Английская Википедия:Great Seal of the Realm

An impression in wax of the Great Seal of the Realm (1953)

The Great Seal attached to the 2006 reissuance of the BBC Charter

The Great Seal of the Realm is a seal that is used to symbolise the sovereign's approval of state documents. It is also known as the Great Seal of the United Kingdom (known prior to the Treaty of Union of 1707 as the Great Seal of England; and from then until the Union of 1801 as the Great Seal of Great Britain). To make it, sealing wax is melted in a metal mould or matrix and impressed into a wax figure that is attached by cord or ribbon to documents that the monarch wishes to seal officially. The formal keeper of the seal is the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain.

Scotland has had its own great seal since the 14th century. The Acts of Union 1707, joining the kingdoms of Scotland and England, provided for the use of a single Great Seal for the new Kingdom of Great Britain.^[1] However, it also provided for the continued use of a separate Scottish seal to be used there, and this seal continues to be called the Great Seal of Scotland, although it is not technically one. Similarly, a separate Great Seal of Ireland, which had been used in Ireland since the 13th century, continued in use after the union of 1801, until the secession of the Irish Free State, after which a new Great Seal of Northern Ireland was created for use in Northern Ireland. A new Welsh Seal was introduced in 2011.

History

At some time before the year 1066 Edward the Confessor began to use a "Great Seal", which created a casting in wax of his own face, to signify that a document carried the force of his will. With some exceptions, each subsequent monarch up to 1603, when the king of Scotland succeeded to the throne of England, chose his or her own design for the Great Seal.

Levina Teerlinc is believed to have designed the seal of Queen Mary I, and also the earliest seal used by her successor Elizabeth I, in the 1540s.^[2]

Шаблон:Anchor When opening Parliament on 3 September 1654, the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell was escorted by the three "Commissioners of the Great Seal of the Commonwealth of England", who were Whitelock, Lisle, and Widdrington. This Seal was inscribed with "The Great Seal of England, 1648", displaying a map of England, Ireland, Jersey, and Guernsey on one side, with the Arms of England and Ireland. On the other side was shown the interior of the House of Commons, the Speaker in his chair, with the inscription, "In the first year of Freedom, by God's blessing restored, 1648." In 1655, Cromwell appointed three Commissioners of the Great Seal of Ireland, Richard Pepys, Chief Justice of the Upper Bench, Sir Gerard Lowther, Chief Justice of the Common Bench; and Miles Corbet, Chief Baron of the Exchequer. But they held the seal only until 1656, when Cromwell nominated William Steele, Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer in England, Lord Chancellor of Ireland.^[3]

In 1688, while attempting to flee to France during the Glorious Revolution, James II allegedly attempted to destroy his Great Seal by throwing it into the River Thames, in the hope that the machinery of government would cease to function. James's successors, William III and Mary II, used the same seal matrix in their new Great Seal. This may have been a deliberate choice, in order to imply the continuity of government. A new obverse was created, but the reverse was crudely adapted by inserting a female figure beside the male figure. When Mary died, the obverse returned to the design used by James II, while the female figure was deleted from the reverse. Thus, William III used a seal that was identical to James II's, except for changes to the legend and coat of arms.^[4]

Edward VIII, who abdicated only a few months after succeeding to the throne, never selected a design for his own seal and continued to use that of his predecessor, George V. Only one matrix of the Great Seal exists at a time, and since the wax used for the Great Seal has a high melting point, the silver plates that cast the seal eventually wear out. The longer-lived British monarchs have had several Great Seals during their reigns, and Queen Victoria had to select four different Great Seal designs during her sixty-three years on the throne.^[5]

The last seal matrix of Elizabeth II was authorised by the Privy Council in July 2001.^[6] It was designed by James Butler and replaced that of 1953, designed by Gilbert Ledward. The obverse shows the middle-aged Elizabeth II enthroned and robed, holding in her right hand a sceptre and in her left the orb. The circumscription is an abbreviated form of the royal titles in Шаблон:Lang-la.^[7] On the reverse are the full royal arms, including crest, mantling and supporters. This is the first time that the royal arms have provided the main design for one side of the English or British Great Seal. The obverse of the 1953 version depicted the Queen on horseback, dressed in uniform and riding sidesaddle, as she used to attend the annual Trooping the Colour ceremony for many years until the late 1980s. The seal's diameter is Шаблон:Convert, and the combined weight of both sides of the seal matrix exceeds Шаблон:Convert. Charles III, as of Шаблон:CURRENT YEAR, uses the seal of his mother and predecessor, having directed by Order in Council on 10 September 2022, "that the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain is authorised to make use of the Great Seal for sealing all things whatsoever that pass the Great Seal until another Great Seal be prepared and authorised by His Majesty".^[8]^[9]

Usage

The Great Seal is attached to the official documents of state that require the authorisation of the monarch to implement the advice of His Majesty's Government.

Under today's usage of the Great Seal, seals of dark green wax are affixed to letters patent elevating individuals to the peerage, blue seals authorise actions relating to the Royal family, and scarlet seals appoint bishops and implement various other affairs of state. In some cases the seal is replaced by a wafer version,^[10] a smaller representation of the obverse of the Great Seal embossed on coloured paper attached to the document being sealed. This simpler version is used for royal proclamations, letters patent granting royal assent to legislation, writs of summons to Parliament, licences for the election of bishops, commissions of the peace, and many other documents.^[11] It formerly constituted treason to forge the Great Seal.Шаблон:Sfn

The Great Seal of the Realm is in the custody of and is administered by the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. This office has been held jointly with that of Lord Chancellor since 1761. The current Lord Chancellor is Alex Chalk. The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 reiterates that the Lord Chancellor continues to be the custodian of the Great Seal.^[12] Though, in the past, the Great Seal has been delivered to and remained in the custody of the Sovereign when it has been used to seal instruments that related to or granted gifts or emoluments to the Lord Chancellor.Шаблон:Sfn

The Clerk of the Crown in Chancery, who is also Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Justice, heads His Majesty's Crown Office, and is responsible for the affixing of the Great Seal. They are assisted by the Deputy Clerk of the Crown. Day-to-day custody is entrusted to the Clerk of the Chamber, and subordinate staff include a Sealer and two Scribes to His Majesty's Crown Office.

Section 2 of the Great Seal Act 1884 governs the use of the Great Seal of the Realm:

Шаблон:Cquote

Inscriptions on the Great Seal

The Great Seal for each successive monarch is inscribed with the monarch's style (in Latin) on both sides of the seal. Some of those used in the past are shown below.Шаблон:Sfn^[13] Where the inscriptions on both sides of the seal are identical, only one is given. Where they are the same except for the use of abbreviations, the one with the fuller forms is given. Where they are different, they are shown separated by a slash.

Kingdom of England

Файл:King John's seal (16264365113).jpg

The Great Seal of King John

Edward the Confessor. SIGILLVM EADVVARDI ANGLORVM BASILEI
- Seal of Edward, Sovereign of the English.
William I. HOC NORMANNORVM WILLELMVM NOSCE PATRONVM SI / HOC ANGLIS REGEM SIGNO FATEARIS EVNDEM
- Know you this, William Patron of the Normans / By this sign recognise him King of the English
William II. WILLELMVS DEI GRATIA REX ANGLORVM
- William, by the grace of God, King of the English.
Henry I. HENRICVS DEI GRATIA REX ANGLORVM / HENRICVS DEI GRATIA DVX NORMANNORVM
- Henry, by the grace of God, King of the English / Henry, by the grace of God, Duke of the Normans.
Stephen. STEPHANVS DEI GRATIA REX ANGLORVM
- Stephen, by the grace of God, King of the English.
Henry II. HENRICVS DEI GRATIA REX ANGLORVM / HENR[ICVS] DEI GRA[TIA] DVX NORMANNORVM ET AQUIT[ANORVM] ET COM[ES] ANDEG[AVORVM]
- Henry, by the grace of God, King of the English / Henry, by the grace of God, Duke of the Normans and of the Aquitanians and Count of the Angevins.
Richard I. RICARDVS DEI GRATIA REX ANGLORVM / RICARDVS DEI GRATIA DVX NORMANNORVM ET AQUITANORVM ET COMES ANDEGAVORVM
- Richard, by the grace of God, King of the English / Richard, by the grace of God, Duke of the Normans and of the Aquitanians and Count of the Angevins.
John. IOHANNES DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE ET DOMINVS HIBERNIE / IOH[ANNE]S DVX NORMANNIE ET AQUITANIE COMES ANDEGAVIE
- John, by the grace of God, King of England and Lord of Ireland / John, Duke of Normandy and of Aquitaine, Count of Anjou.
Henry III. HENRICVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE DOMINVS HIBERNIE DVX AQUITANIE
- Henry, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Aquitaine.
Edward I. EDWARDVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE DOMINVS HYBERNIE DVX AQUITANIE
- Edward, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Aquitaine.
Edward II. EDWARDVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE DOMINVS HYBERNIE DVX AQUITANIE
- Edward, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Aquitaine.
Edward III. EDWARDVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE D[OMI]N[V]S HIBERNIE ET AQUITANIE
- Edward, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland and of Aquitaine.
Richard II. RICARDVS DEI GRACIA REX FRANCIE ET ANGLIE ET D[OMI]N[V]S HIBERNIE
- Richard, by the grace of God, King of France and England and Lord of Ireland.
Henry IV. HENRICVS DEI GRACIA REX FRANCIE ET ANGLIE ET D[OMI]N[V]S HIBERNIE
- Henry, by the grace of God, King of France and England and Lord of Ireland.
Henry V. HENRICVS DEI GRACIA REX FRANCIE ET ANGLIE ET D[OMI]N[V]S HIBERNIE / HENRICVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE ET FRANCIE ET DOMINUS HIBERNIE
- Henry, by the grace of God, King of France and England and Lord of Ireland / Henry, by the grace of God, King of England and France and Lord of Ireland.
Henry VI. HENRICVS DEI GRACIA FRANCORVM ET ANGLIE REX
- Henry, by the grace of God, of the French and of England, King.
Edward IV. EDWARDVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE & FRANCIE ET DOMINVS HIBERNIE
- Edward, by the grace of God, King of England and France and Lord of Ireland.
Richard III. RICARDVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE ET FRANCIE ET DOMINVS HIBERNIE
- Richard, by the grace of God, King of England and France and Lord of Ireland.
Henry VII. HENRICVS DEI GRACIA REX ANGLIE ET FRANCIE ET DOMINVS HIBERNIE
- Henry, by the grace of God, King of England and France and Lord of Ireland.
Henry VIII. HENRICVS OCTAV[V]S DEI GRATIA ANGLIE ET FRANCIE ET HIBERNIE REX FIDEI DEFE[N]SOR ET [IN] TER[R]A ECCLESIA[E] A[N]GLICANE ET HIBERNICE SVPREM[VM] CA[PVT]
- Henry the Eighth, by the grace of God, of England and France and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, and on Earth, of the English and Irish Church, Supreme Head.
Edward VI. ... EDWARDI SEXTI DEI GRATIA ANGLIE FRANCIE / ET HIBERNIE REX FIDEI DEFE[N]SOR ET IN TERRA ECCLESIE ANGLICANE ET HIBERNICE SVPREMVM CAPVT
- ... of Edward the Sixth, by the grace of God of England, France / and of Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, and on Earth, of the English and Irish Church, Supreme Head.
Mary I. MARIA D[EI] G[RATIA] ANGLIE FRANCIE ET HIBERNIE REGINA EIVS NOMINIS PRIMA FIDEI DEFENSOR
- Mary, by the grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, Queen, first of that name, Defender of the Faith.
Philip and Mary I. PHILIP ET MARIA D G REX ET REGINA ANGL HISPANIAR FRANC VTRIVSQ SICILE IERVSALEM ET HIB FIDEI DEFENSOR^[14]^[15]
- Philip and Mary by the grace of God King and Queen of England, the Spains, France, both Sicilies, Jerusalem and Ireland, Defender of the Faith
Elizabeth I. ELIZABETHA DEI GRACIA ANGLIE FRANCIE ET HIBERNIE REGINA FIDEI DEFENSOR
- Elizabeth, by the grace of God, of England, France and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith.

Union of the Crowns

Файл:St Mary Magdalene, Croome, Worcs - Monument to 1st Baron Coventry (1578–1640) detail 3.JPG

Depiction of the Great Seal of the Realm (Charles I) on a 17th-century funerary monument (St Mary Magdalene's Church, Croome D'Abitot, Worcestershire)


Sovereign	Period	Latin inscriptions	Translations
James VI and I Шаблон:Sfn	1st seal 19 July 1603–1605 2nd seal 1605–1625	Шаблон:Lang (seal and counterseal)	James, by the grace of God of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith.
Charles I Шаблон:Sfn	1st seal 1625–1627	Шаблон:Lang	Charles, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, Шаблон:Lang.
	1st seal 1625–1627	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)
	2nd seal 1627–1640	Шаблон:Lang	Charles, by the grace of God of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, 1627.
	2nd seal 1627–1640	Шаблон:Lang(counterseal)	Charles, by the grace of God of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith.
	3rd seal 1640–May 1646	Шаблон:Lang	Charles, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, 1640.
	3rd seal 1640–May 1646	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)
	4th seal 30 November 1643–7 February 1649	Шаблон:Lang	Charles, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, 1643.
	4th seal 30 November 1643–7 February 1649	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)

Interregnum


	Period	Inscriptions	Translations
Commonwealth Шаблон:Sfn	1st seal 8 February 1649–26 March 1651	Шаблон:Smallcaps
	1st seal 8 February 1649–26 March 1651	Шаблон:Smallcaps (counterseal)
	2nd seal 26 March 1651–Шаблон:Circa (1st period) 14 May 1659–28 May 1660 (2nd period)	Шаблон:Smallcaps
		Шаблон:Smallcaps (counterseal)
Oliver Cromwell Шаблон:Sfn	1st seal 1655–1657 2nd seal 1657–1659	Шаблон:Lang	The Great Seal of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Шаблон:Lang.
Oliver Cromwell Шаблон:Sfn	1st seal 1655–1657 2nd seal 1657–1659	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)	Oliver, by the grace of God of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Шаблон:Lang, Protector.
Richard Cromwell Шаблон:Sfn	1658–14 May 1659	Шаблон:Lang	The Great Seal of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Шаблон:Lang.
Richard Cromwell Шаблон:Sfn	1658–14 May 1659	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)	Richard, by the grace of God of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Шаблон:Lang, Protector.

(Restored)


Sovereign	Period	Latin inscriptions	Translations
Charles II Шаблон:Sfn	1st seal 1649–1651	unknown
	2nd seal 1653–17 June 1663	Шаблон:Lang	Charles II, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, 1653.
	2nd seal 1653–17 June 1663	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)
	3rd seal 17 June 1663–19 April 1672	Шаблон:Lang	Charles II, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith.
	3rd seal 17 June 1663–19 April 1672	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)
	4th seal 19 April 1672–21 October 1685	Шаблон:Lang	Charles the Second, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith.
	4th seal 19 April 1672–21 October 1685	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)
James VII and II Шаблон:Sfn	21 October 1685–10 December 1688	Шаблон:Lang	James the Second, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, Шаблон:Lang.
James VII and II Шаблон:Sfn	21 October 1685–10 December 1688	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)
William III and Mary II Шаблон:Sfn	1689–1695	Шаблон:Lang	William III and Mary II, by the grace of God of England, France, and Ireland King and Queen, Defenders of the Faith, Шаблон:Lang.
William III and Mary II Шаблон:Sfn	1689–1695	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)
William III Шаблон:Sfn	1695–11 November 1702	Шаблон:Lang	William III, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, Шаблон:Lang.
William III Шаблон:Sfn	1695–11 November 1702	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)
Anne Шаблон:Sfn	1st seal 11 November 1702–1707	Шаблон:Lang	Anne, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Шаблон:Lang.
Anne Шаблон:Sfn	1st seal 11 November 1702–1707	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)

Kingdom of Great Britain


Sovereign	Period	Latin inscriptions	Translations
Anne Шаблон:Sfn	2nd seal 1707–17 June 1715	Шаблон:Lang	Anne, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Шаблон:Lang.
Anne Шаблон:Sfn	2nd seal 1707–17 June 1715	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)	Britannia, in the sixth year of Queen Anne.
George I Шаблон:Sfn	17 June 1715–12 June 1728	Шаблон:Lang	George, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, ...
George I Шаблон:Sfn	17 June 1715–12 June 1728	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)	... of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector, Шаблон:Lang.
George II Шаблон:Sfn	12 June 1728–3 August 1764	Шаблон:Lang	George II, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, ...
George II Шаблон:Sfn	12 June 1728–3 August 1764	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)	... of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector, Шаблон:Lang.
George III Шаблон:Sfn	1st seal 3 August 1764–23 March 1784	Шаблон:Lang	George III, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, ...
	1st seal 3 August 1764–23 March 1784	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)	... of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector, Шаблон:Lang.
	2nd seal 25 March 1784–15 April 1785	Шаблон:Lang	George III, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, ...
	2nd seal 25 March 1784–15 April 1785	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)	... of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector, Шаблон:Lang.
	3rd seal 15 April 1785–1 January 1801	Шаблон:Lang	George III, by the grace of God of Great Britain, France, and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith, of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector, Шаблон:Lang.
	3rd seal 15 April 1785–1 January 1801	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)

United Kingdom

Файл:Seal charter Cathedral Saint Alban 1900.jpg

Great Seal of the Realm of Queen Victoria attached to the charter incorporating the Dean and Chapter of the Cathedral of Saint Alban, 1900.


Sovereign	Period	Latin inscriptions	Translations
George III Шаблон:Sfn	4th seal 1 January 1801–1 August 1815	Шаблон:Lang	George III, by the grace of God of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith, of Brunswick and Lüneburg Duke, of the Holy Roman Empire Arch-treasurer and Prince-Elector, Шаблон:Lang.
	4th seal 1 January 1801–1 August 1815	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)
	5th seal 1 August 1815–17 September 1821	Шаблон:Lang	George the Third, by the grace of God of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith.
	5th seal 1 August 1815–17 September 1821	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)	and, on Earth, of the Anglican and Hibernican Church the Supreme Head.
George IV Шаблон:Sfn	17 September 1821–31 August 1831	Шаблон:Lang	George the Fourth, by the grace of God of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith.
William IV Шаблон:Sfn	31 August 1831–18 July 1838	Шаблон:Lang	William the Fourth, by the grace of God of the Britains King, Defender of the Faith.
Victoria Шаблон:Sfn^[16]	1st seal 18 July 1838–23 January 1860	Шаблон:Lang	Victoria, by the grace of God of the Britains Queen, Defender of the Faith.
	2nd seal 23 January 1860–14 August 1878
	3rd seal 14 August 1878–1899
	4th seal 1899–1904	Шаблон:Lang	Victoria, by the grace of God of the Britains Queen, Defender of the Faith, of India Empress.
Edward VII^[17]	1904–13 February 1912	Шаблон:Lang	Edward VII, by the grace of God of the Britains and of the lands across the sea which are in the British Dominion King, Defender of the Faith, of India Emperor.
George V^[18]^[19]	1st seal 13 February 1912–28 March 1930	Шаблон:Lang	George V, by the grace of God of the Britains and of the lands across the sea which are in the British Dominion King, Defender of the Faith, of India Emperor.
George V^[18]^[19]	2nd seal 28 March 1930–28 February 1938	Шаблон:Lang	George V, by the grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Lands across the sea which are in the British Dominion King, Defender of the Faith, of India Emperor.
George VI^[20]	28 February 1938–1953	Шаблон:Lang	George VI, by the grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Lands across the sea which are in the British Dominion, King, Defender of the Faith, of India Emperor.
George VI^[20]	28 February 1938–1953	Шаблон:Lang (counterseal)	George VI, by the grace of God King.
Elizabeth II^[21]^[22]^[23]	1st seal 1953–18 July 2001	Шаблон:Lang (obverse)	Elizabeth II, by the grace of God of the Britains and of her other realms Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
	1st seal 1953–18 July 2001	Шаблон:Lang (reverse)	Elizabeth II, by the grace of God of the Britains Queen, Defender of the Faith.
	2nd seal 18 July 2001–present	Шаблон:Lang	Elizabeth II, by the grace of God of the Britains and of her other realms Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Шаблон:Sister project auto Шаблон:NIE Poster

Great Seal at British monarchy website
Great Seals of State
mould (matrix) used to make Great Seal of Scotland @ Queen Elizabeth II and Scotland webpage

↑ Article XXIV
↑ Шаблон:Cite book
↑ James Roderick O'Flanagan, The lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of Ireland, from the earliest times to the reign of Queen Victoria, (1870), Chapter XXV. Custody of the Great Seal During The Commonwealth.
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ Шаблон:Cite news
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ In full: Шаблон:Lang. This is the official English form of the royal title is slightly different: Elizabeth II by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite book
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web

[1] Article XXIV

[2] Шаблон:Cite book

[3] James Roderick O'Flanagan, The lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of Ireland, from the earliest times to the reign of Queen Victoria, (1870), Chapter XXV. Custody of the Great Seal During The Commonwealth.

[4] Шаблон:Cite journal

[victoria-5] Шаблон:Cite news

[current-6] Шаблон:Cite web

[7] In full: Шаблон:Lang. This is the official English form of the royal title is slightly different: Elizabeth II by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.

[8] Шаблон:Cite web

[9] Шаблон:Cite web

[10] Шаблон:Cite web

[11] Шаблон:Cite web

[12] Шаблон:Cite web

[13] Шаблон:Cite book

[14] Шаблон:Cite web

[15] Шаблон:Cite web

[16] Шаблон:Cite web

[17] Шаблон:Cite web

[18] Шаблон:Cite web

[19] Шаблон:Cite web

[20] Шаблон:Cite web

[21] Шаблон:Cite web

[22] Шаблон:Cite web

[23] Шаблон:Cite web

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Разное	Викиум - Онлайн-тренажер для мозга Like Центр - Центр поддержки и развития предпринимательства. Gamersbay - лучший магазин по бустингу для World of Warcraft. Ноотропы OmniMind N°1 - Усиливает мозговую активность. Повышает мотивацию. Улучшает память. Санкт-Петербургская школа телевидения - это федеральная сеть образовательных центров, которая имеет филиалы в 37 городах России. Lingualeo.com — интерактивный онлайн-сервис для изучения и практики английского языка в увлекательной игровой форме. Junyschool (Джунискул) – международная школа программирования и дизайна для детей и подростков от 5 до 17 лет, где ученики осваивают компьютерную грамотность, развивают алгоритмическое и креативное мышление, изучают основы программирования и компьютерной графики, создают собственные проекты: игры, сайты, программы, приложения, анимации, 3D-модели, монтируют видео. Умназия - Интерактивные онлайн-курсы и тренажеры для развития мышления детей 6-13 лет SkillBox - это один из лидеров российского рынка онлайн-образования. Среди партнеров Skillbox ведущий разработчик сервисного дизайна AIC, медиа-компания Yoola, первое и самое крупное русскоязычное аналитическое агентство Tagline, онлайн-школа дизайна и иллюстрации Bang! Bang! Education, оператор PR-рынка PACO, студия рисования Draw&Go, агентство performance-маркетинга Ingate, scrum-студия Sibirix, имидж-лаборатория Персона. «Нетология» — это университет по подготовке и дополнительному обучению специалистов в области интернет-маркетинга, управления проектами и продуктами, дизайна, Data Science и разработки. В рамках Нетологии студенты получают ценные теоретические знания от лучших экспертов Рунета, выполняют практические задания на отработку полученных навыков, общаются с экспертами и единомышленниками. Познакомиться со всеми продуктами подробнее можно на сайте https://netology.ru, линейка курсов и профессий постоянно обновляется. StudyBay Brazil – это онлайн биржа для португалоговорящих студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт. Автор24 — самая большая в России площадка по написанию учебных работ: контрольные и курсовые работы, дипломы, рефераты, решение задач, отчеты по практике, а так же любой другой вид работы. Сервис сотрудничает с более 70 000 авторов. Более 1 000 000 работ уже выполнено. StudyBay – это онлайн биржа для англоязычных студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт.

Английская Википедия:Great Seal of the Realm

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