Английская Википедия:Gunfleet Sands Offshore Wind Farm
Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox power station Шаблон:Maplink Gunfleet Sands Offshore Wind Farm is a 172 MW wind farm about Шаблон:Convert off the Clacton-on-Sea coast in the Northern Thames Estuary.
The 108 MW Gunfleet Sands 1 wind farm gained planning consent in 2003/4; in 2006 DONG Energy (now Ørsted) acquired the project and submitted an application for a second 64 MW windfarm Gunfleet Sands 2 adjacent to the first, which received consent in 2008. Construction of both mounting Siemens Wind Power SWT-3.6-107 turbines took place between 2008 and 2010.
In 2010 planning began on a demonstration project Gunfleet Sands 3, used to test Siemens' 6 MW wind turbine model; two such turbines were installed in 2013.
Gunfleet Sands 1 & 2
Gunfleet Sands 1 & 2 are 7 km southeast of Clacton-on-Sea, Essex; in water at depths of Шаблон:Convert (given spring-to-neap tidal range of about 4.6 m); Gunfleet 1 consists of 30 turbines in a 5×6 array, whilst Gunfleet 2 consists of a 9×2 array adjacent, to the southeast; the installed capacities are 108 and 64 MW respectively. The average wind speed is Шаблон:Convert at 60 m elevation.Шаблон:Sfn
The turbines connect to a 33 kV offshore substation, which steps up the transmission voltage to 132 kV; the export cable makes landfall at Holland Haven (next to Holland-on-Sea), and underground cables connect it to the National Grid at the Cooks Green substation.[1][2]
Development
Such development near Clacton-on-Sea began in 1996 under Windmaster Developments;[3] Windmaster was acquired by Enron in 2000, and passed to General Electric (GE Wind Energy) in 2002.[4] A Round 1 concession for the development was awarded in 2001, and planning consents obtained in 2003/4.Шаблон:Sfn[5][6]
In June 2006 a consent application and environmental statement was submitted to the Department of Trade and Industry for permission to build and operate an extension (Gunfleet Sands 2) to the consented project: up to 22 further turbines with an additional capacity of 64 MW.[7] In December 2006 DONG Energy acquired the 100-megawatt "Gunfleet 1" project from GE.[8]
A contract for 30 Siemens Wind Power 3.6 MW turbines was signed in April 2007.[9]
The application for Gunfleet Sands 2 rested with decision maker the Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform in June 2007,[10] who gave its permission the next year.Шаблон:Sfn
Construction
Construction began in 2008, with initial work including onshore infrastructure and cable installation.[10] A formal groundbreaking ceremony was held in April 2008.[11] The first turbine was installed in April 2009.[12]
MT Højgaard was contracted to instal the monopile foundations; work started in October 2008;[13] Sif supplied the monopiles and transition pieces,[14] and Smulders supplied the wind turbine foundations,[15]
The cabling was supplied by Prysmian,[16][17] Bladt Industries constructed the offshore monopile substation superstructure,[17][18] with electrical equipment supplied by Areva T&D and ABB Group.[17]
Construction of the wind farm was delayed, due to cable layer Oceanteam going into administration in May 2009 and the breakdown of liftboat KS Titan 2.[19]
Electrical generation began in August 2009.[20] The wind farm was fully operational by March 2010; the wind farm was formally opened on 15 June 2010 by Anders Eldrup (DONG Energy) and the UK's Energy Minister Charles Hendry. Cost of the development was 4 billion Danish Kroner.[21] Large-scale development of British wind farms was enabled by their kickstart subsidies: set in 2010 at a long term rate of 1.20 Danish Kroner per kWh, compared to about 0.50 Kroner (Horns Rev 2) in Denmark.[22]
An operations and servicing center was built in Brightlingsea, Essex where a former boatyard stood.[23][24][25]
Operational history
The wind farm produced between 450 and 520 GWh between 2010 and 2012, with a capacity factor of 31–35% (2011/12).[26] Its levelised cost has been put at £122 per MWh.[27]
The transmission assets were divested in July 2011 to TC Gunfleet Sands OFTO Limited due to regulatory change.[28]
In September 2011 Marubeni Corporation acquired a 49.9% shareholding of the farm for £200 million.[29] In 2013 Marubeni divested part of its stake to the Development Bank of Japan.[30]
During the St Jude storm of October 2013, wind speeds of Шаблон:Convert were measured at the wind farm.[31]
Gunfleet Sands 3
Ambit
A planning application for the Gunfleet Sands 3 - Demonstration Project (GFS 3) was submitted in 2010. The project consisted of a wind farm about Шаблон:Convert 8.5 km southeast of Clacton. It was for testing new wind farm equipment ready for the Round 3 wind farm letting process. Two wind turbine installations were proposed.[32]
The development required a separate export cable and grid connection to the prior farm; a planning application for the onshore electrical facilities and cabling was submitted in November 2011.[33]
Suppliers
Inter-array and export cables (at 33 kV) were supplied by JDR Cables.[34]
The monopile foundations and transition pieces were supplied by Bladt Industries and installed by Ballast Nedam in 2012.[35][36] Two Siemens 6MW turbines were installed in January 2013 by A2SEA.[37]
Productivity
The site began generating power in April 2013.[38] A blade replacement took place in mid 2013 after one of the tips was damaged.[39] The facility was officially opened on 12 September 2013 by UK Energy Minister Greg Barker.[40][41]
See also
- Wind power in the United Kingdom
- List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom
- List of offshore wind farms in the North Sea
- List of offshore wind farms
References
Sources
- Gunfleet 1 & 2
- Gunfleet 3
External links
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Cbignore
Шаблон:Wind power in the United Kingdom Шаблон:South East powerstations
- ↑ About Gunfleet Sands (Dong) Offshore substation
- ↑ Sources:
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- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Шаблон:Dead linkШаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 Gunfleet Sands Offshore Wind Farm (LORC) Substations, Inter-Array & Export Cables
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ About Gunfleet Sands (Dong) Operation and maintenance
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Gunfleet Sands Offshore Wind Farm (LORC) Production & Performance
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Gunfleet Sands 3 - Environmental statement (Non-tech.) (December 2010) pp.2,3
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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