Английская Википедия:Inland Steel Company
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The Inland Steel Company was an American steel company active in 1893–1998. Its history as an independent firm thus spanned much of the 20th century. It was headquartered in Chicago at the landmark Inland Steel Building.
Inland Steel was an integrated steel company that reduced iron ore to steel. It specialized in the basic open hearth steelmaking process. This produced a steel that was resistant to extreme temperature, unlike those made from the Bessemer or acid open hearth processes.[1] Its sole steel mill was located in East Chicago, Indiana, on the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal and a large landfill protruding out into Lake Michigan. The steel mill's shoreline location enabled it to take in steelmaking commodities, such as iron ore, coal, and limestone, by lake freighter. Throughout much of its life, Inland Steel operated its own fleet of bulk carrier vessels.
Inland Steel was founded by Jewish owners because of anti-Semitism in the steel industry, and thereby provided employment to other Jewish workers.Шаблон:Citation needed
Firm history
Inland Steel was founded in 1893 through the purchase of a small failed Chicago Heights steel mill, Chicago Steel Works. After its closing, the machinery was bought by Ross Buckingham. He was able to acquire six acres of land and $20,000 for buildings, but was unable to raise more capital. An acquaintance of Buckingham, George H Jones, learned of this and became interested. At the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893,Jones met Joseph Block of the Block-Pollack Iron Company. Block wanted to be involved in this new business venture, but his business associates did not. Block put up the capital himself and brought in his 22-year-old son, Philip D Block. After purchasing Buckingham's land and machinery, Inland Steel Company was officially in business on October 30, 1893.[2]
Inland Steel was immediately successful, even making a small profit in 1894. A slightly larger profit was earned in 1895. A disagreement broke out between the founders on what should be done with these profits. William H Adams and some other investors wanted a larger return on their investment, while others wanted to reinvest profits back into the company. Reinvestment would allow them to replace the old machinery that was in constant need of repair. It was decided that they would reinvest the profits, causing Adams to leave the company. He sold his shares to LE Block, oldest son of Joseph.[3]The Block family led Inland Steel's recovery and, in 1901, Inland Steel pledged to raise more than $1 million to build an open-hearth mill in East Chicago. This expansion caused the firm to grow more than tenfold in size, from 250 workers in 1897 to 2,600 in 1910.[4]
Inland Steel continued to face heavy competition from U.S. Steel, the Pittsburgh-based giant that at that time possessed a dominant share of the U.S. steel market. World wars increased steel demand and pushed Inland Steel forward. In 1917 (World War I), Inland Steel's production broke the 1.0-million ton (0.9m tonne) mark for the first time; and in 1930 the firm completed a new office headquarters in East Chicago, which survives. By World War II the Chicago-area steelmaker had 14,000 employees and was producing 3.4 million tons (3.0m tonnes) per year.[4]
Starting in the 1950s, Inland Steel specialized in cold-rolled sheet and strip steel for motor vehicles. In 1956–1957, the successful firm constructed a new corporate headquarters, the Inland Steel Building, in downtown Chicago. Employment at the Indiana Harbor mill rose toward its peak of 25,000 in 1969.[4]
The decline in the U.S. steel industry, starting in 1970, affected Inland Steel. Foreign steel companies were increasing their presence in the world steel market. During the late 1970s Inland Steel formed several joint ventures with Nippon Steel to create I/N Tek and I/N Kote, but profitability continued to be difficult to attain. After a series of internal reforms, Inland rapidly became so profitable in 1997 that, uniquely amongst U.S. integrated steel mills, they became desirable for acquisition. Ispat International acquired Inland Steel in 1998 eventually becoming ArcelorMittal.[4] As of 2020, the assets of Inland Steel are now part of Cleveland-Cliffs.
Facilities
This list is not yet very complete.
August 1902, plant at Indiana Harbor has been put into operation. Headquarters were in the Marquette Building in Chicago.[5]
March 1903, shareholders vote to increase stock from $2,000,000 to $2,500,000. G.H. Jones is president.[6]
August 1906, a new 50 acre tract with 4000 feet water frontage was acquired next to the existing plant. Also acquired was the Laura mine on the Mesaba range from Alexis W. Thompson, former president of Republic Iron & Steel. The 5th open hearth furnace had just been completed and the daily capacity of open hearth steel was 500 tons. With capital stock increased from $2,500,000 to $5,000,000 further additions to be made are 2 modern blast furnaces and a 6th open hearth furnace (50 tons).[7]
The "Madeline" blast furnace with a rated capacity of 350 tons/day was blown in on August 31, 1907.[8] The Iron Age 3-page article (January 10, 1908): [9]
April 1912, Madeline No. 2, 366 feet north of and slightly larger than No. 1, +5 stoves makes 9 stoves in one row between the 2 furnaces. 400 tons/day given as the maximum capacity of No. 1. 6-page article.[10] 3 pages in Iron Age.[11]
January 16, 1917, 44 Koppers Coke ovens commenced production, total at that point: 130 Koppers ovens, a Koppers by-product and benzol recovery plant.[12][13]
April 24, 1917, blast furnace No. 3 with rated capacity of 500-600 tons/day was blown in.[14]
On January 3, 1939, Madeline No. 5, new largest among Inland's furnaces was blown in with 1000 tons/day for a new total of 4000 tons/day. Built by Arthur G. McKee & Co, who had also built No. 1 in 1907.[15]
todo: 1932 50,000tons/month 76-inch strip mill, 1933 tin mill, 1938 2.5 minutes per mile 44-inch strip mill, 59 coke ovens, 5 open hearth (+18%).[16]
See also
Further reading
- Moise Dreyfus Obituary – http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1937/05/13/page/18/article/moise-dreyfus-estate-valued-at-11-3-millions
- Book, 50 Years of Inland Steel, 1943
- Booklet, “The Story of Inland Steel”, 1964
- Booklets, “Inland Steel at 100: Beginning a Second Century of Progress”, 1993.
- Perry, W.A., Booklet, “History of Inland Steel Co. to 1971", b
- Perry, W. A., Booklet, “A History of Inland Steel Company and the Indiana Harbor Works” (ca. 1980)
- Perry, W.A (1979) A History of Inland Steel Company And The Indiana Harbor Works (booklet)
- Perry, William A. & Saran, Sam H. Booklet, A History of Inland Steel Company and the Indiana Harbor Works (1992).
- Perry, William A. & Saran, Sam H. Booklet, A History of Inland Steel Company and the Indiana Harbor Works(1993).
- Wilder, John Watson Book, Inland Steel, 1893–1943.[17]
References
External links
- Artist's Rendering, Inland Steel Company, Chicago Heights, Illinois plant, 1894 The Digital Collections of IUPIU University Library.
- The Michael Tenenbaum papers at Hagley Museum and Library consist of a series of his writings and speeches and a small number of Inland Steel Company publications.
- Arcelor Mittal page on Indiana Harbor – former Inland Steel plant
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Inland Steel, pp.8-11
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite newspaper
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite newspaper
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite newspaper
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Northwest Regional Collection, Calumet Regional Archives, Indiana University
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