Английская Википедия:Israel Putnam Monument

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The Israel Putnam Monument is an equestrian statue located in Brooklyn, Connecticut, United States. The monument, designed by sculptor Karl Gerhardt, was dedicated in 1888 in honor of Israel Putnam, a Connecticut native who served as a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. The monument was created as a response to the deteriorated condition of Putnam's grave in Brooklyn's cemetery, and the state government allocated funds for the monument with the provision that it also serve as a tomb for Putnam. Upon its completion, Putnam's remains were reinterred under the monument. The dedication was held on June 14 in a large ceremony with several guests of honor, including the governors of Connecticut and Rhode Island. The monument was criticized by contemporary reviewers, who especially criticized the horse, with one review noting that it appeared to be suffering from bone spavin.

History

Background

Israel Putnam was a military officer from Brooklyn, Connecticut. Originally from Salem, Massachusetts, he had moved to Brooklyn in 1739 and participated in the French and Indian War from 1755 to 1762. Soon after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, Putnam became involved on the side of the American revolutionaries, organizing a regiment in Windham County, Connecticut, and becoming a major general in the Continental Army.Шаблон:Sfn Following the war, Putnam returned to Brooklyn, where he died in 1790.Шаблон:Sfn He was buried in the town's South Cemetery.Шаблон:Sfn Following his death, several memorials and monuments began to be erected in his honor, with the first being his tomb, a brick structure covered by a large stone slab that bore an inscription composed by Timothy Dwight IV, future president of Yale University.Шаблон:Sfn In 1874, a statue of Israel Putnam designed by sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward was dedicated in Bushnell Park in Hartford, Connecticut, the state capital.Шаблон:Sfn In Brooklyn, there had been a push to erect another monument to Putnam in the 1850s, though these plans ultimately did not come to fruition.Шаблон:Sfn

Creation

By the 1880s, the stone slab covering Putnam's tomb had significantly deteriorated due to vandalism.Шаблон:Sfn In late 1885, N. W. Kennedy, the editor of the Windham County Standard, began to urge for the creation of a new monument to honor Putnam. At a meeting he had organized, a group of citizens from the county formed the Putnam Monument Association with the goal of raising US$10,000 for the creation of this monument. Additionally, it was decided that, if the association was unable to attain this money through local fundraising, they would petition either the U.S. Congress or the Connecticut General Assembly for assistance.Шаблон:Sfn By the time a subsequent meeting was held, only $500 had been raised, at which time the association decided to petition the General Assembly for $10,000, with the hope that an additional $5,000 could be raised through local fundraising.Шаблон:Sfn The appropriation passed the legislature with only one dissenting vote from a legislator who stated that his constituents should not have to fund a project that the federal government should be financing.Шаблон:Sfn

On February 19, 1886,Шаблон:Sfn the Connecticut government created a committee composed of seven Connecticut citizens to oversee the project,Шаблон:Sfn which included politicians George P. McLean and George G. Sumner.Шаблон:Sfn That same day, the committee approved of holding a contest and soliciting designs from artists for the monument, with the only constraints being that the monument not cost more than $10,000 and that the proposal be submitted by May 15, 1886.Шаблон:Sfn The winner would receive a compensation of $250.Шаблон:Sfn Of the 25 designs that were submitted, the one from Karl Gerhardt was in the form of an equestrian statue, and subsequently the committee decided that that type of monument should be chosen.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Another competition was held, this time explicitly seeking out equestrian statue designs, and four design proposals were considered.Шаблон:Refn Ultimately, Gerhardt's design was selected, and he was given both the $250 payment and the remaining $9,750 to create the monument.Шаблон:Sfn Gerhardt was a native of Hartford and had previously studied sculpture in Paris, having some of his works displayed in the Salon.Шаблон:Sfn As per the contract between him and the committee signed in October 1886, he would be responsible for designing a bronze equestrian statue and accompanying stone pedestal, which would be submitted for approval by October 1, 1887, at the latest.Шаблон:Sfn

Around the same time that Gerhardt's design was selected, the committee began to consider the location for the monument. While the letter of the law stated that the monument was to be erected "over the grave" of Putnam, some in Brooklyn opined that the cemetery where he was buried was not a sufficient location for a monument as large and costly as the one they had planned.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn As a result, Putnam's descendants decided that his remains would be exhumed and buried under the monument wherever it was to be erected in Brooklyn.Шаблон:Sfn This led to a great deal of local controversy and debate over the location,Шаблон:Sfn with the New-York Tribune even reporting on the debates in an August 1886 article.Шаблон:Sfn Ultimately, the committee selected a plot of land near the center of town,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn just south of the town green.Шаблон:Sfn This property was donated to the state by Brooklyn citizen Thomas Smith Marlor,Шаблон:Sfn who also furnished the pedestal for the statue.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, the original stone cover for Putnam's grave was moved to safekeeping in the Connecticut State Capitol, while a replica of the stone marked the former location of the grave.Шаблон:Sfn Putnam's remains would be reinterred under the monument in a metal coffin.Шаблон:Sfn With the location selected and an additional $500 allocated by the town of Brooklyn for advertising and other expenses, the committee stated in a January 1887 report to the General Assembly that they expected the monument to be completed by June 17 of that year.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, the committee stated that the project was not expected to go over-budget and that the statue's size would be comparable to that of the equestrian statue of George Washington in New York City.Шаблон:Sfn In May 1887, the General Assembly passed a resolution concerning the dedication for the monument, allocating $6,500 for the unveiling activities.Шаблон:Sfn According to the Worcester Society of Antiquity, the total cost of the project was about $20,000.Шаблон:Sfn

Dedication

The monument was dedicated in a ceremony on June 14, 1888.Шаблон:Sfn The ceremony began with an invocation prayer given by the Reverend Timothy Dwight V, after which the band present played "Hail, Columbia".Шаблон:Sfn Afterwards, monument committee member Morris Seymour gave a speech introducing the statue,Шаблон:Sfn at the end of which it was unveiled by John D. Putnam, a descendant of Israel's.Шаблон:Sfn A speech was then given by Connecticut Governor Phineas C. Lounsbury, who accepted the statue on behalf of the state.Шаблон:Sfn The band then played "The Star-Spangled Banner",Шаблон:Sfn following which Professor Charles F. Johnson of the Trinity College in Hartford read a poem.Шаблон:Sfn Committee member Henry C. Robinson then gave a memorial address in honor of Putnam,Шаблон:Sfn followed by a playing of "America" and a military review by the governor of several military organizations that had attended the ceremony.Шаблон:Sfn At the end of the ceremony, Rhode Island Governor Royal C. Taft gave a speech in honor of those who fought in the American Revolution, while William H. Putnam (Israel's last living grandson), Gerhardt, and Marlor were invited onto the stage and applauded by the crowd.Шаблон:Sfn

Later history

In the 1980s, two bronze wolf heads (the emblem of the Putnam family) located on the front and back of the monument were stolen in an act of vandalism. In 1993, the monument was surveyed as part of the Save Outdoor Sculpture! project.Шаблон:Sfn

Design

A color photograph of an equestrian statue

A close-up of the statue, 2020

The monument consists of an equestrian statue of Putnam, with a height of Шаблон:Convert and side lengths of Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert, atop a granite pedestal measuring Шаблон:Convert tall and with side measurements of Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn The statue is made of bronze and depicts Putnam in his Revolutionary War attire, including a tricorne and a sword hanging from his left side. He is holding the reins of the horse with his left hand and pointing forward with his right hand, while the horse has its front left leg lifted. The statue rests on an oval base that is surrounded by a garland of bronze oak leaves.Шаблон:Sfn The bronze base of the statue bears inscriptions of the sculptor (KARL GERHARDT / 1887) and manufacturer (The Henry-Bonnard Bronze Co. / N.Y.), while two large polished plaques are found on either side of the pedestal and bear the following inscriptions:Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The latter inscription is copied from the one on the cover of Putnam's original tomb.Шаблон:Sfn

Analysis

Artistic reception to the statue was fairly poor. A review of the statue in a September 1886 article of The Sun describes it as such: "There is a sinister suggestion of spavin aft, while forward the shoulders and legs are gathered into a spasmodic upward pounce that was never seen on land or any sea horse."Шаблон:Sfn In Florence Cole Quinby's 1913 book The Equestrian Monuments of the World, the author suggests that the reviewer for The Sun was exaggerating, stating that the statue was "by no means the least effective of the equestrian statues in America".Шаблон:Sfn Another poor review was given by T. H. Bartlett in a June 1888 issue of The American Architect and Building News, who similarly criticized the design of the horse.Шаблон:Sfn Another article in The American Architect, published in 1890, calls the statue a "clumsy copy" of Henry Kirke Brown's equestrian statue of Nathanael Greene.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

• List of equestrian statues in the United States

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite journal

External links

• Шаблон:Commons category-inline