Английская Википедия:Hittite cuneiform
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Шаблон:SpecialChars Шаблон:Portal Hittite cuneiform is the implementation of cuneiform script used in writing the Hittite language. The surviving corpus of Hittite texts is preserved in cuneiform on clay tablets dating to the 2nd millennium BC (roughly spanning the 17th to 12th centuries BC).
Hittite orthography was directly adapted from Old Babylonian cuneiform. As Melchert and Hoffner point out on page 10 of their Grammar of the Hittite Language: "It is therefore generally assumed that Ḫattušili I (ca. 1650–1600), during his military campaigns in North Syria, captured scribes who were using a form of the late Old Babylonian syllabary, and these captives formed the nucleus of the first scribal academy at Ḫattuša."[1] What is presented below is Old Akkadian cuneiform, so most of the characters shown here are not, in fact, those used in Hittite texts. For examples of actual Hittite cuneiform, see The Hittite Grammar Homepage or other similarly reputable sources.[2] The Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon ("Hittite Sign List" commonly referred to as HZL) of Rüster and Neu lists 375 cuneiform signs used in Hittite documents (11 of them only appearing in Hurrian and Hattic glosses), compared to some 600 signs in use in Old Assyrian. About half of the signs have syllabic values, the remaining are used as ideograms or logograms to represent the entire word—much as the characters "$", "%" and "&" are used in contemporary English.
Cuneiform signs can be employed in three functions: syllabograms, Akkadograms or Sumerograms. Syllabograms are characters that represent a syllable. Akkadograms and Sumerograms are ideograms originally from the earlier Akkadian or Sumerian orthography respectively, but not intended to be pronounced as in the original language; Sumerograms are mostly ideograms and determiners. Conventionally,
- Syllabograms are transcribed in italic lowercase
- Akkadograms in italic uppercase
- Sumerograms in regular uppercase.
Thus, the sign GI Шаблон:Cuneiform can be used (and transcribed) in three ways, as the Hittite syllable gi (also ge); in the Akkadian spelling QÈ-RU-UB of the preposition "near" as QÈ, and as the Sumerian ideogram GI for "tube" also in superscript, GI, when used as a determiner.
Syllabary
The syllabary consists of single vowels, vowels preceded by a consonant (conventionally represented by the letters CV), vowels followed by a consonant (VC), or consonants in both locations (CVC). This system distinguishes the following consonants (notably dropping the Akkadian s series),
- b, p, d, t, g, k, ḫ, r, l, m, n, š, z,
combined with the vowels a, e, i, u. Additional ya (=I.A Шаблон:Cuneiform), wa (=PI Шаблон:Cuneiform) and wi (=wi5=GEŠTIN Шаблон:Cuneiform "wine") signs are introduced. The contrast of the Assyrian voiced/unvoiced series (k/g, p/b, t/d) is not used to express the voiced/unvoiced contrast in Hittite; they are used somewhat interchangeably in some words, while other words are spelled consistently. The contrast in these cases is not entirely clear, and several interpretations of the underlying phonology have been proposed.
Similarly, the purpose of inserting an additional vowel between syllabograms (often referred to as "plene writing" of vowels) is not clear. Examples of this practice include the -a- in iš-ḫa-a-aš "master" or in la-a-man "name", ú-i-da-a-ar "waters". In some cases, it may indicate an inherited long vowel (lāman, cognate to Latin nōmen; widār, cognate to Greek Шаблон:Lang hudōr), but it may also have other functions connected with 'word accentuation'.
Without the use of a specialized Hittite font, the Unicode cuneiform in the tables below is likely to be displayed using a font which is inaccurate for Hittite. For an accurate tables of CV symbols in actual Hittite cuneiform, see the fourth page at this link from Georg August University of Göttingen:[3]
V
a Шаблон:Cuneiform |
e Шаблон:Cuneiform |
i Шаблон:Cuneiform |
u Шаблон:Cuneiform, ú Шаблон:Cuneiform |
CV
VC
-b | -p | -d | -t | -g | -k | -ḫ | -l | -m | -n | -r | -š | -z | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a- | ab, ap Шаблон:Cuneiform | ad, at Шаблон:Cuneiform | ag, ak Шаблон:Cuneiform | aḫ, eḫ, iḫ, uḫ Шаблон:Cuneiform | al Шаблон:Cuneiform | am Шаблон:Cuneiform | an Шаблон:Cuneiform | ar Шаблон:Cuneiform | aš Шаблон:Cuneiform | az Шаблон:Cuneiform | |||
e- | eb, ep, ib, ip Шаблон:Cuneiform | ed, et, id, it Шаблон:Cuneiform | eg, ek, ig, ik Шаблон:Cuneiform | el Шаблон:Cuneiform | em, im Шаблон:Cuneiform | en Шаблон:Cuneiform | er, ir Шаблон:Cuneiform | eš Шаблон:Cuneiform, Шаблон:Cuneiform | ez, iz Шаблон:Cuneiform | ||||
i- | il Шаблон:Cuneiform | in Шаблон:Cuneiform | iš Шаблон:Cuneiform | ||||||||||
u- | ub, up Шаблон:Cuneiform | ud, ut Шаблон:Cuneiform | ug, uk Шаблон:Cuneiform | ul Шаблон:Cuneiform Файл:Cuneiform UL.png | um Шаблон:Cuneiform | un Шаблон:Cuneiform | ur Шаблон:Cuneiform, úr Шаблон:Cuneiform | uš Шаблон:Cuneiform | uz Шаблон:Cuneiform |
CVC
- Ḫ: ḫal Шаблон:Cuneiform ; ḫab/p Шаблон:Cuneiform ; ḫaš Шаблон:Cuneiform; ḫad/t Шаблон:Cuneiform (=pa, PA "sceptre"); ḫul (=ḪUL "evil"); ḫub/p Шаблон:Cuneiform; ḫar/ḫur Шаблон:Cuneiform (ḪAR "ring", ḪUR "thick", MUR "lung")
- K/G: gal Шаблон:Cuneiform (=GAL "great"); kal, gal9 Шаблон:Cuneiform; kam/gám Шаблон:Cuneiform (=TU7 "soup"); k/gán Шаблон:Cuneiform (=GШаблон:CuneiformN "field"); kab/p, gáb/p Шаблон:Cuneiform (=KAB "left"); kar (=KAR "find"); k/gàr Шаблон:Cuneiform; k/gaš Шаблон:Cuneiform (=bi, KAŠ "beer"); k/gad/t Шаблон:Cuneiform (=GAD "linen"); gaz Шаблон:Cuneiform (=GAZ "kill"); kib/p ; k/gir Шаблон:Cuneiform; kiš Шаблон:Cuneiform (=KIŠ "world"); kid/t9 Шаблон:Cuneiform (=gad); kal Шаблон:Cuneiform (=KAL "strong"); kul Шаблон:Cuneiform (=KUL "offspring"); kúl, gul Шаблон:Cuneiform (=GUL "break"); k/gum Шаблон:Cuneiform; kur Шаблон:Cuneiform (=KUR "land"); kùr/gur Шаблон:Cuneiform
- L: lal Шаблон:Cuneiform (=LAL "bind"); lam Шаблон:Cuneiform; lig/k Шаблон:Cuneiform (=ur); liš Шаблон:Cuneiform (=LIŠ "spoon"); luḫ Шаблон:Cuneiform (=LUḪ "minister"); lum Шаблон:Cuneiform
- M: maḫ Шаблон:Cuneiform (=MAḪ "great"); man (=MAN "20"); mar Шаблон:Cuneiform; maš Шаблон:Cuneiform (=MAŠ "half"); meš (="90") ; mil/mel Шаблон:Cuneiform (=iš); miš Шаблон:Cuneiform ; mur Шаблон:Cuneiform (=ḫur); mut (=MUD "blood")
- N: nam Шаблон:Cuneiform (=NAM "district"); nab/p Шаблон:Cuneiform; nir Шаблон:Cuneiform; niš (=man)
- P/B: p/bal Шаблон:Cuneiform; pár/bar Шаблон:Cuneiform (=maš); paš ; pád/t,píd/t Шаблон:Cuneiform; p/bíl Шаблон:Cuneiform (=GIBIL "new"); pir ; p/biš,pШаблон:Cuneiformš Шаблон:Cuneiform (=gir); p/bur
- R: rad/t Шаблон:Cuneiform; riš Шаблон:Cuneiform (=šag)
- Š: šaḫ Шаблон:Cuneiform (=ŠUBUR "pig"); šag/k Шаблон:Cuneiform (=SAG "head"); šal Шаблон:Cuneiform (=MUNUS "woman"); šam Шаблон:Cuneiform (=ú); šàm ; šab/p ; šar Шаблон:Cuneiform (=SAR "plant"); šìp ; šir Шаблон:Cuneiform (=ŠIR "testicles"); šum Шаблон:Cuneiform; šur Шаблон:Cuneiform
- T/D: t/daḫ, túḫ Шаблон:Cuneiform; tág/k,dag/k Шаблон:Cuneiform; t/dal Шаблон:Cuneiform (=ri); tám/dam Шаблон:Cuneiform (=DAM "wife"); t/dan Шаблон:Cuneiform (=kal); tab/p,dáb/p Шаблон:Cuneiform (=TAB "2") ; tar Шаблон:Cuneiform; t/dáš,t/diš Шаблон:Cuneiform ("1") ; tàš Шаблон:Cuneiform; tin/tén Шаблон:Cuneiform; t/dim Шаблон:Cuneiform ; dir (=DIR "red") ; tir/ter Шаблон:Cuneiform (=TIR "forest") ; tíš ; túl Шаблон:Cuneiform; t/dum Шаблон:Cuneiform; t/dub/p Шаблон:Cuneiform (=DUB "clay tablet") ; túr/dur Шаблон:Cuneiform (=DUR "strip")
- Z: zul Шаблон:Cuneiform; zum Шаблон:Cuneiform
Determiners
Determiners are Sumerograms that are not pronounced but indicate the class or nature of a noun for clarity, e.g. in URUḪa-at-tu-ša (Шаблон:Cuneiform); the URU is a determiner marking the name of a city, and the pronunciation is simply /hattusa/. Sumerograms proper on the other hand are ideograms intended to be pronounced in Hittite.
- m, I ("1", DIŠ) Шаблон:Cuneiform, male personal names
- DIDLI Шаблон:Cuneiform (suffixed), plural or collective
- DIDLI ḪI.A Шаблон:Cuneiform (suffixed), plural
- DINGIR (D) Шаблон:Cuneiform "deity"
- DUG Шаблон:Cuneiform "vessel"
- É Шаблон:Cuneiform "house"
- GAD Шаблон:Cuneiform "linen, cloth"
- GI Шаблон:Cuneiform "tube; reed"
- GIŠ Шаблон:Cuneiform "wood"
- GUD Шаблон:Cuneiform "bovid"
- ḪI.A Шаблон:Cuneiform(suffixed), plural
- ḪUR.SAG Шаблон:Cuneiform "mountain"
- ÍD Шаблон:Cuneiform "river"
- IM Шаблон:Cuneiform "clay"
- ITU Шаблон:Cuneiform "month"
- KAM Шаблон:Cuneiform (suffixed), numerals
- KI Шаблон:Cuneiform (suffixed), in 0.6% of toponyms[4]
- KU6 Шаблон:Cuneiform "fish"
- KUR Шаблон:Cuneiform "land"
- KUŠ Шаблон:Cuneiform "hide, fur"
- LÚ Шаблон:Cuneiform "man"
- MEŠ Шаблон:Cuneiform (suffixed), plural
- MEŠ ḪI.A Шаблон:Cuneiform (suffixed), plural
- MUL Шаблон:Cuneiform "star"
- MUNUS (f) Шаблон:Cuneiform "woman", female personal name
- MUŠ Шаблон:Cuneiform "serpent"
- MUŠEN Шаблон:Cuneiform (suffixed) "bird"
- NA4 Шаблон:Cuneiform "stone"
- NINDA Шаблон:Cuneiform "bread"
- PÚ Шаблон:Cuneiform "source"
- SAR Шаблон:Cuneiform (suffixed) "plant"
- SI Шаблон:Cuneiform "horn"
- SÍG Шаблон:Cuneiform "wool"
- TU7 Шаблон:Cuneiform "soup"
- TÚG Шаблон:Cuneiform "garment"
- Ú Шаблон:Cuneiform "plant"
- URU Шаблон:Cuneiform "city"
- URUDU Шаблон:Cuneiform "copper"
- UZU Шаблон:Cuneiform "meat"
References
Bibliography
- E. Forrer, Die Keilschrift von Boghazköi, Leipzig (1922)
- J. Friedrich, Hethitisches Keilschrift-Lesebuch, Heidelberg (1960)
- Chr. Rüster, E. Neu, Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon (HZL), Wiesbaden (1989)
- Gillian R. Hart, Some Observations on Plene-Writing in Hittite, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (1980)
- Gordin, Shai. Hittite Scribal Circles: Scholarly Tradition and Writing Habits, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz (2015)
- Melchert, C. and H. Hoffner A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Eisenbrauns (2008)
External links
- FreeIdgSerif includes Unicode cuneiform for Hittite (GFDL, branched off FreeSerif)
- Omniglot, Hittite Includes correct Hittite syllabary
- Cuneifont [1] Entire list of Hittite cuneiform signs available with Unicodes here as pdf
Шаблон:List of writing systems
- ↑ Melchert, C. and H. Hoffner (2008)A Grammar of the Hittite Language, Eisenbrauns p.10
- ↑ Hittite Grammar Homepage https://www.assyrianlanguages.org/hittite/index_en.php?page=textes
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Kryszeń, Adam. "The Postdeterminativeki in the Hittite Cuneiform Corpus" Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 110, no. 2, 2020, pp. 212–217