Английская Википедия:Hejazi Arabic phonology
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Selfref Шаблон:IPA notice The phonological system of the Hejazi Arabic consists of approximately 26 to 28 native consonant phonemes and 8 vowel phonemes: Шаблон:IPA.[1][2] Consonant length and vowel length are both distinctive in Hejazi.
Strictly speaking, there are two main groups of dialects spoken in the Hejaz region,[3][4] one by the urban population originally spoken in the cities of Jeddah, Medina and Mecca where they constitute the majority and partially in Ta'if, and another dialect spoken by the rural or Bedouin populations which is also currently spoken as well in the mentioned cities. However, the term most often applies to the urban variety which is discussed in this article.
- phonemes will be (written inside slashes Шаблон:IPA) and allophones (written inside brackets Шаблон:IPA).
Consonants
Hejazi consonant inventory depends on the speaker. Most speakers use 26 to 28 consonant phonemes in addition to the marginal phoneme Шаблон:IPAslink, with the phonemes Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr being used partially due to the influence of Modern Standard Arabic and neighboring dialects. Being a Semitic language, the four emphatic consonants Шаблон:IPA are treated as separate phonemes from their plain counterparts.[5]
Phonetic notes:
- the marginal phoneme Шаблон:IPAslink (dark l) only occurs in the word Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('God') and words derived from it,[6] it contrasts with Шаблон:IPA in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('i swear') vs. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('or').
- the phonemes Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr and the trill Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr are realised as a Шаблон:IPAblink and a tap Шаблон:IPAblink respectively by a number of speakers or in a number of words.
- the phonemes Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr can be realised as uvular fricatives Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink in few instances.
- the phoneme Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr is used as an alternative phoneme, while most speakers merge it with Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA depending on the word.
- the phoneme Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr is used as an alternative phoneme, while most speakers merge it with Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA depending on the word.
- Шаблон:IPA can be analyzed as an alternative phoneme for Шаблон:Angbr, while most speakers pronounce it distinctly as Шаблон:IPA or merge it with Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPA depending on the word.
- Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr has the velar allophone Шаблон:IPAblink,Шаблон:Citation needed which occurs before velar consonants Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang [aŋkab] ('it spilled') and Шаблон:Lang [mɪŋɡal] ('brazier').
- Consonant clusters like Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA occur only in foreign words and are not considered to be part of the phonemic inventory but as a sequence e.g. Шаблон:IPA ⟨ت⟩ and Шаблон:IPA ⟨ش⟩, in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('Chad').
A notable feature of Hejazi is the pronunciation of Шаблон:Angbr as in Modern Standard Arabic. It is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA which differentiates it from other dialects in the Arabian Peninsula that merge the phoneme into Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPA. Another feature which is shared by many Arabic dialects is the pronunciation of Шаблон:Angbr as a voiced velar Шаблон:IPA, which Ibn Khaldun states may have been the Old Arabic pronunciation of the letter. He has also noted that Quraysh and the Islamic prophet Muhammad may have had the Шаблон:IPA pronunciation instead of Шаблон:IPA.[7]
Due to the influence of Modern Standard Arabic, Шаблон:IPAblink has been introduced as an allophone of Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr in a few words borrowed from Modern Standard Arabic, such as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('economy'), which can be pronounced Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, or religious terms as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('Quran') which can be pronounced as Шаблон:IPA by younger speakers or Шаблон:IPA by older speakers.[8] The two allophones might contrast for a number of speakers, e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('horns') vs. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('centuries') which might suggest Шаблон:IPAblink as a marginal phoneme.
Two foreign phonemes Шаблон:IPA ⟨پ⟩ and Шаблон:IPA ⟨ڤ⟩ are used by a number of speakers depending on their foreign language knowledge but many substitute them by Шаблон:IPA ⟨ب⟩ and Шаблон:IPA ⟨ف⟩ respectively, but in general Шаблон:IPA is more integrated and used by most speakers.
Illustrative words
Notes:
- 1 pronounced Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA (Allophones).
- 2 Шаблон:IPA is a distinct phoneme not a merger, while other alternative pronunciations include mergers with other phonemes.
- 3 Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA occur only in loanwords and can be substituted by Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively depending on the speaker.
Glottal Stop
The glottal stop Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr was lost early on in the Old Hejazi Arabic period. This can be seen in Modern Hejazi as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "they read" and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "diagonal" vs. Classical Arabic Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA. In the initial position, the glottal stop's phonemic value is debatable and most words that begin with a glottal stop according to Classical Arabic orthography can be analyzed as beginning with a vowel rather than a glottal stop. For example, Шаблон:Lang "bracelet" can be analyzed as Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang "I eat" analyzed as Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, but it is still phonemic and distinguished in medial and final positions and distinguished as such in words, as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "he asks" or words under the influence of Modern Standard Arabic such as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "environment" and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "administrator, responsible".
Gemination
Long (geminate or double) consonants are pronounced exactly like short consonants; they occur between vowels and they are marked with a shaddah if needed, e.g. كَتَّب Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA kattab "he made (someone) write" vs. كَتَب Шаблон:IPA katab "he wrote". They can also occur phonemically at the end of words but are pronounced as a single consonant, not geminated, e.g. فَمّ Шаблон:IPA ('mouth') which is pronounced with a single final consonant Шаблон:IPA.
Assimilation
Consonant assimilation is a phonological process which can occur between two consecutive consonants as in Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'next to' → Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA , or between dental consonants; Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'I took' → Шаблон:IPA, or Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'serve myself' → Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'I enjoyed it' → Шаблон:IPA which is differentiated from Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "he was flattened / he enjoyed" by the stress, in the former the stress falls on the last syllable while on the latter it falls on the first.
Dental Assimilation
| Grapheme with Standard Arabic phoneme | ث Шаблон:IPA | ذ Шаблон:IPA | ض Шаблон:IPA | ظ Шаблон:IPA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | ثلاثة | ثورة | ذيل | ذنب | ضرر | ظل | ظلم |
| Common pronunciation in urban Hejazi | ت Шаблон:IPA | س Шаблон:IPA | د Шаблон:IPA | ز Шаблон:IPA | ض Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | |
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | |
| ض - ظ full merger pronunciation | ث Шаблон:IPA | ذ Шаблон:IPA | ظ Шаблон:IPA | ||||
| Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | |
Notes:
- Шаблон:IPA is a distinct phoneme, not a merger, e.g. ظَنّ Шаблон:IPA ('he thought') vs. زَنّ Шаблон:IPA ('he nagged').
- The assimilation can also be reflected in the orthography, so Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'three' becomes Шаблон:Lang with a Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr, but most writers keep the Modern Standard Arabic spelling of the words.
The letter Шаблон:Angbr came to be pronounced Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'gold' or Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'he studied', on the other hand Шаблон:Angbr is mostly pronounced Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'bull' or rarely Шаблон:IPA as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'stable'. Шаблон:Angbr is pronounced distinctly as Шаблон:IPA in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'phenomenon' or merges with Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr in other words like Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'dark' and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'nail'. In contrast Шаблон:Angbr is always pronounced as a Шаблон:IPA except in words derived from the two trilateral roots Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:Angbr in which it is pronounced Шаблон:IPA.
Mergers depend on each word, while most words have only one pronunciation, few words have two optional mergers e.g. كذب Шаблон:IPA might be pronounced as Шаблон:IPA by some speakers or Шаблон:IPA by others. The partial merger between the phonemes has led to some homophones that did not exist in Modern Standard Arabic e.g. Шаблон:Lang 'dimming' and Шаблон:Lang 'mislead' both pronounced Шаблон:IPA, while the assimilation of the word Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA (second; number-two or unit of time) has made a split into two pronunciations (words) Шаблон:IPA (second; number-two) and Шаблон:IPA (second; unit of time).
Some speakers pronounce each consonant distinctly as in Standard Arabic while others might refrain from the usage of Шаблон:IPA as a pronunciation for Шаблон:Angbr and only merge Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA in most words while keeping Шаблон:IPA in others. This phenomenon might be due to the influence of Modern Standard Arabic and neighboring dialects. When speaking or reading Modern Standard Arabic, Hejazi speakers pronounce each consonant distinctly according to its modern standard phonemic value, and any mergers such as the merge between Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr and Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Angbr can be stigmatized.
Vowels
Hejazi has eight vowel phonemes:[9][10] three short Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and five long Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, with length as a distinctive feature, and four diphthongs: Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA although they are not considered as separate phonemes. Unlike other Arabic dialects, it did not develop allophones for the vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in the vicinity of emphatic consonants, and they are always pronounced as an open front Шаблон:IPAblink or open central Шаблон:IPAblink depending on the speaker. Hejazi also retains most of the long and short vowels of Classical Arabic with no vowel reduction, although in a few words Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are pronounced with an open back Шаблон:IPAblink.
The main phonological feature that differentiates urban Hejazi from the neighboring dialects of the Arabian peninsula and the Levant is the constant use of full vowels and absence of vowel reduction (use of the schwa Шаблон:IPA). For example Шаблон:Lang 'I told you' (to a female), is pronounced Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA in Hejazi with full vowels but pronounced with the reduced vowel Шаблон:IPA as Шаблон:IPA in most of the Gulf region or Шаблон:IPA in Lebanese and urban Syrian. It also retains the Classical mid breaking vowels as in Шаблон:Lang ("your dauɡhters") Шаблон:IPA in Hejazi as opposed to Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA in Egyptian and Шаблон:IPA Najdi and rural Hejazi.
Most inherited words with the diphthongs Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA from the Old Arabic period underwent monophthongization in Hejazi and are realized as the long vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively. However, they are still preserved in many words such as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'animal', and have resurfaced in a number of words borrowed later from Modern Standard Arabic. This created a contrast with the inherited monophthongized words as in inherited Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'my voice' vs. borrowed Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'acoustic', and inherited Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'my eye' vs. borrowed Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'ophthalmic'. Not all instances of mid vowels are a result of monophthongization — some are from grammatical processes Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'they said' → Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'they said to her' (opposed to Classical Arabic Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA), and some occur in portmanteau words e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'why?' (from Classical Arabic Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'for what' and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'thing').
| Example (without diacritics) | Meaning | Hejazi Arabic | Modern Standard Arabic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | ophthalmic | Шаблон:IPA (borrowed term) | Шаблон:IPA |
| my eye | Шаблон:IPA (inherited form) | ||
| aid! (command) | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | |
| appoint! (command) | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA |
The pronunciation of word initial and medial Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA depends on the nature of the surrounding consonants, whether the syllable is stressed or unstressed, the accent of the speaker, and rate of speech. As a general rule, word initial or medial Шаблон:IPA is pronounced Шаблон:IPAblink, but strictly as Шаблон:IPAblink at the end of a word or before Шаблон:IPA (as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA). Word initial or medial Шаблон:IPA is pronounced Шаблон:IPAblink, and strictly as an Шаблон:IPAblink at the end of the word or before Шаблон:IPA (as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA), though this complementary distribution in allophones is not found among all speakers of Hejazi and some use Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink in all positions.
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Mid | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link | ||
| Open | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA link | ||
Phonetic notes:
- Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are pronounced either as an open front vowel Шаблон:IPAblink or an open central vowel Шаблон:IPAblink depending on the speaker, even when adjacent to emphatic consonants.
- Шаблон:IPAblink is an allophone for Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in some words such as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('Germany'), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('Japan'), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('dad') and Japan'), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('mom').
- long Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are pronounced as true-mid vowels Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink respectively.
- long Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are pronounced as Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink respectively.
- short Шаблон:IPA (also analyzed as Шаблон:IPA) has two main pronunciations:
- lax Шаблон:IPAblink or less likely Шаблон:IPAblink in word initial or medial syllables, e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('unseal!') pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('his sister') pronounced Шаблон:IPA with a lax initial Шаблон:IPAblink and a tense final Шаблон:IPAblink.
- tense Шаблон:IPAblink at the end of words or before Шаблон:IPAblink or when isolate, although short Шаблон:IPAblink can occur at the end of a foreign word but that depends on the speaker's knowledge of the foreign language.
- short Шаблон:IPA (also analyzed as Шаблон:IPA) has two main pronunciations:
- lax Шаблон:IPAblink or less likely Шаблон:IPAblink in word initial or medial syllables, e.g. Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('cinnamon') pronounced Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('you') pronounced Шаблон:IPA with a lax initial Шаблон:IPAblink and a tense final Шаблон:IPAblink.
- tense Шаблон:IPAblink at the end of words or before Шаблон:IPAblink or when isolate, although short Шаблон:IPAblink can occur at the end of a foreign word but that depends on the speaker's knowledge of the foreign language.
The close vowels can be distinguished by tenseness with long Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA being more tense in articulation than their short counterparts Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in medial position, except at the end of words where they are all tense, e.g. short Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('in') and long Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('in him', 'there is').
Phonological processes
The linking conjunction Шаблон:Lang ('and') pronounced [u] is often linked with the consonant (before it) or the vowel (before or after it) or for emphasis only left as-is :-
- ِШаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('me and you') is either pronounced as [anaw ɪnti], where [u] is connected to the vowel before it, or pronounced as [ana wɪnti], where [u] is connected to the vowel after it, or left as-is for emphasis [ana u ɪnti].
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('fifty one') is either pronounced [waːħɪdu xamsiːn] or for emphasis [waːħɪd u xamsiːn].
- Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('seventy five') is either pronounced [[[:Шаблон:Transl]]] or for emphasis [[[:Шаблон:Transl]]].
| Operation | Original | After operation (phonemic) | Pronunciation (phonetic) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Vowel shortening (word final) | قول Шаблон:IPA 'tell' + لهم Шаблон:IPA them' | قل لهم Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA 'tell them' |
| Vowel lengthening (word final) | قريوا Шаблон:IPA 'they read' + ـها Шаблон:IPA 'it (fem.)' | قِرْيوها Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA 'they read it' |
| Vowel deletion (syncope) | لا Шаблон:IPA 'don't' + تقول Шаблон:IPA 'say' | لا تقول Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA 'don't say' |
Vowel Shortening
Medial vowel shortening occurs before indirect object pronouns (e.g., Шаблон:Lang), where a medial word long vowel (⟨ي⟩ ,⟨ا⟩ and ⟨و⟩) in verbs is shortened. For example, Шаблон:Lang /ʕaːd/ "he repeated" becomes Шаблон:Lang /ʕadlahum/ "he repeated to them" and Шаблон:Lang "going to him" is pronounced /raːjħinlu/ with a shortened /i/ and rarely /raːjħiːnlu/. This can also affect the spelling of the words depending on the writer, e.g. Шаблон:Lang becomes Шаблон:Lang without the long vowel or it can be written Шаблон:Lang but this does not effect third person masculine past verbs as in the example below.[11]
Vowel shortening also occurs only in few words as in جاي "I'm coming" pronounced /d͡ʒaj/ or /d͡ʒaːj/.
| Tense/Mood | Past "went" | Present (Indicative) "write" | Imperative "write!" | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| 1st | Шаблон:Lang ruḥt-allu | Шаблон:Lang ruḥnā-lu | Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ʼaruḥ-lu | Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang niruḥ-lu | |||
| 2nd | masculine | Шаблон:Lang ruḥt-allu | Шаблон:Lang ruḥtū-lu | Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang tiruḥ-lu | Шаблон:Lang tirūḥū-lu | Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ruḥ-lu | Шаблон:Lang rūḥū-lu |
| feminine | Шаблон:Lang ruḥtī-lu | Шаблон:Lang tirūḥī-lu | Шаблон:Lang rūḥī-lu | ||||
| 3rd | masculine | Шаблон:Lang raḥ-lu | Шаблон:Lang rāḥō-lu | Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang yiruḥ-lu | Шаблон:Lang yirūḥū-lu | ||
| feminine | Шаблон:Lang rāḥat-lu | Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang tiruḥ-lu | |||||
Vowel lengthening
Most word-final long vowels from the Classical period have been shortened in Hejazi but they are lengthened when suffixed, as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "they call" → Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA "they call her".
References
Bibliography
Шаблон:Language phonologies Шаблон:Languages of Saudi Arabia
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt Information Structure and Intonation in Hijazi Arabic.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite thesis
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
