Английская Википедия:Iraqi Republic Railways

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Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox company Шаблон:Infobox rail network

Iraqi Republic Railways Company (IRR; Шаблон:Lang-ar) is the national railway operator in Iraq.

Network

IRR comprises Шаблон:Convert of Шаблон:RailGauge. IRR has one international interchange, with Chemins de Fer Syriens (CFS) at Rabiya. The system runs from Rabiya southward through Mosul, Baiji, and Baghdad to Basra, with a branch line from Shouaiba Junction (near Basra) to the ports of Khor Az Zubair and Umm Qasr, westward from Baghdad through Ramadi and Haqlaniya to Al Qaim and Husayba, with a branch line from Al Qaim to Akashat, and east-west from Haqlaniya through Bayji to Kirkuk.

History

Файл:Iraqi State Railways poster, c. 1936.png
Advert from the 1930s
Файл:"Nordmenn + tyrkere på stoppested (Taurus)" - DEX FB 0033.jpg
Germans, Norwegians, French-Syrian colonial officials and others at the train station in Tell Kotchek, 1940.

The first section of railway in what was then the Ottoman Empire province of Mesopotamia was a Шаблон:Convert length of the Baghdad Railway between that city & Samarra opened in 1914. Work had started northwards from Baghdad with the aim of meeting the section being constructed across Turkey and Syria to Tel Kotchek and an extension northwards from Samarra to Baiji was opened in December 1918.[1]

From 1916 onwards an invading British Military force brought narrow gauge equipment, firstly Шаблон:RailGauge gauge and later Шаблон:RailGauge gauge from India to Southern Mesopotamia to construct various sections of line to support its offensive against the Turks. Britain defeated the Ottomans and Mesopotamia became a League of Nations mandate under British administration. In April 1920 the British military authorities transferred all railways to a British civilian administration, Mesopotamian Railways.[2]

The metre gauge line from Basra to Nasiriyah was the most important section constructed during the war in terms of its significance as part of later efforts to construct a national railway network. Soon after the end of World War I this was extended northwards from Ur Junction outside Nasiriyah up the Euphrates valley with the complete Basra to Baghdad route being opened on 16 January 1920.[3]

The other section of metre gauge line built during World War I that had ongoing significance was that from Baghdad East north eastwards to the Persian border. After the war the eastern end of this line was diverted to Khanaqin and the wartime built line north west from Jalula Junction was extended from Kingerban to Kirkuk in 1925.[3]

In 1932 Iraq became independent from the UK. In March 1936 the UK sold Mesopotamian Railways to Iraq, which renamed the company Iraqi State Railways.[2] Work resumed on the extension of the Baghdad Railway between Tel Kotchek on the Syrian frontier and Baiji. The through route was opened and completed on 15 July 1940.[2] In 1941 the Iraqi State Railways PC class 4-6-2 steam locomotives were introduced to haul the Baghdad — Istanbul Taurus Express on the Baghdad Railway between Baghdad and Tel Kotchek.[4] From 1941 onwards the UK War Department supplemented ISR's locomotive fleets: the metre gauge with HG class 4-6-0s requisitioned from India[5] and new USATC S118 Class 2-8-2's from the US,[6] and the standard gauge with new LMS Stanier Class 8F 2-8-0s[7] and USATC S100 Class 0-6-0T's.[8]

Файл:Iq-map-pol96.jpg
Principal railway routes in Iraq

In 1947 the Iraq Petroleum Company opened a branch at Kirkuk, which it operated with its own Hudswell Clarke 2-8-4T's from 1951.[9][10] ISR opened a new metre gauge line from Kirkuk to Arbil in 1949. A joint road and rail bridge was opened across the River Tigris in Baghdad in 1950, finally connecting the east and west bank metre gauge systems.[2] ISR added new steam locomotives in the 1950s: 20[11] metre gauge 2-8-2's from Ferrostaal of Essen and 10[12] from Vulcan Foundry[13] in 1953 and 20 more[14] from Maschinenfabrik Esslingen[15] in 1955-56 and 2-8-0s from Krupp, plus standard gauge 2-8-0s also from Krupp.[16][17]

In 1958 when Iraq's Hashemite monarchy was overthrown and a republic declared, ISR was renamed Iraqi Republic Railways.[2] In 1961 IRR began to replace its standard gauge steam locomotive fleet with diesels from ČKD[18][19][20] and Alco.[21][22] In 1972 several classes of steam locomotive were still in service on the standard gauge system,[23][24] but these were replaced by further classes of diesel from Alstom, Montreal Locomotive Works and MACOSA.[22] IRR did not begin to replace its metre gauge steam locomotives until after 1983.[2][25]

In 1964 IRR extended its standard gauge network with a line from Baghdad to Basrah which opened for freight in 1964 and for passengers in 1968. It has since been extended from Shouaiba Junction to the port of Umm Qasr.[2]

From 1980 until 2003 IRR suffered approximately one billion United States dollars' worth of war and looting damage.[26]

Routes

IRR Southern Line

Шаблон:Main The IRR Southern Line, also known as the Baghdad-Basra Railway Line, is the currently only rail route in Iraq that is fully operational. The line stretches 550 kilometres to Basra Al Maqal railway station with a Branch line to Karbala and another one from Shoeyba Junction to Um Qasr.

IRR Northern Line

Шаблон:Main The IRR Northern Line connects the capital of Baghdad with the northern city of Mosul and then to the international interchange at Rabiyaa. The line is currently in reconstruction. The Section from Baghdad and Taji, a northern suburb of Baghdad, is the only section currently in sporadic use.

IRR Western Line

The Line connects Baghdad to the phosphate mining village of Akashat. The only section currently in use in the form of a commuter rail line is the 65-kilometre-long section from Baghdad to Falluja.

IRR Transversal Line

Шаблон:Main This rail line connects Haditha, where it intersects with the IRR Western, over Baiji, where it connects to the IRR Northern, to Kirkuk in the north-east of Iraq. It is the only major route to not run to Baghdad. The line is fully out of operation.

Passenger services

In around October 2008, a commuter service resumed between Baghdad Central and the southern suburb of Doura.[27] There is a nightly service between Baghdad and Basra and a Friday-only pilgrims service to Samarra. In March 2009, a weekly service started between Baghdad and Fallujah. The Baghdad - Mosul line is almost ready for passenger services to resume.Шаблон:When Transport Minister Abdul Jabbar Ismail said that he hoped to extend the existing network of Шаблон:Convert to between Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert but that there were obstacles such as budget restraints and contract approvals.[28] CSR Sifang Co Ltd. is supplying 10 new Шаблон:Convert trains in 2014.[29]

Rolling stock

In 1936, the Iraqi State Railways owned 114 locomotives, 8 railcars, 320 coaches and 3485 goods wagons.[30]

Current (information partly from 2004)

Class Image Axle formula Number Year in service Power
[hp] 		Constructor Notes
DHS 101-3BB Bo-Bo 3 1986 600 Nippon Sharyo Not in service anymore[31]
DHS 111-3BB Bo-Bo 3 1973 600 Nippon Sharyo Not in service anymore[31]
DHS 121-7BB Bo-Bo 7 1982 600 Nippon Sharyo Not in service anymore[31]
DHS 131-144 Bo-Bo 14 2002-2003 1,000 Tülomsas 8 in service in 2004[31]
DHS 151-162 Файл:Iraqi Railroad locomotive.jpg Bo-Bo 12 2004-2005 1,200 Tülomsas
DEM 2001-2010 Co-Co 10 1963 1,650 ČKD 5657–5766. Not in service anymore[31]
DEM 2011-2020 Co-Co 10 1964 1,650 ČKD 5802–5811. Not in service anymore[31]
DEM 2101-2105 Co-Co 5 1965 2,000 Alco 3416.01-3416.05. Not in service anymore[31]
DEM 2201-2220 Co-Co 20 1971 2,000 Alstom Not in service anymore[31]
DEM 2301-2330 Co-Co 30 1975 2,000 Montreal Locomotive Works 6083.01-6083.30. Not in service anymore[31]
DEM 2331-2361 Co-Co 30 1976 2,000 Montreal Locomotive Works 6093.01-6093.31. Not in service anymore[31]
DEM 2401-2455 Файл:Locomotive in downtown Baghdad, Iraq.JPEG Co-Co 55 1980 2,000 Macosa 1631-1685. Some possibly still in service[31]
DEM 2501-2582 Co-Co 82 1983 2,250 Henschel & Son 32711-32720, 32639-32710. Seen in service in 2007. 2559-2561 were formerly dedicated to Saddam Hussein's private passenger train.[31]
DEM 2701-50 Файл:Iraq; diesel locomotive DEM2716.jpg Bo-Bo 50 2001 2,000 Dalian In service[31]
DEM 2801-30 Файл:محطة القطار العالمية.jpg Co-Co 30 2004 2,630 Lugansk (LuganskTeplovoz) Some possibly still in service[31]
DES 3001-36 Bo-Bo 36 1962-1973 650 ČKD [31]
DES 3101-200 Файл:IRR dieselelectric locomotive.jpg Co-Co 100 1979-1981 1,100 ČKD 11301-11303, 12204-12211, 12272-12360[31]
DES 3301-6 Bo-Bo 6 2004 1,200 Bryansk [31]
DEM 4001-11 Co-Co 11 1980 3,600 Francorail [31]
DEM 4101-61 Co-Co 6 1980-1982 3,600 Francorail [31]
Файл:Basra train.jpg DMU 10 2014 3,600 CSR 160 km/h. 10-car long-distance train has two power cars and accommodates up to 343 passengers intended for Bagdad - Basra on the Bagdad-Basra train.
* DHS = Diesel-hydraulic, DEM = Diesel-electric

Retired

Class Image Axle Formula Number Year in Service Constructor Notes
HJ Class 4-6-0 203 1902 Originally built for Bengal and North Western Railway. Exported to Iraq in Second World War.[32]
HG Class 4-6-0 1907 Robert Stephenson & Company One seen as 132 in 1967. Originally built for Burma Railways. Exported to Iraq later.[32]
HG Class 4-6-0 1920 Nasmyth Wilson One seen as 179 in 1967. Originally built for South Indian Railway Company. Exported to Iraq later.[32]
HG Class 4-6-0 192 North British One seen as 193 in 1967. Originally built for South Indian Railway Company. Exported to Iraq later.[32]
HGS Class 4-6-0 1921 Vulcan Foundry One seen as 149 in 1967. Exported to Iraq later.[32]
NA Class 4-8-0 226 1920 North British Originally built for Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway. Exported to Iraq in Second World War.[32]
? Файл:المبنى الخارجي لمحطة القطار العالمية.jpg 0-6-0 ? 1912 Borsig One photographed in 1967 on display at Baghdad West Railway station.[32]
? 0-4-0VBT ? 1928 Sentinel Two photographed in 1967 as RM2/RM3.[32]
PC class Файл:The British Army in the Middle East 1943 E25833.jpg 4-6-2 4 1941 Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns Nos. 501-504. Built in 1940. 504 lost during transport to Iraq. Out of service in 1967.
TD Class Файл:Stanier 8F 2-8-0 No. 48479.jpg 2-8-0 12 1942 North British 143 Sent to Iran after 1941 Anglo-Soviet invasion. Ten were purchased by I.R.R. in 1947, two in 1948. Operated until the seventies. 1 Currently possible disused - abandoned in field near IRR Шаблон:Coord. Series around 1400. War Department 70746> 1402
SA Class Файл:S100Design.png 0-6-0 5 1942-'44 Davenport Nos. 1211-1215. In 1967 at least two active. According to some they were used by Palestine Military Railway first. P.M.R. 106 > 423, 165 > 425, 404 > 429, 406 > 430, 434 > 431, 437 > 432, 512 > 438.[33]
V Class 0-4-0T 1910 Borsig One seen as 208 in 1967 on display in Shalchiyah.
W Class 2-8-2 1943 Alco One seen as 63 in 1967.
2-8-4T 3 1951 Hudswell Clarke Nos. 1-3.
Y Class 2-8-2 10 1953 Vulcan Foundry One seen as 80 in 1967
Z Class 2-8-2 1956 Esslingen One seen as 96.

Developments

Iraq-Syria Direct Railway Link

Шаблон:Unreferenced section Syrian Railways had been extending a rail route from Deir ez-Zor Junction towards the modern Husaibah branch terminus on the Iraqi side of the border, which was built as a through station. The route follows the Euphrates river valley and Google Earth shows the route complete to the border, including a new customs exchange yard, but requiring Шаблон:Convert of formation on the Iraqi side. The civil war in Syria and insurgency in Iraq have prevented further progress in the last decade. This route would be more direct than the existing one via the border station at Tall Kushik.

Iraq-Jordan Direct Railway Link

In August 2011, the Jordanian government approved the construction of the railway from Aqaba to the Iraqi border (near Traibil). The Iraqis in the meantime started the construction of the line from the border to their current railhead at Ramadi.[34]

High-speed Baghdad-Basra line

Шаблон:Main In 2011, a Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert line between Baghdad and Basra was planned, with the Iraqi Railways and Alstom designing the route.[35]

It started operations since 2014, and at that time not classified as a true high-speed rail. New trainsets for use on the Baghdad-Basra route were unveiled in China in February 2014 before being shipped to Iraq.[36]

Iraq-Iran Basra-Shalamcheh line

In December 2021, Iran and Iraq agreed today to build a railway connecting both countries.The project would connect Basra in southern Iraq to Shalamcheh in western Iran. There are only around 30 kilometers (18 miles) between the two areas. The railway would be strategically important for Iran, linking the country to the Mediterranean Sea via Iraq and Syria’s railways.[37][38]

Couplings

IRR uses Soviet-style SA3 couplers. In order to allow interchange with CFS and Turkish State Railways which both use screw couplers, IRR locomotives and most wagons are equipped with screw couplers and buffers. In Iraqi service the buffers do not make contact and the screw couplings hang down unattached.

Rail links to adjacent countries

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Asia in topic

Шаблон:Authority control

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Разное

  1. ↑ Hughes (1981) p. 87
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 Hughes (1981) p. 90
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Hughes (1981) p. 89
  4. ↑ Hughes (1981) p. 98
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ http://www.enuii.org/vulcan_foundry/photographs/locomotives/Publicity/Iraqi%20State%20Railways.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Hughes (1981) p. 97
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  27. ↑ "All Aboard the Baghdad Metro", Los Angeles Times, 18 November 2008
  28. ↑ "Iraq's Struggle to get railway back on track after neglect and war", The Times, 14 April 2009
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  31. ↑ 31,00 31,01 31,02 31,03 31,04 31,05 31,06 31,07 31,08 31,09 31,10 31,11 31,12 31,13 31,14 31,15 31,16 31,17 31,18 HaRakevet: Rothschild PhD, Rabbi Walter (March 2005), I.R.R. Diesel loco stocklist. Series 18 issue 68
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 32,3 32,4 32,5 32,6 32,7 Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ HaRakevet: Rothschild PhD, Rabbi Walter (September 1989), Palestine Military Railways Ex-LSWR 0-6-0's Series 2 issue 5
  34. ↑ Construction begins on 500km Jordan-Iraq railway, Construction Week, 24 August 2011
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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