Английская Википедия:Hebburn

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox UK place Hebburn is a town in the South Tyneside borough of Tyne and Wear, England. It was formerly in County Durham until 1974 with its own urban district from 1894 until 1974. It is on the south bank of the River Tyne between Gateshead and Jarrow and opposite Wallsend and Walker.

The population of Hebburn was 18,808 in 2001.

History

Файл:Hebburn New Town geograph-2421048-by-Peter-McDermott.jpg

Hebburn in 2011, with Westmorland Court and Durham Court flats visible on the skyline.

In Saxon times Hebburn was a small fishing hamlet upon the river Tyne. It is thought that the name Hebburn may be derived from the Old English terms, heah meaning "high", and byrgen meaning a "burial mound", though it could also mean the high place beside the water. The first record of Hebburn mentions a settlement of fishermen's huts in the 8th century, which were burned by the Vikings.

In the 14th century, the landscape was dominated by a peel tower. A Шаблон:Convert wall, a portion of which still remains at St. John's Church, could also be seen. The Lordship of the Manor of Hebburn passed through the hands of a number of families during the Middle Ages, including the Hodgsons of Hebburn (James 1974, Hodgson).

In the early 1600s, the wealthy Newcastle family, the Ellisons, acquired the land of Hebburn. Coal was mined at Hebburn as early as the 17th century. In 1792 the Ellisons received royalties from coal mining expansion when Hebburn Colliery opened. The colliery eventually operated three pits. In 1786 the Ellisons’ Hebburn estate also made income from dumping ships ballast at Hebburn Quay. By the 1800s the Ellison family had expanded Hebburn Manor into their Hebburn Hall estate. Hebburn Colliery played an important role in the investigations into the development of mine safety, following the mining disaster at Felling Colliery in 1812.

Humphry Davy stayed with Cuthbert Ellison at Hebburn Hall in 1815 and took samples of the explosive methane 'fire damp' gas from the Hebburn mine which were taken to London in wine bottles for experiments into the development of a miners' safety lamp. Davy's lamps were tested in the Hebburn mine and remarkably the gauze that protected the naked flames could actually absorb the fire damp so that the lamps could shine more effectively.

In 1853, Andrew Leslie arrived from Aberdeen, Scotland. He expanded the Ellison estate, further, with shipbuilding, and in 200 years of industrialisation, Hebburn grew into a modern town of 20,000 inhabitants. When the railways arrived in Hebburn in 1872, further growth took off in the Ellison estate, with the growth of the brick, metal and chemical industries.

Andrew Leslie's shipyard launched two hundred and fifty-five ships before 1885. In 1885 the shipyard merged with local locomotive builder W Hawthorne, and then changed its name to Hawthorn Leslie and Company, and grew even more.

Hebburn also hosted its own Highland Games, with the first one being held in 1883, which were usually held annually in July or August, spanning over three decades and with professional sportsmen coming from Scotland and as far as Oban to compete.

In 1894, Hebburn was recognized as its own independent Urban District; it was no longer the private land of the Ellison family; and it also adopted the Ellison family crest as its coat of arms.

In 1901, Alphonse Reyrolle's, Reyrolle Electrical Switchgear Company opened. In 1932 Hebburn colliery closed. 200 miners were killed during the life of the colliery. The youngest were 10 years old. In 1936 Monkton Coke Works was built by the Government, in response to the Jarrow Hunger March in 1932.

In the Second World War, the Battle of Britain occurred in 1940, and Hitler had planned an amphibious attack that was predicated on defeating the RAF in the battle. Hitler's planned first wave of attack, in his Operation Sea Lion plan, was to try and capture Aberdeen and Newcastle. Hitler's Operation Sea Lion documents had detailed plans to capture the Reyrolle Electrical Switchgear Company.

Hawthorn Leslie built everything from liners to tankers. Many Royal Navy battleships were built at Hawthorn Leslie shipyard. In WWII the yard built 41 naval vessels and repaired another 120. 1n 1944, the yard also built D-day landing craft, including the Landing Craft Tank (LCT) 7074. In April 2020, the craft was housed in the D-Day Story museum. In 2020, the boat was only one of ten craft of its kind to survive postwar.

One ship built at the shipyard was HMS Kelly, launched in 1938 and commanded by Lord Louis Mountbatten. The ship, a K-Class destroyer, was commissioned just eleven days before WWII. The ship was hit three times. In December 1939, she was damaged by a German mine not far from the river Tyne. On 9 May 1940, she was torpedoed off Norway with the loss of 27 lives. Badly damaged, she crawled back to Hawthorn Leslie on a 92-hour journey to be repaired. In 1941, HMS Kelly was sunk off Crete. One hundred and thirty men were killed in the disaster and they are remembered in memorials at Hebburn Cemetery, which were erected by surviving members of the crew and workers from Hawthorn Leslie. The ship's story forms the basis of the 1942 film In Which We Serve. The shipyard is now owned by A&P Group but lies vacant.

The Monkton Coke Works plant closed in 1990, and was demolished in 1992. The former British Short-Circuit Testing Station in Victoria Road West within the town, owned by A. Reyrolle & Company provided the backdrop for the Gary Numan video "Metal". The facility was demolished in 2011.

In 2012, the BBC commissioned a television series Hebburn to be set in the town. It was created and co-written by Jason Cook, who was raised in Hebburn. The first episode was broadcast on 18 October 2012.

4th Battalion the Parachute Regiment and 23 SAS Reserves have bases in Hebburn. The Air Cadets have a unit located at Hebburn TA Centre.

Hebburn has an ecology centre powered by wind turbines. It is the location of a shipyard, operated by A&P Group.

Education

Hebburn has two secondary schools: St Joseph's Catholic Academy (formerly St Joseph's Comprehensive School) and Hebburn Comprehensive School.

Sport

Hebburn Town F.C., formed in 1912, and Hebburn Reyrolle F.C. are the town's local non-league football teams. Hebburn Argyle, which existed in the early 1900s, reformed several years ago as a youth club.

Athletics is also catered for at Monkton Stadium, home of Jarrow and Hebburn Athletic Club, where Brendan Foster, Steve Cram and David Sharpe are notable past runners.

A short lived greyhound racing track was opened in 1945. The plans to build the track were passed in September 1944 and it cost £30,000 to construct a venue that could accommodate 6,000 people. The racing was independent (not affiliated to the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club) and was known as a flapping track, which was the nickname given to independent tracks. The track was trading in 1947 but it is not known when it closed.

Transport

Файл:Hebburn Metro Station (Platform 1) (geograph 4752438).jpg

Hebburn metro station

Hebburn Metro station is a stop on the Tyne and Wear Metro. The Yellow line serves stations between Шаблон:Metro, Шаблон:Metro, Шаблон:Metro and Шаблон:Metro.

The nearest National Rail station is at Шаблон:Rws, which is a stop on the Durham Coast Line between Шаблон:Rws, Шаблон:Rws, Шаблон:Rws and Шаблон:Rws; services are operated by Northern Trains.

Bus services are provided predominantly by Stagecoach North East and Go North East; routes link the town to South Shields, Jarrow, Gateshead and Newcastle.

A mid-Tyne ferry service, which was owned by several shipyards, once operated between Hebburn, Walker and Wallsend; it last ran in 1986. One of the fleet, run by the Mid Tyne Ferry Co, was called the Tyne Queen; in 2020, she was named the Jacobite Queen and was still working on Loch Ness, Inverness, Scotland.

Notable people

Academia

• Dominic Bruce, RAF officer and later a college principal who in WWII, escaped from Colditz Castle and Schloss Spangenberg
• Arthur Holmes, geologist
• John Miles (musician) Songwriter
• Brian David Smith, academic researcher
• John Steven Watson, English historian
• Paul Younger, hydrogeologist and environmental engineer

Engineering

• Andrew Leslie, shipbuilder

Entertainment

• Jason Cook, comedian, writer of the BBC sitcom Hebburn
• Robert Saint, composer, best known for his musical composition "Gresford", also known as "The Miners Hymn"
• Frank Wappat, BBC Radio presenter and disc jockey, founder of Memory Lane magazine

Politics

• Sir Fergus Montgomery, Conservative MP and Margaret Thatcher's Parliamentary Private Secretary (prior to her becoming Prime Minister)

Sport

• George Armstrong, football player with Arsenal F.C.
• Chris Basham, football player with Blackpool F.C., Bolton Wanderers F.C and Sheffield United F.C
• Ian Chipchase, athlete and gold medalist at the 1974 Commonwealth Games
• Josef Craig, British Paralympic swimmer, who won Gold at the 2012 Paralympic Games
• Johnny Dixon, football player with Aston Villa F.C.
• Jack English, football player
• Carl Finnigan, football player with St Johnstone F.C, Falkirk F.C., South Shields F.C. and Newcastle United F.C
• Brendan Foster, athlete and sports commentator
• Wilfred Milne, football player
• Chris Rigg, football player with Sunderland A.F.C.
• Ray Wood, football player with Manchester United F.C.

Bibliography

James, Mervyn (1974) Family, Lineage, and Civil Society: A Study of Society, Politics, and Mentality in the Durham Region, 1500-1640 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

External links

• South Tyneside Council & Community website - Local council website
• Hebburn Colliery - Information about Hebburn Colliery
• Hebburn.org - Site detailing history of the town