Английская Википедия:Israeli law in the West Bank settlements
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Pp-30-500
Israeli law is enforced in Israeli settlements and among Israeli civilians in Area C of the West Bank, a Palestinian territory under military occupation and therefore otherwise subject to military law. Some provisions are applied on a personal basis, such that it applies to Israeli residents rather than territory. Application of the laws has created "enclaves" of Israeli law in the Israeli-occupied West Bank,[1][2] and the terms "enclave law" and "enclave-based justice" describe the resulting legal system.Шаблон:Sfn
In parallel, other portions of Israeli law, including Israeli criminal law, are applied to Israelis on a personal basis in the West Bank.[1] Since January 2018, all laws proposed in the Knesset are actively considered vis à vis their application to the Israeli settlements in the West Bank.[3][4][5]
The existence of a dual system of laws for Israelis and Palestinians in the West Bank has been used as evidence by those who claim that Israel practices apartheid in the region.[6][7][8][9][10][11]
Terminology
The term "enclave law" was coined in a 1987 article by Amnon Rubinstein,[12] an Israeli scholar of constitutional law.[13] Rubinstein noted regarding the legal system for the West Bank, that:
once perceived as an 'escrow' under the rules of international law – that is as a trust – they have become a 'legal mongrel' and have gradually been incorporated in practice into the realm of Israel's rule.[14]
In a 2009 report authored by Virginia Tilley, the South African Human Sciences Research Council wrote that "The outcome of the extraterritorial application of Israeli legislation on a personal basis, combined with the enclave law as described above, is that a settler lives within the framework of the West Bank law only in a very partial way".[15] The report then quoted Rubinstein's 1986 Hebrew work:
A resident of Ma’ale Adumim, for instance, is supposedly subject to the Military Government and to the local Jordanian law, but in fact he lives according to the laws of Israel both with respect to his personal law and with respect to the local municipality wherein he lives. The Military Government is nothing more than a symbol, through which Israeli law and governance operate.[15]
The concept in Israeli courts
The concept and application of Israeli law in the West Bank settlements has been described numerous times in Israeli courts.Шаблон:Sfn Examples include a 2004 case, Yinon Food Manufacturing and Marketing Ltd v. Qaraan, with respect to a dispute between a Palestinian and their Israeli-settlement-based employer,Шаблон:Efn a 2006 Supreme Court case, Peace Now S.A.L. Educational Enterprises v. Supervisor of the Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria, summarized by Elyakim Rubinstein,Шаблон:Efn and a 2007 Supreme Court case, Kav LaOved v. Jerusalem Labor Court, summarized by Eliezer Rivlin.Шаблон:Efn
Implementation in practice
Territorial aspects of "enclave law" are implemented via a method called "pipelining".[1] Under this method, Israeli Military Orders, which constitute the primary laws in the West Bank, apply Israeli laws specifically to the jurisdictions of the Israeli settlement local councils.[1] This method is used to give Israeli ministries, such as the Israeli Ministry of Education and Israeli Health Ministry, jurisdiction over public facilities such as schools and hospitals in the territories.[1]
Dual legal system
Through this system, Israeli settlers are subject to large portions of Israeli law whereas Palestinians are subject to a combination of Israeli military law and some local laws based on Jordanian law.[1][16] In 1989, Eyal Benvenisti described how "through extensive military legislation, exterritorial application of Israeli legislation and Israeli court rulings" the border between Israel and the West Bank was no longer relevant for "almost all legal purposes that reflect Israeli interests", but the same was not true for the Palestinian population, especially with respect to civil rights.Шаблон:Sfn[17]
Israeli laws that are applicable to Israeli citizens living in the West Bank are often administrative in nature, and include taxation, product supervision, national insurance,[2] education, welfare, health, work, personal status,[18] but exclude laws relating directly to the territory itself such as land and planning laws.[2] The Supreme Court of Israel has ruled that labour laws applied in this way also apply to those Palestinian workers in Israeli settlements due to the "significant linkages" test and the principle of equality within the settlements.[2]
Recent developments
In November 2014, a bill to require all new Israeli laws to consider their application to Israeli settlements was approved by the cabinet but opposed by Attorney General Yehuda Weinstein.[19] In May 2016, the initiative was relaunched by Ayelet Shaked.[20]
In December 2017, over 1,000 central committee members of Likud voted unanimously for "free construction and application of Israeli law and sovereignty in all liberated areas of settlement in Judea and Samaria".[21]
In January 2018, the Knesset House Committee agreed to instruct legal advisors to discuss every new Knesset bill's application to West Bank settlements during the legislative process.[3][4] This was followed, a few weeks later, by the first ever Knesset deliberation of the application of proposed laws to the West Bank settlements.[5]
See also
Further reading
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Amnon Rubinstein, 1986, The Shifting of the 'Territories' — From Pawn Held in Trust to Legal Hybrid (in Hebrew, original title: "מעמדם המשתנה של "השטחים": מפיקדון מוחזק ליצור כלאיים משפטי"), Iyunei Mishpat 11 [עיוני משפט יא], pages 439-456
Notes
References
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Gilead Sher, The Application of Israeli Law to the West Bank: De Facto Annexation?, INSS Insight No. 638, December 4, 2014
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Jerusalem Post, Knesset Committees to Discuss Applying New Laws to West Bank, 3 January 2018: "Legislative committees will be instructed to discuss each new bill’s application to the West Bank, the Knesset House Committee decided on Wednesday... House Committee chairman Yoav Kisch (Likud) originally proposed a change to the Knesset rules that would require committees to discuss how to apply each bill to the West Bank, whether in the text of the law or through a military order. Knesset Legal Adviser Eyal Yinon suggested that he instruct committee legal advisers to hold such discussions, instead of changing Knesset regulations, and the House Committee accepted the idea."
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Arutz Sheva, Shaked: We'll remain in Judea & Samaria for another 5,000 years, 3 January 2018: "The Knesset House Committee today discussed the interaction between the Knesset and Israeli citizens in Judea and Samaria, against the background of Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked's directive that any new government legislation would require reference to Judea and Samaria."
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ A Threshold Crossed, Human Rights Watch, April 27, 2021, "The application of dual bodies of laws has created a reality where two people live in the same territory, but only one enjoys robust rights protection.... Discrimination also pervades every aspect of the criminal law and detention system."
- ↑ Ziad AbuZayyad, The Dual Legal System: Apartheid Regime or Two-State Solution, Palestine-Israel Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2016
- ↑ The Israeli Occupation of the West Bank and the Crime of Apartheid: Legal Opinion, Yesh Din, 2020: "2.6.3 Dual Legal System"
- ↑ John Dugard, John Reynolds, Apartheid, International Law, and the Occupied Palestinian Territory, European Journal of International Law, Volume 24, Issue 3, August 2013, Pages 867–913, https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/cht045
- ↑ Israeli Practices towards the Palestinian People and the Question of Apartheid, Executive Summary, 19 June 2017; https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12265
- ↑ Falk & Tilley (ECSWA), (2020), Israel Practices towards the Palestinian People and the Question of Apartheid, The Palestine Yearbook of International Law Online, 20(1), 201-263. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/22116141_020010010
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 Occupation, colonialism, apartheid?: a re-assessment of Israel's practices in the occupied Palestinian territories under international law Шаблон:Webarchive, 2009, pages 108–109
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ אבירם, אמיתי, [1]שיערוך כספים המוחזרים על-ידי רשויות ציבוריות באזור יהודה והשומרון.: בכך הרחיב המחוקק בצורה עקיפה את תחולת האיסור הקבוע בחוק על האזורים. זאת ועוד, בעבר הוחלו הוראות חוק ישראליות שונות, דרכה של תחיקת הביטחון החלה באזורים, בשטחן של הרשויות המקומיות הישראליות באזורים )החלה זו יצרה את התופעה המכונה "משפט המובלעות"(. יודגש כי החוקים הישראליים שהוחלו בדרך זו הינם בעלי צביון פרסונלי מובהק )דוגמת נושאי חינוך, רווחה, בריאות, עבודה, מעמד אישי וכיו"ב עניינים( ולא בעלי צביון טריטוריאלי-קרקעי
- ↑ Times of Israel, three articles on 9 November 2014:
* Bill would require IDF to copy Israeli civil law for settlements
* Ministers back bill forcing army to extend civil law to settlements
* MKs charge ‘civil law’ bill will lead to settlement annexation - ↑ Times of Israel, Plan to apply Israeli law in West Bank: Equal rights or ‘creeping annexation’?
- ↑ Jerusalem Post, January 2018, Likud vote for West Bank sovereignty 'does not obligate' Netanyahu
