Английская Википедия:Harmonic minor scale
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Refimprove
The harmonic minor scale (or Aeolian Шаблон:Music7 scale) is a musical scale derived from the natural minor scale, with the minor seventh degree raised by one semitone to a major seventh,[1][2][3] creating an augmented second between the sixth and seventh degrees.
- <score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f \relative c' {
\clef treble \time 7/4
a4^\markup { A harmonic minor scale } b c d e f gis a2 }
} </score> Thus, a harmonic minor scale is represented by the following notation:
- 1, 2, Шаблон:Music3, 4, 5, Шаблон:Music6, 7, 8
A harmonic minor scale can be built by lowering the 3rd and 6th degrees of the parallel major scale by one semitone.
Because of this construction, the 7th degree of the harmonic minor scale functions as a leading tone to the tonic because it is a semitone lower than the tonic, rather than a whole tone lower than the tonic as it is in natural minor scales. The intervals between the notes of a harmonic minor scale follow the sequence below:
- whole, half, whole, whole, half, augmented second, half
While it evolved primarily as a basis for chords,[4] the harmonic minor with its augmented second is sometimes used melodically. Instances can be found in Mozart, Beethoven (for example, the finale of his String Quartet No. 14), and Schubert (for example, in the first movement of the Death and the Maiden Quartet). In this role, it is used while descending far more often than while ascending. A familiar example of the descending scale is heard in a Ring of bells. A ring of twelve is sometimes augmented with a 5♯ and 6♭ to make a 10 note harmonic minor scale from bell 2 to bell 11 (for example, Worcester Cathedral).[5]
In popular music, examples of songs in harmonic minor include Katy B's "Easy Please Me", Bobby Brown's "My Prerogative", and Jazmine Sullivan's "Bust Your Windows". The scale also had a notable influence on heavy metal, spawning a sub-genre known as neoclassical metal, with guitarists such as Chuck Schuldiner, Yngwie Malmsteen, Ritchie Blackmore, and Randy Rhoads employing it in their music.[6]
Harmony
The scale is called the harmonic minor scale because it is a common foundation for harmonies (chords) in minor keys. Traditionally, "the main use for harmonic minor, when improvising or creating melodies, is over the V7 chord, not for use over the i chord."[7] For example, in the key of A minor, the dominant (V) chord (the triad built on the 5th scale degree, E) is a minor triad in the natural minor scale. But when the seventh degree is raised from GШаблон:Music to GШаблон:Music, the triad becomes a major triad. "In fact, it created even more tension than the major key V7. This is because the scale not only outlines the notes of E7 [V7] but also adds new tension notes like the Шаблон:Music5 [C to B] and Шаблон:Music9 [F to E]."[7]
Chords on degrees other than V may also include the raised 7th degree, such as the diminished triad on VII itself (viiШаблон:Music), which has a dominant function, as well as an augmented triad on III (IIIШаблон:Music), which is not found in any "natural" harmony (that is, harmony that is derived from harmonizing the seven western modes, which include "major" and "minor"). This augmented fifth chord (Шаблон:Music5 chord) played a part in the development of modern chromaticism.
The triads built on each scale degree follow a distinct pattern. The roman numeral analysis is shown below.
- <score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \time 7/1 \hide Staff.TimeSignature
<a c e>1_\markup i
_\markup ii°
<c e gis>_\markup III+
<d f a>_\markup iv
<e gis! b>_\markup V
<f a c>_\markup VI
<gis! b d>_\markup vii°
}
} </score>
An interesting property of the harmonic minor scale is that it contains two chords that are each generated by just one interval:
- an augmented triad (IIIШаблон:Music), which is generated by major thirds
- a diminished seventh chord (viiШаблон:Music7), which is generated by minor thirds
Because they are generated by just one interval, the inversions of augmented triads and diminished seventh chords introduce no new intervals (allowing for enharmonic equivalents) that are absent from its root position. That is, any inversion of an augmented triad (or diminished seventh chord) is enharmonically equivalent to a new augmented triad (or diminished seventh chord) in root position. For example, the triad EШаблон:Music–G–B in first inversion is G–B–EШаблон:Music, which is enharmonically equivalent to the augmented triad G–B–DШаблон:Music. One chord, with various spellings, may therefore have various harmonic functions in various keys.
The seventh chords built on each scale degree follow a distinct pattern. The roman numeral analysis is shown in parentheses below.
Harmonic minor contains seven types of seventh chords: a minor major seventh chord (im(maj7)), a half-diminished seventh chord (iim7(−5)), an augmented major seventh chord (IIIaug(maj7)), a minor seventh chord (ivm7), a dominant seventh chord (V7), a major seventh chord (VImaj7), and a diminished seventh chord (viidim7). Natural minor only contains four types of seventh chords: three minor seventh chords (im7, ivm7, and vm7), a half-diminished seventh chord (iim7(-5)), two major seventh chords (IIImaj7 and VImaj7), and a dominant seventh chord (VII7).
- <score sound="1"> {
\override Score.TimeSignature #'stencil = ##f
\relative c' {
\clef treble \time 7/1 \hide Staff.TimeSignature
<a c e gis>1_\markup i♮7
_\markup iiø7
<c e gis! b>_\markup III+7
<d f a c>_\markup ivm7
<e gis! b d>_\markup V7
<f a c e>_\markup VIM7
<gis! b d f>_\markup vii°7
}
} </score>
- 1st: minor-major seventh chord (i♮7)
- 2nd: half diminished seventh chord (iiø7)
- 3rd: augmented major seventh chord (III+7)
- 4th: minor seventh chord (ivm7)
- 5th: dominant seventh chord (V7)
- 6th: major seventh chord (VIM7)
- 7th: diminished seventh chord (viio7)
Modes of harmonic minor scale
Like Ionian (or major) scale, harmonic minor scale has seven modes, but since the character of harmonic minor is quite the same as Aeolian (natural minor), the modes from Ionian will be rearranged to be started from Aeolian.
See also
References
- ↑ McKinley, Carl (2011). Harmonic Relations, p.37. Wipf & Stock Publishers. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Seeger, Charles (1916). Harmonic Structure and Elementary Composition: An Outline of a Course in Practical Musical Invention, p.13. C.L. Seeger & E.G. Stricklen. Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Mokrejs, John (1913). Lessons in Harmony, p.41. Odowan Publishing Company. Шаблон:Pre-ISBN.
- ↑ Willard A. Palmer, Morton Manus, Amanda Vick Lethco (1994). Scales, Chords, Arpeggios and Cadences: Complete Book, p.14. Alfred. Шаблон:ISBN. "To find the primary triads in a MINOR KEY, the HARMONIC MINOR SCALE is used."
- ↑ "Dove's Guide", Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Mock, Don (1998). Secrets: Harmonic Minor Revealed, p.5. Alfred Music. Шаблон:ISBN.
