Английская Википедия:Istimrari
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Transliteration estates were small feudal states in 17th- and 18th-century Rajputana.Шаблон:Efn The Шаблон:Transliteration chieftains, the Шаблон:Transliteration, paid tribute to their Maratha masters, but were not compelled to participate in wars unless called upon by their respective chiefs. Part of the Indian feudal system of the time, there were sixty-six Шаблон:Transliteration in the Ajmer region of Rajputana. A related land estate existed alongside the Шаблон:Transliteration in Rajputana: Шаблон:Transliteration were Rajput-specific land rights, granted as allodial titles, which were freely inheritable and inalienable by the original proprietor or the government. Although smaller estates, titles to Шаблон:Transliteration were highly valued even by Шаблон:Transliteration and higher chiefs.
System
The Шаблон:Transliteration estates were originally only Шаблон:Transliteration, which were held under obligation of military service. The Marathas, however, who found it impolitic to encourage the warlike tendencies of their Rajput vassals, commuted this obligation to a fixed tribute.[1]
The Шаблон:Transliteration chieftains,[2] accordingly, acquired the status of holders at a fixed and permanent quit-rent.[3]Шаблон:Rp Although during the earlier period of British rule extra cesses were levied from time to time, in 1841 the government remitted all such collections (fees) for the future. In 1873 Шаблон:Transliteration (written grant or deed) were granted to the various Шаблон:Transliteration, declaring their existing assessments to be fixed in perpetuity. There was, however, a special duty (Шаблон:Transliteration) or quasi-inheritance tax, payable on successions, its amount being separately stipulated in each Шаблон:Transliteration.[1]
Tazimi istimrardars
There were altogether sixty-six Шаблон:Transliteration estates in the Ajmer region. These were divided into Шаблон:Transliteration (from Шаблон:Lang-ur, borrowed from Шаблон:Lang-ar), belonging to the aristocracy of the province and non-Шаблон:Transliteration, being those held by persons of lesser status.
The Шаблон:Transliteration Шаблон:Transliteration numbered fifteen and were:[1] Шаблон:Div col
Bhum estates
An ancient type of land tenure peculiar to the Rajputs was the Шаблон:Transliteration. The word itself means 'land' and Шаблон:Transliteration or Шаблон:Transliteration signifies the holder of this type of land title. As an allodial title, a Шаблон:Transliteration tenure is held as a right "of the soil", and so free from feudal obligations. The tenure consisted essentially in a hereditary, non-resumable, and inalienable right in the land. The Шаблон:Transliteration title was so valued that the greatest chiefs were solicitous to obtain it: Even when held on land in villages entirely dependent on their authority as the presiding Шаблон:Transliteration, thakurs, or rajas, Шаблон:Transliteration were desirable for these higher-level chiefs. The titles were thus sought after and carefully retained for locales contained within areas already under their rule, as well as for those outside their territorial jurisdiction.[1][3] For example, the Maharaja of Kishangarh State, and the thakurs of Fatehgarh (in Kishangarh), of Junia, of Bandanwara, and of Tantoti (all three in Jodhpur State, also called the Kingdom of Marwar), were among the Шаблон:Transliteration of Ajmer.[1]
The obligations of Шаблон:Transliteration were traditionally threefold:[1]
- To protect the village in which the Шаблон:Transliteration is, and the village cattle, from robbers;
- To protect the property of travellers within the village from theft and robbery; and
- To compensate sufferers from a crime which should have been prevented.
Except in cases where the Шаблон:Transliteration was also a Raja or Шаблон:Transliteration the Шаблон:Transliteration property title passed to all children equally, not solely in the male line or by birth order.[1] The Шаблон:Transliteration survived into the era of the British Raj, and there were 109 Шаблон:Transliteration estates recorded in Ajmer in 1908. A precedent set in English courts in the early 19th century maintained the inviolability of Шаблон:Transliteration titles even from the British colonial government.[1][2]
Notes
References
Шаблон:Source-attribution Шаблон:Reflist
