Английская Википедия:HMS Turbulent (N98)

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Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristics

HMS Turbulent (N98) was a T-class submarine of the Royal Navy. It was laid down by Vickers Armstrong, Barrow and launched in May 1941.

Career

Turbulent spent most of her career serving in the Mediterranean. In that time she sank the following ships:

• Six Greek sailing vessels: the Prodromos, Aghios Apostolos, Aghios Yonizov, Evangelista, Aghios Dyonysios and Aghia Traio.
• Nine Italian merchants: Rosa M., Delia, Bolsena, Capo Arma, Regulus, Marte, Vittoria Beraldo, Pozzuoli and San Vincenzo
• The Italian sailing vessels Franco, San Giusto, Gesù Giuseppe e Maria and Pier Delle Vigne
• The Italian Шаблон:Sclass2 Шаблон:Ship
• The wreck of the Шаблон:Ship which had grounded near Cape Bon on 1 June 1942 and was finally destroyed by Turbulent
• The German ship Kreta
• The German auxiliary submarine tender Bengasi
• The Italian tanker Шаблон:SS

Turbulent also damaged the Italian tanker Pozarica and the Italian cargo ship Шаблон:MV. Nino Bixio was carrying more than 3,000 Allied prisoners of war, of whom 336 were killed by either the explosion or drowning.

She also launched unsuccessful attacks on the following ships:

• An unidentified submarine off Fiume
• The Italian merchantmen Anna Maria Gualdi and Sestriere
• The Шаблон:GS, in two attacks
• The German transport Ankara
• The Italian armed merchant cruiser Ramb III which was damaged by Turbulent while in Benghazi harbour
• The small Italian passenger / cargo vessel Principessa Mafalda

Sinking

On 23 February 1943 Turbulent sailed from Algiers for a patrol in the Tyrrhenian Sea. On 1 March is assumed that she torpedoed and sank the steamer San Vincenzo. On 3 March she shelled and sank the Italian motorsailers Gesù Giuseppe e Maria and Pier Delle Vigne. On 12 March the anti-submarine trawler Teti II sighted the periscope and conning tower of a submarine and attacked. Although the success of the attack is not sure, as a matter of fact Turbulent did not respond to any further messages and did not return when expected on 23 March. So, it was thought for a long time that either Turbulent fell victim of the Teti II attack or of a mine off Maddalena, Sardinia. This was actually refuted in a letter from Lt-cdr P K Kemp of the Royal Navy Historical Branch to Admiral Fioravanzo of the Italian Navy in February 1959 . The letter is held in the files of Ufficio Storico. M. M. More recent research, however, suggests that the action of 12 March 1943 was actually against the Шаблон:Ship (which survived) and that Turbulent may have been sunk on 6 March 1943 by depth charges dropped by the Шаблон:Ship off Punta Licosa, south of Naples.

Aftermath

Turbulent sank a huge amount of enemy shipping and endured numerous attacks. The Royal history saying "Turbulent sank over 90,000 tons of enemy shipping. She was depth charged on over 250 occasions by enemy forces hunting her.

In recognition of this achievement, and the gallantry of Turbulent's crew, her commander, John Wallace Linton, Шаблон:Post-nominals was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross in May 1943.

References

• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite Colledge2006
• Шаблон:Cite book