Английская Википедия:HSwMS Manligheten
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Шаблон:Infobox ship imageШаблон:Infobox ship careerШаблон:Infobox ship characteristicsHSwMS Manligheten was a Шаблон:Sclass that served with the Swedish Navy. A development of Шаблон:HSwMS, the Äran class mounted the same Шаблон:Convert main guns, but differed in the layout of the secondary armament. The vessel was launched in 1903 and served on neutrality patrols in the First World War. During the two decades following the conflict, the ship undertook a number of international tours that called at ports in Britain, the Netherlands and Spain. Manligheten ran aground in 1930 and was freed by an ingenious manoeuvre by the destroyer Шаблон:HSwMS, which created waves by speeding past the stranded vessel. While serving in the Second World War, the vessel was damaged by a paravane in 1939 and modernised between 1940 and 1941. Decommissioned in 1950, Manligheten was broken up, although the ship's hull remaining in use as a pontoon until 1984.
Design and development
Шаблон:Main Between 1880 and 1905 the Swedish Navy launched 12 coastal defence battleships, to counter the Imperial Russian Navy.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Sclass was a development of Шаблон:HSwMS retaining the same main armament but with the secondary armament mounted to improve protection and angles of fire. Originally three Äran-class ships were ordered but, in 1901, additional funding for a fourth was agreed. Manligheten was the last of the class to be laid down, and the second from Kockums of Malmö.Шаблон:Sfn Originally designated armoured boats (Шаблон:Lang) in Swedish, the vessels were reclassified as armoured ships (Шаблон:Lang) in the 1920s.Шаблон:Sfn
Manligheten had an overall length of Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert at the waterline, a beam of Шаблон:Convert and a maximum draught Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Normal displacement was Шаблон:Convert although, in 1912, displacement was reported as Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn Eight Yarrow boilers fed steam to two sets of triple expansion steam engines rated at Шаблон:Convert driving two shafts, giving a design speed of Шаблон:Convert. Two funnels were fitted. A full load of Шаблон:Convert of coal was carried, which gave a design range of Шаблон:Convert at Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The ship had a complement of 285 officers and ratings.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Armament consisted of two single Bofors Шаблон:Convert guns mounted in turrets on the ship's centreline, one fore and the other aft. Each of the guns weighed Шаблон:Convert and could fire a Шаблон:Convert shell at a muzzle velocity of Шаблон:Convert. The mounting, designated M1894, used electric training and manual elevation.Шаблон:Sfn Secondary armament consisted of six Bofors Шаблон:Convert guns mounted singularly in turrets amidships.Шаблон:Sfn These guns, which had an actual calibre of Шаблон:Convert and weighed Шаблон:Convert, could fire a Шаблон:Convert shell at a muzzle velocity of Шаблон:Convert. The M1899 mounting was manually trained and elevated.Шаблон:Sfn The guns were upgraded to M1899B mounts with additional elevation for anti-aircraft warfare in 1916.Шаблон:Sfn The ship was also armed with eight single Bofors Шаблон:Convert guns distributed around the superstructure and two submerged Elswick torpedo tubes for Шаблон:Convert torpedoes.Шаблон:Sfn
Armour included a Шаблон:Convert-long armoured belt that was Шаблон:Convert thick amidships. It consisted of surface-hardened Krupp armour cemented to Шаблон:Convert of teak. The main armament was protected by barbettes were Шаблон:Convert thick and turrets having an armoured face Шаблон:Convert thick and the remainder Шаблон:Convert thick. The secondary armament sat on barbettes protected by Шаблон:Convert nickel-steel armour, the turrets having a face Шаблон:Convert thick, sides Шаблон:Convert thick and a roof Шаблон:Convert thick. The conning towers were protected by Шаблон:Convert armour.Шаблон:Sfn Flat to the belt was deck armourthat was Шаблон:Convert thick.Шаблон:Sfn Two Шаблон:Convert searchlights and a Шаблон:Convert rangefinder were later fitted.Шаблон:Sfn
Construction and career
Manligheten was ordered from Kokums on 22 November 1901 at a cost of SEK 5,026,000. The vessel was the second to be named Шаблон:Lang, meaning masculinity, the first being a ship of the line constructed by the same shipyard and retired in 1864. Laid down on 21 December, the ship was launched on 1 December 1903 and commissioned on 3 December the following year.Шаблон:Sfn The vessel joined the coastal defence fleet based at Gothenburg.Шаблон:Sfn
During the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905, the ship served as part of the First Armoured Division under Admiral Wilhelm Dyrssen.[1] On 24 September 1912, the crew hosted the British Second Cruiser Squadron led by the battlecruiser Шаблон:HMS.[2] The vessel had facilities for 24 cadets added the following year. During the First World War, the warship served on patrols to protect the country's neutrality.Шаблон:Sfn After the war, the ship was retained in service and, in 1920, went on a visit to Amsterdam, returning with sister ship Шаблон:HSwMS in May 1926 and, from there continuing to Portsmouth, Guernsey and Vlaardingen, returning to Sweden the following month. During the next year, the vessel revisited Plymouth and then returned to the Netherlands to visit Rotterdam, but in between extending the tour to include Bilbao and San Sebastian.[3] On 24 August 1930, Manligheten ran aground while sailing between Stockholm and Horsfjärden in poor weather. Despite efforts by the minelayer Шаблон:HSwMS and coastal battleship Шаблон:HSwMS, the vessel could not be removed. However, destroyer Шаблон:HSwMS, by sailing past at full speed over and over again, succeeded in freeing the battleship using the rolling waves.Шаблон:Sfn
In May 1937, Manligheten left on another tour, first calling at Amsterdam.[3] The vessel then visited Newcastle upon Tyne, England, on 3 June, staying four days and then proceeded to Cardiff, Wales, for three days from 18 June and then Oban, Scotland, two days later, staying for five days.[4] During the following October, the ship became the flagship of the reformed Gothenburg Squadron and remained in the role at the start of the Second World War.Шаблон:Sfn Manligheten underwent a refit on 26 August 1939, at which it was discovered that the main armament, boilers, engines and electrical equipment had all deteriorated.Шаблон:Sfn On 13 December, six crew were killed while trying to disarm a loose German paravane.[5] On 9 April 1940, the ship was deployed in response to the German invasion of Norway but saw no action. This experience reinforced the need for an upgrade, so the vessel was taken out of service in December to be modernised.Шаблон:Sfn
The update at Götaverken was extensive. The bow was lengthened and an extension to the stern added to improve seakeeping. The boilers were replaced, the main armament was given a higher elevation and the barrels rebored, the secondary armament was replaced with four Шаблон:Convert anti-aircraft guns and the torpedo tubes were removed.Шаблон:Sfn Additional lighter-calibre anti-aircraft weapons, a pair each of Bofors Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert guns, and a centralised fire control system were added. After the alterations, the hull was Шаблон:Convert long at the waterline and displacement was increased by Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The modernised warship was recommissioned on 21 July 1941. The vessel coordinated the rescue operation for the survivors of the Swedish submarine Шаблон:HSwMS, sunk on 14 April 1943.Шаблон:Sfn
After the war, Sweden decided to retire the whole fleet of coastal defence ships. Manligheten was decommissioned on 24 February 1950 and sold to be broken up to Marinverkstadema in Karlskrona for SEK 350,000. The hull was towed to Gullmarsbasen, where it acted as a pontoon until being scrapped in 1984.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Citations
Bibliography
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Шаблон:Äran class coastal defence ships
