Английская Википедия:Isotopes of germanium
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox germanium isotopes Germanium (32Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes, 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, and 76Ge. Of these, 76Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.78 × 1021 years[1] (130 billion times the age of the universe).
Stable 74Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately 36%. 76Ge is the least common with a natural abundance of approximately 7%.[2] When bombarded with alpha particles, the isotopes 72Ge and 76Ge will generate stable 75As and 77Se, releasing high energy electrons in the process.[3]
At least 27 radioisotopes have also been synthesized ranging in atomic mass from 58 to 89. The most stable of these is 68Ge, decaying by electron capture with a half-life of 270.95 d. It decays to the medically useful positron-emitting isotope 68Ga. (See gallium-68 generator for notes on the source of this isotope, and its medical use.) The least stable known germanium isotope is 59Ge with a half-life of 13.3 ms.
While most of germanium's radioisotopes decay by beta decay, 61Ge and 65Ge can also decay by β+-delayed proton emission.[2] 84Ge through 87Ge also have minor β−-delayed neutron emission decay paths.[2]
76Ge is used in experiments on the nature of neutrinos, by searching for neutrinoless double beta decay.
71Ge is the most stable nuclide for isotones with 39 neutrons, which has a half-life of 11.3 days. Note that 39 is the most "unstable" neutron number among the numbers 0 to 128 (compare: 87 is the most "unstable" proton number among the numbers 1 to 105), all other numbers (0 to 128) of neutrons have a nuclide with a half-life 22.2 years or more (including stable nuclides).
List of isotopes
Шаблон:Isotopes table |- | 58Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 26 | 57.99101(34)# | | 2p | 56Zn | 0+ | | |- | 59Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 27 | 58.98175(30)# |13.3(17) ms | 2p | 57Zn | 7/2−# | | |- | rowspan=2|60Ge | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 28 | rowspan=2|59.97019(25)# | rowspan=2|21(6) ms | β+, p | 59Zn | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, 2p | 58Cu |- | rowspan=2|61Ge | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 29 | rowspan=2|60.96379(32)# | rowspan=2|39(12) ms | β+, p (80%) | 60Zn | rowspan=2|(3/2−)# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (20%) | 61Ga |- | 62Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 30 | 61.95465(15)# | 129(35) ms | β+ | 62Ga | 0+ | | |- | 63Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 31 | 62.94964(21)# | 142(8) ms | β+ | 63Ga | (3/2−)# | | |- | 64Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 32 | 63.94165(3) | 63.7(25) s | β+ | 64Ga | 0+ | | |- | rowspan=2|65Ge | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 33 | rowspan=2|64.93944(11) | rowspan=2|30.9(5) s | β+ (99.99%) | 65Ga | rowspan=2|(3/2)− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p (.01%) | 64Zn |- | 66Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 34 | 65.93384(3) | 2.26(5) h | β+ | 66Ga | 0+ | | |- | 67Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 35 | 66.932734(5) | 18.9(3) min | β+ | 67Ga | 1/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 67m1Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 18.20(5) keV | 13.7(9) μs | | | 5/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 67m2Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 751.70(6) keV | 110.9(14) ns | | | 9/2+ | | |- | 68Ge[n 1] | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 36 | 67.928094(7) | 271.05(8) d | EC | 68Ga | 0+ | | |- | 69Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 37 | 68.9279645(14) | 39.05(10) h | β+ | 69Ga | 5/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 69m1Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 86.765(14) keV | 5.1(2) μs | | | 1/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 69m2Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 397.944(18) keV | 2.81(5) μs | | | 9/2+ | | |- | 70Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 38 | 69.9242474(11) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.2038(18) | |- | 71Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 39 | 70.9249510(11) | 11.43(3) d | EC | 71Ga | 1/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 71mGe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 198.367(10) keV | 20.40(17) ms | IT | 71Ge | 9/2+ | | |- | 72Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 40 | 71.9220758(18) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.2731(26) | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 72mGe | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 691.43(4) keV | 444.2(8) ns | | | 0+ | | |- | 73Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 41 | 72.9234589(18) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 9/2+ | 0.0776(8) | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 73m1Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 13.2845(15) keV | 2.92(3) μs | | | 5/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 73m2Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 66.726(9) keV | 499(11) ms | | | 1/2− | | |- | 74Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 42 | 73.9211778(18) | colspan=3 align=center|Stable | 0+ | 0.3672(15) | |- | 75Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 43 | 74.9228589(18) | 82.78(4) min | β− | 75As | 1/2− | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 75m1Ge | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 139.69(3) keV | rowspan=2|47.7(5) s | IT (99.97%) | 75Ge | rowspan=2|7/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β− | 75As |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 75m2Ge | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 192.18(7) keV | 216(5) ns | | | 5/2+ | | |- | 76Ge[n 2] | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 44 | 75.9214026(18) | (2.022±0.018±0.038)Шаблон:E y[4] | β−β− | 76Se | 0+ | 0.0783(7) | |- | 77Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 45 | 76.9235486(18) | 11.30(1) h | β− | 77As | 7/2+ | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 77mGe | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 159.70(10) keV | rowspan=2|52.9(6) s | β− (79%) | 77As | rowspan=2|1/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (21%) | 77Ge |- | 78Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 46 | 77.922853(4) | 88(1) min | β− | 78As | 0+ | | |- | 79Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 47 | 78.9254(1) | 18.98(3) s | β− | 79As | (1/2)− | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 79mGe | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 185.95(4) keV | rowspan=2|39.0(10) s | β− (96%) | 79As | rowspan=2|(7/2+)# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (4%) | 79Ge |- | 80Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 48 | 79.92537(3) | 29.5(4) s | β− | 80As | 0+ | | |- | 81Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 49 | 80.92882(13) | 7.6(6) s | β− | 81As | 9/2+# | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 81mGe | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 679.13(4) keV | rowspan=2|7.6(6) s | β− (99%) | 81As | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (1%) | 81Ge |- | 82Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 50 | 81.92955(26) | 4.55(5) s | β− | 82As | 0+ | | |- | 83Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 51 | 82.93462(21)# | 1.85(6) s | β− | 83As | (5/2+)# | | |- | rowspan=2|84Ge | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 52 | rowspan=2|83.93747(32)# | rowspan=2|0.947(11) s | β− (89.2%) | 84As | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (10.8%) | 83As |- | rowspan=2|85Ge | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 53 | rowspan=2|84.94303(43)# | rowspan=2|535(47) ms | β− (86%) | 85As | rowspan=2|5/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (14%) | 84As |- | rowspan=2|86Ge | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 32 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 54 | rowspan=2|85.94649(54)# | rowspan=2|>150 ns | β−, n | 85As | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β− | 86As |- | 87Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 55 | 86.95251(54)# | 0.14# s | | | 5/2+# | | |- | 88Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 56 | 87.95691(75)# | >=300 ns | | | 0+ | | |- | 89Ge | style="text-align:right" | 32 | style="text-align:right" | 57 | 88.96383(97)# | >150 ns | | | 3/2+# | | Шаблон:Isotopes table/footer
- Angular momentum or 3rd order sub particles are omitted as spin(2)=0,45,45.
References
- Isotope masses from:
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
Шаблон:Navbox element isotopes
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:NUBASE 2003
- ↑ Via a set of two reactions:
4He + 72Ge → 75Se + 1n, 75Se decays by electron capture to 75As with a half-life of 120 days
76Ge + 1n → 77Ge, which then undergoes beta decay to 77As with a half-life of 11.3 hours, which in turn undergoes beta decay to 77Se with a half-life of 39 hours - ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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