warm welcome", Iowa City Press-Citizen, July 25, 1986, page 2A.
  133. ↑ "Peace marchers locate a much-needed campsite", Iowa City Press-Citizen, July 23, 1986, page 2A.
  134. ↑ "Peace marchers plan 2-day visit", Iowa City Press-Citizen, July 22, 1986, page 2A.
  135. ↑ Blind, Kevin. "Peace marchers: Group enters this area next week", Muscatine Journal, July 26, 1986, front page and page 4A.
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  137. ↑ "Peace marchers leave Hillsdale for Lyndon", Moline Dispatch, August 4, 1986, page 8.
  138. ↑ "Peace march hits La Grange Park", Chicago Tribune, August 14, 1986, Section 2, page 6.
  139. ↑ Nikruto, Jean. "600 marchers to visit Region", The Times of Northwest Indiana, August 17, 1986, page A-3.
  140. ↑ "Great march enters state via Hammond", Associated Press, via Seymour Daily Tribune, August 20, 1986, page 22.
  141. ↑ "New Carlisle stop for 'March'", South Bend Tribune, August 13, 1986, page B3.
  142. ↑ Swiercz, Greg. "Peace March camps out in South Bend", South Bend Tribune, August 24, 1986, page B1.
  143. ↑ "Marchers head for Elkhart", South Bend Tribune, August 25, 1986, page B2.
  144. ↑ "Change camp", Bryan Times, August 29, 1986, page 11.
  145. ↑ Rockwell, Ron. "Peace marchers walk across Fulton County", Fulton County Expositor, September 4, 1986, page 3.
  146. ↑ Nichols, John. "Peace Marchers Taking Steps In Struggle For Nuclear Disarmament", Toledo Blade, September 5, 1986, page 13.
  147. ↑ Henson, Rich. "Mission changes the changers", Akron Beacon Journal, September 12, 1986, front page and page A6.
  148. ↑ "Great Peace March still on schedule", Associated Press, via Coshocton Tribune, September 10, 1986, page 3.
  149. ↑ "Peace march makes stop in Cleveland", Port Clinton News-Herald, September 13, 1986, page 3.
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  151. ↑ "Retooled march for peace arrives", Pittsburgh Press, September 23, 1986, pages B1 and B4.
  152. ↑ "700 reach North Park", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 23, 1986, page 4.
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  154. ↑ "Peace marchers visit Ligonier in march to D.C.", Latrobe Bulletin, September 30, 1986, front page.
  155. ↑ Luther, Jean. "Peace City is due", Latrobe Bulletin, September 24, 1986, page 15.
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