Английская Википедия:HM Prison Shepton Mallet

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HMP Shepton Mallet, sometimes known as Cornhill, is a former prison in Shepton Mallet, Somerset, England. When it closed in 2013, it was the United Kingdom's oldest operating prison, following the closure of HMP Lancaster Castle in 2011.[1] Before closure, Shepton Mallet was a category C lifer prison holding 189 prisoners. The prison building is Grade II* listed,[2] while the former gatehouse and perimeter walls are Grade II.[3]

The prison was opened before 1625 but was already in poor repair by the end of the First English Civil War in 1646. It was expanded in 1790 but conditions were again criticised in a report of 1822 and further building work was undertaken in the 1820s and 1830s. This included the installation of a treadwheel for those sentenced to hard labour. In 1843 the number of cells was increased by adding a second storey to each wing. The prison was damaged during a fire in 1904. In 1930 the number of inmates had fallen and the prison was closed.

Following the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the prison was reopened as a military prison. It was initially used by the British Army and later by American forces who constructed a new execution block to hang condemned prisoners. It was also used for the storage of important historical documents from the Public Record Office in London, including Domesday Book. Following the war the prison continued as a military "glasshouse" until it was returned to civilian use in 1966.

The prison was decommissioned in 2013 and now serves as a tourist attraction, with guided tours and other activities.

History prior to the Second World War

Файл:HMP Shepton Mallet March 2018 01.jpg
The exercise yard

17th and 18th centuries

The prison was established as a house of correction in 1625 to comply with the 1610 Bridewell Act of King James I requiring that every county have such a house.[4] The building and surrounding land of Шаблон:Convert was bought from the Reverend Edward Barnard for £160.Шаблон:Sfn In the 17th century Shepton Mallet was not the only place of imprisonment in Somerset: the County Gaol was in Ilchester;[5] there was another house of correction at Ilchester; and one at Taunton.Шаблон:Sfn

At the time all prisonersШаблон:Sndmen, women and childrenШаблон:Sndwere held together in reportedly dreadful conditions. The gaoler was not paid, instead making an income from fees from his prisoners; for example, for providing them with liquor.Шаблон:Sfn By the end of the First English Civil War in 1646 the house of correction was described as being in poor repair.Шаблон:Sfn During the Bloody Assizes following the Monmouth Rebellion at least 12 local men were held at the gaol before being hanged, drawn and quartered at the Market Cross.[6]Шаблон:Sfn

In 1773, a commissioner appointed by Parliament to inspect prisons around the country reported that sanitation at Shepton Mallet House of Correction was extremely poor. He said:

Шаблон:Quote

In 1790 additional land was purchased to extend the prison, and around this time men and women began to be held in separate areas. Further extensions were carried out from 1817 to 1822, with the prison holding about 200 prisoners.Шаблон:Sfn

19th century

Файл:HMP Shepton Mallet March 2018 32.jpg
The treadwheel was in the ground floor of this building.

A report into the state of prisons in Somerset by Sir John Hippisley of Ston Easton Park in 1822 criticised the conditions in which prisoners were held. He proposed a five-year plan to expand the prison at a cost of £5,000.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1823, a large treadwheel, designed by William Cubitt and built by Stotherts of Bath, later Stothert & Pitt, was installed within the prison, in the 1840s Stotherts were contracted as engineers to build the new Bath City Gaol in Twerton, and later went on to build the treadwheel at that prison. The building for the treadwheel and other new buildings were designed by George Allen Underwood.[7] Men who had been sentenced to hard labour would serve their punishment on this.[7] 40 men would tread the wheel for many hours at a time, a punishment which was recorded as causing hernias in some convicts.Шаблон:Sfn The wheel was used to power a grain mill situated outside the prison wall. The wheel remained in use until 1890. Other prisoners were engaged in breaking stones which were used for roadbuilding, oakum picking (unpicking old ropes) and other tasks.Шаблон:Sfn

Further building work to designs by Richard Carver, the county surveyor, was undertaken in the 1830s and 1840s.[7][8] This included the rebuilding of the front range and the addition of the gatehouse.[2] The chapel was built in 1840.Шаблон:Sfn The wings were adapted and a second storey added to each one. Additional building work completed the enclosure of the quadrangle or exercise yard.[2]

In 1842 inspectors appointed by the government reported that Shepton Mallet prison was:

Шаблон:Quote

Ilchester Gaol closed in 1843, with the inmates being transferred to Shepton Mallet and Taunton.Шаблон:Sfn In 1845 the prison was recorded as holding 270 prisoners. By 1897 the population was only 61, overseen by a governor, three warders, six assistant warders and a night watchman. Other staff included a chaplain and assistant chaplain, a surgeon, a matron and a school master.Шаблон:Sfn In 1884 it was designated as the county gaol for Somerset under the Prison Act 1877.[2]

1904 fire

Файл:HMP Shepton Mallet March 2018 12.jpg
C wing, 2018

At 10:15Шаблон:Nbsppm on Saturday 2 July 1904 a fire, believed to have been started by a prisoner about half an hour earlier, was discovered in C block.[9] The alarm was raised by the ringing of the prison bell and the prisoners were evacuated to the prison chapel. Within ten minutes the town fire brigade, which was provided by the Anglo-Bavarian Brewery, was in attendance. They were joined at about midnight by the Wells brigade and at about 3:00Шаблон:Nbspam by the Frome and Glastonbury brigades. The fire had spread quickly within C block and was fought by prisoners, warders and firemen working together; prisoners helped to man the hoses and worked the fire engine pumps in shifts.Шаблон:Sfn

Despite the opportunity offered by the disruption, no prisoner attempted to escape.[10] There were no fatalities as a result of the fire, and no major injuries. Whilst contemporary photographs show that the roof of C block was substantially destroyed, the building itself, being constructed of stone and concrete, remained nearly intact. Consequently it was not necessary to transfer any prisoners to other jails.Шаблон:Sfn

Closure in 1930

In 1930 the Prisoner Commissioners recommended to the Government that Shepton Mallet Prison should be closed because it was under-used,[11] having an average population in previous years of only 51 inmates.Шаблон:Sfn The prison closed in September of that year,[2] with the prisoners and some of the staff transferring to other jails in neighbouring counties.Шаблон:Sfn The prison remained empty except for a caretaker until the outbreak of the Second World War.Шаблон:Sfn

Civilian executions

Файл:HM Prison Shepton Mallet 06.jpg
The execution room, 2018

The total number of executions at Shepton Mallet in its early years is unknown. Seven judicial executions took place within the prison walls between 1889 and 1926:

Their remains were buried in unmarked graves within the walls of the prison, as was customary following British executions.[13]

Use during the Second World War

The prison was reopened for British military use in October 1939.Шаблон:Sfn It soon housed 300 men from all three armed services, with some having to live in huts in the prison yard.Шаблон:Sfn

In November 1940 three British soldiers, who were incarcerated in room 142 close to the B1 landing died of asphyxiation/carbon monoxide poisoning. Another soldier, also held in the same room survived. The names of the soldiers who died were Frank Girvan (of Fife), Glen Roy Williams (Bridgend) and Harold Smith (Manchester).[14]

Public Records storage

With the outbreak of war the prison also took into protective storage many important historical documents from the Public Record Office in London, including the Domesday Book,Шаблон:Sfn[12] the logbooks of Шаблон:HMS, the Olive Branch Petition (1775), and dispatches from the Battle of Waterloo. In all about 300 tons of records were transported to Shepton Mallet.Шаблон:Sfn Some documents, but not Domesday Book, were moved out of Shepton Mallet on 5Шаблон:NbspJuly 1942 due to concern at the concentration of important items being held in one place, especially with German bombs falling on nearby Bath and Bristol. During their time at Shepton Mallet the archives were still able to be accessed.Шаблон:Sfn The archives were returned to London after the end of the war, between 10Шаблон:NbspJuly 1945 and 1Шаблон:NbspFebruary 1946.Шаблон:Sfn

American military use

Файл:HMP Shepton Mallet March 2018 20.jpg
A wing, 2018

Between mid-1942 and September 1945 the prison was used by the American military as the "6833rd Guardhouse Overhead Detachment", later "The Headquarters 2912th Disciplinary Training CenterШаблон:SndAPO 508 United States Army". The prison was entirely staffed by American military personnel during this period. The first commandant was Lieutenant Colonel James P. Smith of the 707th Military Police Battalion.Шаблон:Sfn

At times during its use by the Americans Shepton Mallet held many more men than it had before. At the end of 1944 there were 768 soldiers imprisoned, guarded by 12 officers and 82 enlisted men.Шаблон:Sfn

American military executions

Under the provisions of the United States of America (Visiting Forces) Act 1942, 18 American servicemen were executed at the prison: sixteen were hanged in the execution block and two were shot by a firing squad in the prison yard. Three of the hangings were double executions, i.e. two condemned prisoners stood together on the gallows and were executed simultaneously when the trap-door opened.Шаблон:Sfn

Of the 18 men executed, eight were convicted of murder, six of rape (which had not been a capital offence in the United Kingdom since 1841), and four of both crimes. A Channel 4 film claimed that a disproportionate number of black soldiers were executed. Although the U.S. military was 90% white, 10 of the 18 men executed there were black and three were Hispanic.[15]

The Americans constructed a small, two-storey building containing a gallows (of identical design to those used in British prisons) adjoining one of the prison wings.[16] The flat-roofed execution block has a single window, approximately one metre above the trap-door. There is an external wooden door on the ground floor which gives access to the area underneath the trapdoor. It was through this door that the bodies of executed prisoners were removed. The barred steel mortuary door, located below C wing, directly faces the external wooden door to the execution block. The execution block is sandwiched tightly between two much larger buildings, close to the rear of the prison. Visually, it clashes with the other architecture because it is made of red brick, whereas the rest of the prison is constructed from stone.[17][18]

The executioner at most of the hangings was Thomas William Pierrepoint, assisted mainly by his more-famous nephew Albert Pierrepoint, though some other assistant executioners were used, e.g. Alex Riley and Herbert Morris.[19][20] Executions by hanging took place after midnight, at around 1:00Шаблон:Nbspam. Albert Pierrepoint is known to have disapproved of the Americans' practice of reading out to the condemned man as he stood on the trap-door the details of his offence and sentence, then allowing him to make a final statement. He said:

Шаблон:Quote

The names and dates of American military executions are as follows:Шаблон:Sfn

Initially, the remains of American prisoners executed at Shepton Mallet were interred in unmarked graves at "Plot X" in Brookwood Cemetery, Surrey. Plot X was located in a distant corner of the cemetery, away from the other plots and adjacent to tool sheds and a compost heap. Executed prisoners interred there were not given coffins, but were put into cotton mattress covers and buried in individual graves under numbered markers. Plot X had room for one hundred graves and was the first effort to segregate executed Army prisoners from those who had been killed in combat.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1949, all eighteen bodies were exhumed. The remains of David Cobb were repatriated to his home of Dothan, Alabama.Шаблон:Sfn The remaining 17 were reburied in Plot E at Oise-Aisne American Cemetery and Memorial in France. Plot E is a private section intended for the "dishonoured dead" which is situated across the road from the main cemetery. Visits to Plot E are not encouraged. Public access is difficult because the area is concealed, surrounded by bushes, and is closed to visitors.[23] In any case, all the grave markers in Plot E bear only numbers (not names), which makes identification of individual soldiers impossible without the key. The US government published a list identifying the occupants of each grave in 2009.[24]

British military use

Файл:HMP Shepton Mallet March 2018 26.jpg
The inside of the main entrance

In September 1945 the prison was once again taken over by the British Army and became a British military prison ("glasshouse") for service personnel. It was used for soldiers who were going to be discharged after serving their sentence, provided that sentences were less than two years. (If more than two years, the sentence was served in a civilian prison.)[25]

Amongst the soldiers held here were the Kray twins who, while serving out their national service in the gaol after absconding, met Charlie Richardson.[26] Discipline was very strict and the punishments meted out to prisoners were reportedly extremely severe.[25] On 10Шаблон:NbspMarch 1959 a riot (officially termed a mutiny) began in the dining hall. Thirteen soldiers were subsequently tried by court martial,[27] and five were sentenced to three years' imprisonment; the remainder were acquitted.Шаблон:Sfn

Postwar use

Файл:HMP Shepton Mallet March 2018 06.jpg
Between C wing and the visitors room

The prison was returned to civilian use in 1966.[2] It was initially used to house prisoners who, for their own protection, could not be housed with 'run-of-the-mill' prisoners, and also for well-behaved first offenders.Шаблон:Sfn

The gallows in the execution block was removed in 1967 and the room became the prison library.[28] A new kitchen, boiler room, chapel and education block was added.[2]

In 1973, Shepton Mallet became a training prison for men serving sentences of less than four years. The aim was to provide the inmates with the education and skills necessary for them to become productive members of society after their release. There were now about 260 prisoners who worked in a range of workshops, including plastic moulding, tailoring and scrap metal recovery.[29] Some also worked outside the prison (some unsupervised), for example in the local park or churchyard, on local farms or at the Babycham cider mill.Шаблон:Sfn

In the 1980s the prison held prisoners who had been in prison several times before and had not reformed. Around this time the population continued to be 260 living in accommodation designed for 169. In 1991, Shepton Mallet took its first category 'C' life prisoners – those nearing the end of their sentences. The maximum number of prisoners to be held in the prison was fixed at 211.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1992, the Chief Inspector of Prisons, Judge Stephen Tumim, issued a report which said:

Шаблон:Quote

Shepton Mallet became the first category 'C' second-stage solely-lifer prison on 1Шаблон:NbspAugust 2001. It had an official capacity of 165, but in June 2010 was holding 188 prisoners, with arriving prisoners having to share cells for up to a year.[30] It was divided into four wings:

  • A wing – 37 spaces
  • B wing – 94 spaces
  • C wing – 43 spaces
  • D wing – 15 spaces

An inspection report on the prison was issued following a full announced visit by inspectors from HM Chief Inspector of Prisons carried out in June 2010.[31] The introduction to the report states:

Шаблон:Quote

The report commented in particular on the very good relations between prisoners and prison officers, and the low levels of self-harm, bullying, violence or drug use. Whilst the inspectors said that the accommodation was "old and tired", they felt that it was adequate for the current number of prisoners. The inspectors were concerned by proposals to increase the population by 70 prisoners.[30]

Closure

On 10 January 2013, Justice Secretary Chris Grayling announced that Shepton Mallet Prison was one of seven prisons in England to close.[32][33] HMP Shepton Mallet closed on 28Шаблон:NbspMarch 2013. The closure ceremony was attended by officers and staff, past and present, the Bishop of Bath and Wells, veterans and serving personnel of MTC Colchester, representatives of the US Armed Forces and family and friends.[34][35] The final act was the handover of the union flag to the last governor. The event was also marked by a flypast of a Royal Naval Lynx helicopter from RNAS Yeovilton and an hour and a half peal from the local church bells. The staff, who marched to parade just inside the main gates, accompanied by the RNAS Yeovilton Volunteer Band, were then dismissed.[27]

Sale and tourist attraction

Файл:HMP Shepton Mallet March 2018 37.jpg
Secure entrance gates

After closure, the prison was put up for sale by the Ministry of Justice. The original deadline to declare a preferred bidder for the site was the end of March 2014 but this was put back until mid-August. Proposals for the site included converting it into prison heritage centre with hotel, bar and restaurants as well as housing, or converting the complex into a museum, gym, a hotel and ghost and horror tours.[36] The proposals were rejected in October.[37]

In December 2014, it was agreed Shepton Mallet Prison – along with Dorchester Prison, Gloucester Prison and Kingston Prison – would be sold to City and Country.[38] It is now open to the public as a historical tourism destination, offering guided tours, ghost tours and a variety of other activities.[39] In 2021, plans were approved to turn part of the prison into accommodation.[40]

Near closure as a tourist attraction

On 28 November 2023, it was announced on the prison's social media channels that the prison would close its doors as a tourist attraction on 2 January 2024 following a breakdown in relationship between the owners, City & Country, and the prison's operators, Cove Group, who also operate Shrewsbury Prison in Shropshire.[41]

On 21 December 2023, Cove Group announced that the closure had been cancelled after last-minute negotiations with City & Country, that the prison would continue to be open to the public through the New Year, and that further negotiations were planned to take place on the New Year.[42][43]

As of January 2024, Shepton Mallet Prison continues to be open to the public, and is offering annual visit passes, implying that the prison will continue to be open in the foreseeable future.[44]

Former inmates

  • Ben Gunn, blogger and prison reform campaigner[45]
  • The Kray Twins, London Gangsters, held in Shepton Mallet in the early 1950s after deserting the British Army.[26]

Escapes and attempted escapes

Escapes, successful and attempted, from Shepton Mallet Prison include:

  • November 1765 – prisoner Jeffreys, imprisoned for sheep-stealing. Recaptured after 12 days at Lyme Regis.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 5 July 1776 – Mary Harris, aged about 30, broke out. She was still free on 6Шаблон:NbspMarch 1777 by which time the reward for her capture had risen to 20 guineas.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 2 October 1819 – James Thompson escaped. He was caught in Bath on 23Шаблон:NbspMarch 1820.Шаблон:Sfn
  • December 1835 – four prisoners, John Fowler, William Sage, Henry Mitchell and Thomas Ryan attempted to escape from the prison chapel, but were prevented from doing so.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Шаблон:Circa – prisoner Judge escaped through the Шаблон:Convert tunnel which carried the prison treadwheel shaft to the mill on the outside of the prison wall. He was later captured at Shaftesbury.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 23 February 1866 – Daniel James escaped through the roof and over the wall. He was recaptured by midday near Upton Noble.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 12 January 1878 – Samuel Glover Fudge, age 27, escaped. He was recaptured and, at the assize held in Taunton on 28Шаблон:NbspMarch 1878, was sentenced to an additional three weeks of hard labour.Шаблон:Sfn
  • during the prison's Second World War use as a British military prison:
    • Brian Houghton escaped and remained free until voluntarily surrendering himself; he was court-martialled for his escape.Шаблон:Sfn
    • prisoner Maddison escaped.Шаблон:Sfn
    • prisoner Gutheridge escaped but was recaptured in Shepton Mallet.Шаблон:Sfn
    • prisoner George M, a professional safe-cracker, was found to be missing at morning roll call.Шаблон:Sfn
  • July 1945 – during the prison's use as an American military prison, seven American soldiers stacked railway sleepers against a wall to escape, possibly with assistance from outside. Three remained at large for almost two months.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 17 August 1966 – a convict, in prison for larceny and burglary, escaped whilst engaged in repairing prison staff accommodation. He was found later the same day having a drink in the King William Inn in the town.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 30 July 1968 – two prisoners in an outside working party, again repairing staff accommodation, made off.Шаблон:Sfn
  • May 1970 – once again a prisoner in an outside working party escaped his escorts. He was apprehended in the town centre a little over two hours later.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 1976 – three inmates escaped through the barred toilet window of their dormitory, made it to the roof and then escaped over a lower roof.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Summer 1977 – three men made their escape through the window of the plastics moulding workshop. A fourth attempted to escape but was prevented. One of the successful escapees was caught fairly quickly. The second was finally apprehended in Bridgwater after hijacking a police car and forcing the officer, at knife-point, to drive him away. The third remained at large until his arrest three months later for burglary.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 1981 – the lock on a cell door was found to have been sawn off but no one escaped from the prison.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 24 July 1981 – two prisoners escaped from an outside working party. They were found in Bristol six hours later that same day.Шаблон:Sfn
  • February 1985 – a prisoner who set fire to his bedding in the hospital wing and pretended to be unconscious was taken to the Royal United Hospital, Bath. When there he changed his mind and decided not to escape. In court he pleaded guilty to a charge of criminal damage.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 7 May 1985 – a prisoner left an outside working party but was recaptured five hours later Шаблон:Convert north of the town.Шаблон:Sfn
  • July 1985 – another prisoner absconded from work at the Town Council offices and stole some items from the parish church. He was found later in the day and, following trial, sentenced to an additional two months.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 29 January 1987 – an inmate clearing snow in Collett Park made off, but was later arrested.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 28 February 1987 – a prisoner stole and made off in a prison officer's car.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 7 May 1987 – three men sawed through their cell window's bars, climbed onto the roof and escaped over the wall using a rope of knotted sheets.Шаблон:Sfn
  • November 1990 – three prisoners broke through the ceiling of their cell, accessed the roof and descended the wall using knotted sheets.Шаблон:Sfn
  • later in November 1990 – another prisoner escaped.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 25 February 1991 – two prisoners managed to squeeze through a narrow hole in the ventilation shaft of the prison's plastics workshop. They were apprehended within a few hours, having been seen by a member of the public hiding from police.Шаблон:Sfn
  • March 1991 – not technically an escape from the prison, but a Shepton Mallet prisoner who had tricked officers into taking him to the Royal United Hospital, Bath, by telling them that he had swallowed razor blades and glass escaped from his escorts through a toilet window. He was arrested in Cardiff four days later.Шаблон:Sfn
  • June 1991 – a prisoner on an organised trip into Shepton Mallet to buy food for the prison kitchen made off.Шаблон:Sfn
  • June 1991 – another inmate, part of a party making repairs to the prison wall, escaped.Шаблон:Sfn
  • July 1991 – a prisoner in an outside working party escaped after asking to use the toilet.Шаблон:Sfn

In the media

HM Prison Shepton Mallet was featured as a haunted location on the American paranormal television series Paranormal Lockdown which first aired on 25 December 2018 on Destination America.[46] It later aired in the United Kingdom on 30 January 2020 on Quest Red. The prison was also the subject of episode 71 of the popular "How Haunted?" podcast, with the episode released in February 2024.

The interior scenes at the fictional Portobello Prison in Paddington 2 were filmed at Shepton Mallet.[47]

In September 2020, Shepton Mallet Prison featured in the ITV three-part mini drama, Des, based on the 1983 arrest and trial of Scottish serial killer Dennis Nilsen, starring David Tennant and Daniel Mays.[48]

The prison featured extensively in series 6 of the ITV crime/mystery drama Grantchester.[49]

References

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Sources

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External links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 Шаблон:NHLE
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  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:NHLE
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:NHLE
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Source: Shepton Mallet Journal 8 July 1904 quoted in Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 12,5 12,6 Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ D Cable/British Newspaper Archives: Shepton Mallet Journal (Page 1) Friday, 14/02/1941 “TRAGIC DEATH OF THREE SOLDIERS” Shepton Mallet Journal (Page 1) Friday, 07/03/1941 “DEATHS AT DETENTION BARRACKS”       Shepton Mallet Journal (Page 1) Friday, 16/05/1941 “SEQUEL TO DEATH OF THREE SOLDIERS”
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Cite Hansard
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ https://x.com/sheptonmprison?s=21&t=Ex07-WJZ7X4LgLiY8bfd1w
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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