Английская Википедия:Imam Reza shrine
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox religious building
The Imam Reza shrine (Шаблон:Lang-fa), located in Mashhad, Iran, is an Islamic shrine containing the remains of Ali al-Rida, the eighth imam in Twelverism. It is the largest mosque in the world by area. Also contained within the complex are the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, four seminaries,[1] a cemetery, the Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, and other buildings.
The complex is a tourism center in Iran[2][3] and has been described as "the heart of the Shia Iran"[4] with 25 million Iranian and non-Iranian Shias visiting the shrine each year, according to a 2007 estimate.[5]
The shrine itself covers an area of Шаблон:Convert while the seven courtyards which surround it cover an area of Шаблон:Convert, totaling Шаблон:Convert.[6]
Religious significance
Shia sources quote several hadiths from the Shia Imams and Prophet Muhammad that highlight the importance of pilgrimage to the shrine. A hadith from the Islamic Prophet reads:
One of my own flesh and blood will be buried in the land of Khorasan. God the Highest will surely remove the sorrows of any sorrowful person who goes on pilgrimage to his shrine. God will surely forgive the sins of any sinful person who goes on pilgrimage to his shrine.[7]
History
Early years
Dar-ul-Imarah (Royal Residence) or the garden of Humayd ibn Qahtaba al-Ta'i was a fortress in the village of Sanabad. It dates back to the era before the Islam religion. It had been placed at the fork road of Sanabad, Neishabour, Sarakhs, Toos and Radkan. This fortress had been a place for the frontier guards to take position and establish the security of these roads and regions. After the demise of Harun al-Rashid, he was buried in this place. Due to this historical event, the Dar-ul-Imarah was known as the Mausoleum of Haruniyyeh. The original inner building of Dar-ul-Imarah had been a Zoroastrian temple. This building was demolished by the order of al-Ma'mun, and then it was reconstructed according to the special architecture of Khorasan. Four plain and short walls, covered with a low-slope dome, were constructed around the building. Afterwards, the name of the mausoleum (Haruniyyeh) was changed and known as the Mashhad-ur-Reza. Mashhad literally means a place where a martyr has been buried.[8]
Martyrdom of Ali al-Ridha
In 818, Imam Ali al-Ridha was murdered by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (ruled 813–833) and was buried beside the grave of al-Ma'mun's father, Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809).[9] After this event, the location was called Mashhad al-Ridha ("the place of martyrdom of al-Ridha"). Shias and Sunnis (for example, Ibn Hibban wrote in his Kitab al Siqqat that whenever troubled and in Mashad he would always visit the shrine to ask for relief from problems that bothered him) began visiting his grave on pilgrimage. By the end of the 9th century, a dome was built on the grave and many buildings and bazaars sprang up around it. For the next thousand years, it has been devastated and reconstructed several times.[10]
The celebrated Muslim traveler Ibn Battuta visited Mashhad in 1333 and reported that it was a large town with abundant fruit trees, streams and mills. A great dome of elegant construction surmounts the noble mausoleum, the walls being decorated with colored tiles. Opposite the tomb of the Imam is the tomb of Caliph Harun al-Rashid, which is surmounted by a platform bearing chandeliers.[2]
By the end of the third Hijri century, a dome was built on the grave of Imam Reza and many buildings and bazaars sprang around the shrine. In 383 A.H. / 993 A.D., Sebuktigin, the Ghaznavid sultan devastated Mashhad and stopped the pilgrims from visiting the shrine. But in 400 A.H./ 1009 A.D., Mahmud of Ghazni (born 971, ruled, 998-1030 A.D.,) started the expansion and renovation of the shrine and built many fortifications around the city.[11]
Saljug era
Sultan Sanjar (b. 1086 A.D., r. 1097–1157 A.D.), after the healing of his son in the shrine, renovated the sanctuary and added new buildings within its precincts. At the time of Sultan Sanjar Saljuqi, after Sharaf al-Din Abu Tahir b. Sa'd b. Ali Qummi repaired the shrine, he began to construct a dome over it.[12] In 612 A.H./ 1215 A.D., as borne out by inscriptions on certain tiles, Allaudin Khwarezm Shah carried out renovations on the shrine.[12]
Mongol invasion
During the Khwarazmian dynasty, some repair and decoration was made inside the shrine.[12] In this era (612 A.H./1215 A.D.), two very glorious embossed Thuluth (a large Naskh handwriting) inscriptions in form of square tile work were fixed on both sides of the shrine entrance-by the side of Dar al-Huffaz porch—in which the names and descent of Imam Reza back to Imam Ali were written. Some other inscriptions and three mihrabs (a special place for prayer-leader in mosques) belonging to this age exist in this holy complex. During the Mongol invasion in 1220 A.D. (617 A.H.), Khorasan was plundered by the invading hordes and the survivors of this massacre took refuge in Mashhad and settled around the shrine.[13] Sultan Muhammad Khudabandeh Iljaitu (b. 1282 AD), the Mongol ruler of Iran, converted to Shi'ism and ruled Iran in 703–716 A.H (1304–1316 AD), once again renovated the shrine on a grand scale.[11]
Timurid era
The glorious phase of Mashhad started during the reign of Shahrukh Mirza (b. 1377 A.D., r, 1405–1447), son of Tamerlane, and reached its zenith during the reign of the Safavid Shahs who ruled Iran from 1501 to 1736. Shahrukh Mirza, whose capital was Herat, regularly visited Mashhad for the pilgrimage of the shrine of Imam Reza (A.S.). In the 15th century, during the reign of the Timurid Shahrukh Mirza, Mashhad became one of the main cities of the realm. In 1418, his wife Empress Goharshad funded the construction of an outstanding mosque beside the shrine, which is known as the Goharshad Mosque.[14]
Safavid era
With the emergence of the Safavid dynasty in 1501 A.D. and their declaration of the Twelver Shi'ite sect as the state religion, Mashhad reached the peak of its development. However, since Khorasan was a border province of the Safavid Empire, Mashhad suffered repeated invasions and periods of occupation by the Uzbek Khans – Muhammad Khan, Abdullah Khan Shaibani, Muhammad Sultan and especially Abdul-Momen Khan. These invasions continued up to 996 A.H./ 1586 A.D., the reign of Shah Abbas I, who finally drove out the Uzbeks from Khorasan. Sahn Atiq was extended in the time of Shah Abbas I, and during the Safavid era, efforts were made for its further improvement.
During the Safavid era, the shrine also received patronage from rulers of the Indian subcontinent, namely Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk (founder of the Qutb Shahi dynasty) and Mughal Emperor Akbar. The latter was notably a Sunni.[15]
Afsharid and Qajar era
Nader Shah Afshar (b. 1688, r. 1736–1747 A.D.) and the Qajar Shahs who ruled Iran from 1789 to 1925 expanded the various places in the shrine. There were also some improvements in the shrine complex during the Qajar Dynasty. There was also some repair in both courtyards during Mozaffar ad-Din Shah's monarchy.
Following the coup in December 1911, Russian artillery shelled revolutionaries who had taken refuge in the shrine.[16] The whole complex was greatly damaged in 1911, but it was repaired after a while.
Modern era
There happened some essential changes round the complex in 1347/1928. Old Falakah was extended up to a radius of 620 meters before the victory of the Islamic Revolution, and an important part of Holy Buildings' historical structure was demolished without considering its antiquity and elegance.
On 11th Rabi al-Thani 1354 A.H. /13 July 1935, during the Goharshad Mosque rebellion, armed forces of Reza Shah (b. 1878, r. 1925–1941 A.D.), the reigning monarch of Iran and founder of Pahlavi dynasty, invaded the shrine and massacred people gathered in the Goharshad Mosque. The people there were protesting against the modernization policies of the Shah which many, especially amongst the Shia clergy, considered to be anti-Islamic, including the banning Hijab (headscarf) for women in Iran. Shortly before the Iranian Revolution, on 21 November 1978, troops under orders from the regime of Mohammad Reza Shah (b. 1919, r. 1941–1979 A.D.), Reza Shah's son and successor, killed a large number of people within the shrine (approximately 12,000).
The shrine is depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 100 rials coin, issued since 2004.[17]
Incidents
Commune kitchen
The harem kitchen dines 10 to 40 thousand visitors/tourists a day and sometimes on occasional events cook as many as 250,000. It has an Astan quds website page and there is an ID register and ticket lottery for a meal one course per person every three year.[18][19] During Ramadan Commune kitchen feed one million pilgrim and citizens.[20]
Specifications
Courtyards (Sahn)
The complex contains a total of seven courtyards, which cover an area of over Шаблон:Convert:[21] The courtyards also contain a total of 14 minarets,[22] and three fountains.[23]
| Name | Images | Area (m2) | appurtenant | Year of first building |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revolution Courtyard | Шаблон:Nts | four balconies, steel window | Шаблон:Sort | |
| Freedom Courtyard | Шаблон:Nts | golden Veranda | Шаблон:Sort | |
| Courtyard of Goharshad Mosque | Шаблон:Nts | Шаблон:Sort | ||
| Quds Courtyard | Шаблон:Nts | Шаблон:Sort | ||
| Islamic Republic Courtyard | Шаблон:Nts | two minarets | Шаблон:Sort | |
| The Razavi Grand Courtyard | Шаблон:Nts | Шаблон:Sort | ||
| Gadeer Courtyard | Шаблон:Nts | Шаблон:Sort |
Halls
From the courtyards, external hallways named after scholars lead to the inner areas of the mosque. They are referred to as Bast (Sanctuary), since they were meant to be a safeguard for the shrine areas:[24]
- Bast Shaykh Toosi – leads to the Central Library
- Bast Shaykh Tabarsi
- Bast Shaykh Hur Ameli
- Bast Shaykh Baha'i
The Bast hallways lead towards a total of 21 internal halls (Riwaq) which surround the burial chamber of Ali al-Ridha.[25] Adjacent to the burial chamber is also a mosque dating back to the 10th century known as, Bala-e-Sar Mosque.[26]
Goharshad Mosque
This mosque is situated adjacent to the shrine of Imam Ridha.
Ali al-Ridha's Tomb
It is located beneath the Golden Dome and surrounded by different porches each bearing a separate name.
Museums and other historical appurtenants
There are two museums within the shrine limits. Astan Quds Museum and Quran Museum.
Notable burials
| Name | Lifespan | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Birth | Died | ||
| Harun al-Rashid | 763 | 809 | Abbasid caliph (786–809) |
| Imam Ali Reza | 765 | 818 | 8th Imam (798–818) |
| Shaykh Ahmad Tabarsi | 1073 | 1153 | Scholar |
| Sevin Beg Khanzada | 1360 | 1412 | Timurid dynasty Princess |
| Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza | 1422 | 1457 | Timurid dynasty Prince |
| Sultanum Begum | 1516 | 1593 | Queen consort of Shah Tahmasp I |
| Allahverdi Khan | 1560 | 1613 | Iranian General of Georgian origin |
| Shaykh Baha'i | 1547 | 1621 | Islamic Scholar |
| Dilaram Khanum | ? | 1647 | Consort of Safavid Prince and mother of Shah Safi |
| Muhammad al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī | 1624 | 1693 | Shia cleric |
| Abbas Mirza | 1789 | 1833 | Qajar Crown Prince |
| Mohammad-Taqi Mirza | 1791 | 1853 | Qajar Prince |
| Mohammad Baqer Sharif Tabatabai | 1823 | 1901 | Scholar |
| Abu Talib Zanjani | 1843 | 1911 | Scholar |
| Princess Ashraf os-Saltaneh | 1863 | 1914 | Qajar Princess |
| Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan | 1850 | 1918 | Qajar prince |
| Hassan Ali Nokhodaki Isfahani | 1862 | 1942 | cleric |
| Ahmed Aref El-Zein | 1884 | 1960 | Scholar |
| Forough Azarakhshi | 1904 | 1963 | scholar |
| Ali-Akbar Fayyaz | 1898 | 1971 | Scholar |
| Muhammad Taqi Amoli | 1887 | 1971 | cleric |
| Mohammad Hadi al-Milani | 1895 | 1975 | Scholar |
| Manouchehr Eghbal | 1909 | 1977 | Prime Minister (1957–60) and CEO of NIOC |
| Asadollah Alam | 1919 | 1978 | Prime minister (1962–64) and minister of the Imperial Court (1967–77) |
| Gholam Husayn Tabrizi | 1881 | 1980 | Scholar |
| Ali Motamedi (fa) | 1896 | 1980 | diplomat and politician |
| Mahmoud Farrokh Khorasani (fa) | 1895 | 1981 | politician |
| Abdol Karim Hasheminejad | 1932 | 1981 | cleric |
| Abdullah Musawi Shirazi | 1892 | 1984 | cleric |
| Gholamreza Ghodsi | 1925 | 1989 | poet |
| Badri Teymourtash | 1908 | 1995 | scholar |
| Mohammad Taqi Jafari | 1925 | 1998 | cleric |
| Ali Akbar Aboutorabi Fard | 1939 | 2000 | cleric |
| Hasan Ali Morvarid | 1911 | 2004 | cleric |
| Syed Jalaleddin Ashtiani | 1925 | 2005 | cleric |
| Hassan Tabatabaei Qomi | 1912 | 2007 | cleric |
| Mohammad-Sadegh Farman (fa) | 1921 | 2012 | politician |
| Mohammad Ezodin Hosseini Zanjani | 1921 | 2013 | cleric |
| Mohammad Baqer Shirazi | 1931 | 2014 | cleric |
| Abbas Vaez-Tabasi | 1935 | 2016 | cleric and chairman of the supervisory board of Astan Quds Razavi (1979–2016) |
| Hassan Firouzabadi | 1951 | 2021 | Military commander and Chief of Staff of the Iranian Armed Forces (1989–2016) |
- Harun al-Rashid (763–809) – Abbasid caliph (786–809)
- Imam Reza (765–818) – 8th Imam (798–818)
- Shaykh Tabarsi (1073–1153) – Scholar
- Sevin Beg Khanzada (Шаблон:Circa – 1411) – Timurid princess
- Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza (1422–1457) – Timurid prince
- Sultanum Begum (1516–1593) – Queen consort
- Allahverdi Khan (ალავერდი ხანი უნდილაძე) (Шаблон:Circa–1613) – Iranian general of Georgian origin
- Sheikh-e Baha'i (1547–1621) – Scholar
- Dilaram Khanum (d. 1647) – Queen consort
- Horr-e Ameli (1624–1693) – cleric
- Crown Prince Abbas Mirza (1789–1833) – Qajar Crown Prince
- Prince Mohammad-Taqi Mirza (1791–1853) – Qajar prince
- Mohammad-Baqer Sharif Tabatabai (1823–1901) – Scholar
- Abutaleb Zanjani (1843–1911) – Scholar
- Prince Mass'oud Mirza Zell-e Soltan (1850–1918) – Qajar prince
- Hassan Ali Nokhodaki Isfahani (1862–1942) – cleric
- Ahmed Aref El-Zein (1884–1960) – Scholar
- Forough Azarakhshi (1904–1963) – scholar
- Mohammad-Taqi Amoli (1887–1971) – cleric
- Ali-Akbar Fayyaz (1898–1971) – scholar
- Mohammad-Hadi Milani (1895–1975) – Scholar
- Manouchehr Eghbal (1909–1977) – prime minister (1957–60) and CEO of NIOC
- Asadollah Alam (1919–1978) – prime minister (1962–64) and minister of the Imperial Court (1967–77)
- Gholam-Hossein Tabrizi (1881–1980) – Scholar
- َAli Motamedi (fa) (1896–1980) – diplomat and politician
- Mahmoud Farrokh Khorasani (fa) (1895–1981) – politician
- Abdolkarim Hasheminejad (1932–1981) – cleric
- Abdollah Musavi Shirazi (1892–1984) – cleric
- Gholamreza Ghodsi (1925–1989) – poet
- Badri Teymourtash (1908–1995) – scholar
- Mohammad-Taqi Jafari (1925–1998) – cleric
- Ali-Akbar Aboutorabi Fard (1939–2000) – cleric
- Hassan-Ali Morvarid (1911–2004) – cleric
- Jalaleddin Ashtiani (1925–2005) – cleric
- Hassan Tabatabaei Qomi (1912–2007) – cleric
- Mohammad-Sadegh Farman (fa) (1921–2012) – politician
- Mohammad Ezodin Hosseini Zanjani (1921–2013) – cleric
- Mohammad Baqer Shirazi (1931–2014) – cleric
- Abbas Vaez-Tabasi (1935–2016) – cleric and chairman of the supervisory board of Astan Quds Razavi (1979–2016)
- Hassan Firouzabadi (1951–2021) – military commander and Chief of Staff of the Iranian Armed Forces (1989–2016)
Gallery
See also
- Holiest sites in Shia Islam
- Astan Quds Razavi
- Fatima Masumeh Shrine
- Shah Abdol-Azim Shrine
- Goharshad Mosque
- Howz-e Ma'jardar Mosque
References
Bibliography
- D. M. Donaldson: 'Significant Miḥrābs in the Ḥaram at Mas̱ẖhad', A. Islam., ii (1935), pp. 118–27
- A. U. Pope and P. Ackerman, eds: Survey of Persian Art (2/1964–7), pp. 1201–11
- B. Saadat: The Holy Shrine of Imam Reza, Mashhad, 4 vols (Shiraz, 1976)
- Nasrine Hakami, Pèlerinage de l'Emâm Rezâ: Étude Socio-économique (Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, 1989)
- C. P. Melville: 'Shah ‛Abbas and the Pilgrimage to Mashhad', Safavid Persia: The History and Politics of an Islamic Society, ed. C. P. Melville (London, 1996), pp. 191–229
- Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
External links
Шаблон:Commons category-inline
- Astan Quds Razavi Шаблон:Webarchive
- Non-Iranian Pilgrims Website Шаблон:Webarchive
- Razavi Pharmaceutical Service Institute
Шаблон:Mosques in Iran Шаблон:Holiest sites in Shia Islam Шаблон:Razavi Khorasan Province
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Zabeth (1999) pp. 12-16
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Michael Axworthy, A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind, (Basic Books, 2010), 212.
- ↑ Central Bank of Iran Шаблон:Webarchive. Banknotes & Coins: 100 Rials Шаблон:Webarchive. – Retrieved on 24 March 2009.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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