Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Abbas ibn Ali

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (died in 680)}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Abbas ibn Ali
| image              = عباس بن علی.jpg
| image_upright      = 1
| caption            = {{midsize|Abbas's name in Arabic calligraphy}}
| alt                = 
| birth_date         = {{circa}} 4 [[Shaban]] 26 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] <br/>
{{circa}} 15 May 647 [[common era|CE]]
| birth_place        = [[Medina]], [[Rashidun Caliphate]]
| death_date         = 10 [[Muharram]] 61 AH<br /> {{death date and age|680|10|10|647|5|15|df = y}}
| death_place        = [[Karbala]], [[Umayyad Caliphate]]
| death_cause        = Killed in the [[Battle of Karbala]]
| resting_place      = [[Al-Abbas Shrine]], [[Karbala]], [[Iraq]]
| title              = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
|title=List of titles
|Abu al-Fadl<br/>({{lang|ar|أَبُو ٱلْفَضْل}})
|Qamar Bani Hashim<br/>({{lang|ar|قَمَر بَنِي هَاشِم}})<br />({{lit|moon of the Hashimites}})
|al-Saqqa<br/>({{lang|ar|ٱلسَّقَىٰ}})<br />({{lit|the water carrier}})
|Abu al-Qirba<br/>({{lang|ar|أَبُو ٱلْقِرْبَة}})<br />({{transliteration|ar|qirba}} means 'a water-skin')
|Alam-dar<br/>({{lang|fa|{{nq|علمدار}}}})<br />('{{lit|standard-bearer}})
}}
| successor          = 
| spouse             = Lubaba bint Ubayd Allah ibn [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]
| children           = {{plainlist|
*Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas
*[[Qasim ibn Abbas]]
}}
| parents            = {{plainlist|
*[[Ali]]
*[[Umm al-Banin]]
}}
| relatives          = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
|title=List of siblings
|[[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]] 
|[[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]] 
|[[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]] 
|[[Umm Kulthum bint Ali|Umm Kulthum]] 
|[[Muhsin ibn Ali|Muhsin]] 
|[[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya|Muhammad]]
|[[Ruqayya bint Ali|Ruqayya]]
|[[Abdullah ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib|Abdullah]]
|[[Uthman ibn Ali|Uthman]]
|[[Ja'far ibn Ali|Ja'far]]
|[[Imran ibn Ali|Imran]]
}}
| family             = [[Ahl al-Bayt]]
| known for          = [[Battle of Karbala]]
}}
{{Ali}}

'''Al-Abbas ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib''' ({{lang-ar|ٱلْعَبَّاس ٱبْن عَلِيّ ٱبْن أَبِي طَالِب}}, {{Circa}} 15 May 647 {{Ndash}} 10 October 680 [[Common Era|CE]]), also known as '''Abu al-Fadl''' ({{lang-ar|أَبُو ٱلْفَضْل|link=no|lit=father of virtue}}), was a son of [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the fourth [[Rashidun|caliph]] in [[Sunni Islam]] and the first [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|imam]] in [[Shia Islam]]. His mother was Fatima bint Hizam, commonly known as [[Umm al-Banin]] ({{lang-ar|أُمّ ٱلْبَنِين|lit=mother of the sons|link=no}}). Abbas fought as the standard-bearer of his half-brother [[Husayn ibn Ali]] in the [[Battle of Karbala]] on 10 [[Muharram]] 61 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (10 October 680) against the army of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Yazid I|Yazid ibn Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|680|683}}). He was killed in a desperate attempt to bring water from the [[Euphrates]] river to quench the unbearable thirst of the besieged family of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. Abbas is said to have inherited Ali's boldness and bravery, and was praised by [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imams]] for his faith and fortitude in defending Husayn. Abbas is regarded by [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]] as an ultimate paragon of courage and self-sacrifice. The shrine of Abbas and the nearby mausoleum of Husayn in [[Karbala]] are destinations for pilgrimage.

== Titles ==
The {{Transl|ar|[[kunya (Arabic)|kunya]]}} of Abbas was Abu al-Fadl ({{Lit|father of virtue}}).{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} Another epithet of him was Qamar Bani Hashim ({{Lit|moon of the Hashemites}}), and he is often described as tall and handsome.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} Abbas is said to have inherited the boldness and bravery of his father [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]],{{Sfn|Hyder|2006|p=91}}{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} always carrying the victorious standard on the battlefield.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} Abbas is indeed celebrated as {{Transliteration|fa|shir-i ghazi}} ({{Lit|the warrior-lion}}) and {{Transliteration|fa|shir-i awzhan}} ({{Lit|the valiant lion}}) in [[Persian language]].{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} He is also known as Alam-d'ar ({{Lit|standard-bearer}}) for his role in the Battle of Karbala, and as al-Saqqa' ({{Lit|the water carrier}}) and Abu al-Qirba ({{Transliteration|ar|qirba}} means 'a water-skin') for his desperate attempt on the evening of [[Ashura]] to bring water from the [[Euphrates]] river to quench the unbearable thirst of the besieged [[Ahl al-Bayt]].{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}}{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} The Islamicist J. Calmard draws a parallel between Abbas and [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya]], an elder son of Ali and his standard-bearer, saying that Abbas fulfilled the same warrior functions near Husayn.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}}

==Birth and early life==
Abbas was born in [[Medina]] to Ali and Fatima bint Hizam ibn Khalid ibn Rabi'a, a woman from the [[Banu Kilab]] tribe.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} Abbas had three full brothers, named [[Abdullah ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib|Abd Allah]], [[Ja'far ibn Ali|Ja'far]] and [[Uthman ibn Ali|Uthman]].{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} Their mother Fatima thus became known as [[Umm al-Banin]] ({{Lit|mother of the sons}}).{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} Abbas' brothers were all killed in the Battle of Karbala just before him.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} Some sources refer to him as al-Abbas al-Akbar ({{Lit|the elder/greater Abbas}}) to distinguish him from another son of Ali, named al-Abbas al-Asghar ({{Lit|the younger/smaller Abbas}}).{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} Abbas' date of birth is disputed. According to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] historian [[Ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|845}}), he had not yet reached puberty when Ali was assassinated in 661, whereas some others have written that Abbas was thirty-four at that time. The [[Shia Islam|Shia]] scholar [[Moḥammad Mahdī Baḥr al-ʿUlūm|Bahr al-Ulum]] ({{Died in|1797}}) reports 4 Shaban 26 (15 May 647) as the birthdate of Abbas.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} Naturally, much of what exists in sources about Abbas is in connection to the Battle of Karbala.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}

== Battle of Karbala and death (680) ==
{{See also|Battle of Karbala}}[[Image:Entrance Abbas shrine,Karbala.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Entrance to the shrine of Abbas]]

=== Accession of Yazid ===
In an appointment that violated earlier agreements with Ali's eldest son [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]],{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|pp=493-8}} the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Mu'awiya I|Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|661|680}}) designated his son [[Yazid I|Yazid]] ({{Reign|680|683}}) as his successor in 676.{{Sfn|Madelung|1997|p=322}} Yazid is often presented by Muslim historians as a debaucher who openly violated the Islamic norms,{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=28}}{{Sfn|Pinault|2000|p=70}}{{Sfn|Abbas|2021|p=167}} and his nomination was indeed met with resistance at the time from sons of some prominent [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]], including Husayn ibn Ali.{{sfn|Wellhausen|1927|p=145}}{{sfn|Hawting|2000|p=46}} On Mu'awiya's death and Yazid's accession in 680, the latter instructed the governor of Medina to secure Husayn's pledge of allegiance by force, and Husayn immediately left for [[Mecca]] to avoid recognizing Yazid as the caliph.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} He was accompanied by some relatives, including Abbas.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}

=== Journey to Karbala ===
After receiving letters of support from [[Kufa]]ns, whose intentions were confirmed by his cousin [[Muslim ibn Aqil]], Husayn left Mecca for Kufa on 8 or 10 [[Dhu al-Hijja]] (10 or 12 September 680), accompanied by few relatives and supporters.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} A tradition attributed to Husayn identifies his intention as fighting the tyranny of Yazid, even though it would cost his life, as reported in {{Transl|ar|[[al-Irshad]]}}, a biographical work by the prominent Shia scholar [[Al-Shaykh al-Mufid|al-Mufid]] ({{Died in|1022}}).{{Sfn|Munson|1988|pp=22-3}}{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|pp=175, 188}} Husayn similarly wrote in his will for his brother Ibn Hanafiyya that he had not set out to seek "corruption or oppression" but rather to "enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong."{{Sfn|Adibzadeh|2013|pp=78{{ndash}}79}} At any rate, on their way to Kufa, Husayn's small caravan was intercepted by Yazid's army and forced to camp in the desert land of [[Karbala]] on 2 [[Muharram]] 61 (2 October 680) away from water and fortifications.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} The promised Kufan support did not materialize as the new governor of Kufa, [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad]] ({{Died in|686}}), killed the envoy of Husayn and intimidated Kufan tribal chiefs.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}}

=== Water shortage ===
On 7 Muharram,{{sfn|Qutbuddin|2019|p=106}} on orders of Ibn Ziyad, the Umayyad commander [[Umar ibn Sa'd]] ({{Died in|686}}) cut off Husayn's access to the Euphrates river.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=29}}{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} Abbas and some fifty companions were nevertheless able to bring back some water to Husayn's camp in a night sortie.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} Despite this attempt, the Islamicist [[Laura Veccia Vaglieri|L. Veccia Vaglieri]] ({{Died in|1989}}) believes that the camp suffered from thirst for three days.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} Among other experts, D. Pinault similarly writes that the camp suffered from thirst and hunger during the siege,{{Sfn|Pinault|2000|p=71}} and the opinion of A. Hamdar is close.{{Sfn|Hamdar|2009|pp=85{{ndash}}86}} Karbala has a [[Desert climate|hot desert climate]].{{Sfn|Adibzadeh|2013|p=82}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=30}}

=== Negotiations ===
Ibn Sa'd was instructed by Ibn Ziyad not to let Husayn leave unless he pledged his allegiance to Yazid.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=29}} Husayn did not submit to Yazid,{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} but negotiated with Ibn Ziyad through Ibn Sa'd to be allowed to retreat and avoid bloodshed. The governor did not relent, however,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}}{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} and finally ordered Ibn Sa'd to fight, kill, and disfigure Husayn and his supporters unless they pledged allegiance to Yazid, in which case their fate would be decided later.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}}

=== Safe passage ===
As a member of the Banu Kilab, the Umayyad commander [[Shimr ibn Dhi 'l-Jawshan|Shamir ibn Dhi al-Jawshan]] acquired safe passage for Abbas and his three (full) brothers from Ibn Ziyad. According to the early historian [[Abu Mikhnaf]] ({{Died in|773{{ndash}}774}}), Ibn Ziyad's letter of protection was sent to Abbas and his brothers, who refused it, "God's protection is better than the one offered by Sumayya's son [Ibn Ziyad]." Shamir extended again this offer to Abbas and his brothers on the eve of the battle, but they remained defiant and pledged their full support to Husayn.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}

=== Tasu'a ===
Ibn Sa'd decided to attack on [[Tasu'a]] (9 Muharram) after the afternoon prayer. As the Umayyad army approached, however, Husayn dispatched Abbas and some companions, who convinced Ibn Sa'd to delay the confrontation until the following day.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} Husayn now besieged his followers in a speech to leave and not risk their lives for his sake, after which Abbas was the first to renew his support, saying that he would follow his brother in life or death.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} Nearly all those present stayed with Husayn until the end.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=30}}{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=176}} Husayn and his companions spent that night praying and reading the [[Quran]],{{Sfn|Munson|1988|pp=23}} as reported by the Shia jurist [[Sayyed Ibn Tawus|Ibn Tawus]] ({{Died in|1266}}) and in most {{Transliteration|ar|maqatil}} works.{{Sfn|Sindawi|2002|p=91}} On this night, [[Zaynab bint Ali]] is said to have reminded her half-brother Abbas of their father's wish for the latter to be the reserves of Karbala, and to be to Husayn as Ali was to Muhammad. This Abbas confirmed and swore to do.{{Sfn|Aghaie|2004|p=128}} There is a report by Ibn Tawus that Abbas was killed on Tasu'a in a failed sally to bring water,{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}}{{Sfn|Sindawi|2002|p=91}} though most traditions place his death on Ashura.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}}

=== Ashura ===
[[File:Abbas at Karbala.png|thumb|267x267px|Abbas, riding a white horse in the Battle of Karbala, oil on canvas, {{break}}{{Circa}} 1868–1933]]

On the morning of [[Ashura]] (10 Muharram), Husayn organized his supporters, some seventy-two men,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} and designated Abbas as his standard-bearer, an indication of his privileged position among the companions.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} Husayn then spoke to the enemy lines and asked them why they considered it lawful to kill the grandson of Muhammad.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} The Umayyad commander [[Al-Hurr ibn Yazid Al-Tamimi|al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi]] defected to Husayn's side, probably after this speech.{{Sfn|Wellhausen|1901|p=66}} The Umayyad army then showered the camp with arrows,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} thus commencing the battle which lasted from morning till sunset and consisted of incidents of single combat, skirmishes, assaults, and retreats.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}} On one occasion, Abbas helped rescue a group of companions who were surrounded by enemy horsemen.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} By the early afternoon, however, the companions had all fallen and were followed by the Banu Hashim.{{Sfn|Hyder|2006|p=89}}

=== Death ===
The Sunni historians [[al-Tabari]] ({{Died in|923}}) and [[al-Baladhuri]] ({{Died in|892}}) are silent in their works about the details of Abbas' death.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} Veccia Vaglieri, however, argues that there must have existed traditions about his death and that those were reported by al-Mufid,{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} to the effect that Abbas and Husayn were separated when they attempted to reach the Euphrates in the ultimate episode of the battle, adding that Abbas fought valiantly until the end.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}}{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}} Another well-known account is reported by the Shia scholar Ibn Tawus and some others:{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} Perhaps anguished by the cries of Husayn's thirsty children,{{Sfn|Pinault|2001|p=13}} Abbas set out for the Euphrates on the eve of Ashura and managed to fill his water-skin, but was blocked by the enemy near the river bank, far from Husayn's camp.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} Fighting alone, both his arms were severed and he was then killed.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} When Husayn's last warrior fell, the Umayyad army converged on the lone imam, who also fought until the end.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=30}} The account by the [[Sufism|Sufi]] scholar [[Husayn Kashifi|H. Kashefi]] ({{Died in|1504}}) in his {{Transl|fa|Rawzat al-shohada}} differs in that it places Abbas as the sixty-eighth casualty before Mohammad ibn Ali, [[Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn|Ali al-Akbar]], and [[Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn|Ali al-Asghar]].{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} Zayd ibn Varqa' Hanafi and Hakim ibn al-Tofayl San'ani are named as the murderers of Abbas in {{Transl|ar|al-Irshad}}.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} Abu Mikhnaf in his {{Transl|ar|Maqtal}} adds that Husayn wept bitterly when his brother fell.{{Sfn|Sindawi|2002|p=93}} {{Transl|ar|Maqatil al-Talibiyyin}} by the early historian [[Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani]] ({{Died in|967}}) reports that the murderer of Abbas dreamed of being flung into hell every night,{{Sfn|Howard|1986}} while reports attributed to the Shia imams [[Ali ibn Husayn Zayn al-Abidin|Ali ibn al-Husayn]] ({{Died in|713}}) and [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] ({{Died in|765}}) highly praise Abbas for his faith and fortitude in defending Husayn.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}

==== Credibility ====
Among others, al-Mufid argues that Abbas' burial place, far from Husayn and his companions, adds to the credibility of this account, which is also corroborated by another report about Abbas' death attributed to Ali ibn al-Husayn. In support of this account, the Islamicist A. Bahramian and his co-author note that the traditional supplications for pilgrims contain references to Abbas' mission to fetch water and his arms being severed. The two authors also note that Abbas later became known as al-Saqqa' ({{Lit|the water carrier}}) and Abu al-Qirba ({{Transliteration|ar|qirba}} means 'a water-skin').{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}

==== After his death ====
After the battle, some Umayyad soldiers stripped Abbas' garments,{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}{{Sfn|Tabatabai|1975|p=176}} and his corpse was thus dishonored.{{Sfn|Pinault|2001|p=1}} As with Husayn and his other companions, the head of Abbas was severed and brought to Yazid in Damascus,{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} in his case by Harmala ibn K'ahil al-Asadi.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}

== Shrine ==
[[File:حرم حضرت عباس.jpg|thumb|The tomb of Abbas in the center, surrounded by pilgrims]]
Abbas was buried by some men of the [[Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah|Banu Asad]] tribe from nearby al-Ghadiriyya village, at the same place where he was killed. A tomb was later erected over his grave.{{Sfn|Veccia Vaglieri|2012}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=33}} Abbas' shrine now has a golden dome and is located to the north-east of Husayn's mausoleum. Both shrines are built on a mound overlooking the city of [[Karbala]],{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} which has become a destination for pilgrimage and a center for religious learning.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=33}} There exist special prayers and rituals for pilgrims and several Muslim figures are buried in the precinct of Abbas' shrine.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} There are also other shrines associated with Abbas elsewhere, including an old shrine near [[Tehran]], considered by the locals to be the tomb of Abd Allah ibn Abbas.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}

==Descendants==
Abbas had a young son named Ubayd Allah, born to Lubaba bint Ubayd Allah ibn al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. This son was likely taken captive after the Battle of Karbala, and the lineage of Abbas continued through him. In particular, the poetry by Abbas' descendants is collected in one of the chapters in {{Transl|ar|al-Awraq}} by the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]]-era author [[Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli|al-Suli]] ({{Died in|946{{ndash}}947}}). One of his descendants was Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Alawi, who reached fame as a poet and scholar during the reigns of the Abbasid caliphs, [[Harun al-Rashid|al-Rashid]] ({{Reign|786|809}}) and [[al-Ma'mun]] ({{Reign|813|833}}). The [[Zanj Rebellion|Zanj rebellion]] was ignited in Iraq and [[Bahrain]] in the ninth century by Ali ibn Muhammad Sahib al-Zanj, who claimed descent from Abbas.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} However, this claim has been disputed by some historians.{{sfn|Popovic|1999|pp=33–35, 150, 155}}

== Significance in Shia Islam ==
Abbas is regarded in Shia Islam as an ultimate paragon of courage, chivalry, love, sincerity, and self-sacrifice. Shias make the supplication of [[Tawassul|{{Transliteration|ar|tawassul}}]] to Abbas, thus requesting him to join his prayers with them. Abbas is thus associated in Shia with the alleviation of grief and suffering. Serious oaths are made in his name, and Shias distribute food for charity as part of vows ({{Transliteration|ar|nadhr}}s) made in the name of Abbas.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}

=== Muharram rituals ===
Tasu'a (9 Muharram) is devoted in Shia as the day of mourning for Abbas.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} He is celebrated in [[Ta'zieh|religious passion-plays]] ({{Transliteration|ar|ta'zie}}s) as the water carrier of the Ahl al-Bayt and the standard bearer of Husayn.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} The {{Transliteration|ar|ta'zie}} of Abbas' death is among the oldest passion-plays and is frequently performed throughout the year.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} The green standards ({{Transliteration|ar|alam}}s) carried in Muharram processions are often adorned on top with a metal hand ({{Transliteration|fa|panja}}) representing Abbas' severed hand, with outstretched fingers that symbolize the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}}{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}} They are engraved with the invocations such as {{Transliteration|fa|Ya hazrat-e Abbas}} ({{Lit|O, exalted Abbas}}) or {{Transliteration|fa|Ya Abu al-Fadl}}.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} Food and water are also distributed for charity in his name.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}} From [[West Indies]] to the island of [[Java]], Sunnis and [[Hindus]] also commonly participate in most Shia Muharram rituals.{{Sfn|Calmard|1982}}

=== Religious art ===
Abbas is heavily featured in Shia art. Verses of poetry about him and his likeness historically appear in public religious buildings, particularly in the tile work ({{Transliteration|fa|kashik'ari}}) of {{Transliteration|ar|saqqa-khana}}s (public drinking-water repositories), {{Transliteration|fa|husayniyya}}s and {{Transliteration|fa|takiyya}}s (both are places to commemorate Husayn), and {{Transliteration|fa|zur-khanah}}s (traditional Persian gymnasiums). Abbas is depicted in religious paintings often seated on a white horse and holding Husayn's banner while fighting enemies or holding a water-skin and surrounded by the womenfolk and children of the Ahl al-Bayt.{{Sfn|Bahramian|Bulookbashi|2015}}

== Significance in Bektashism ==
{{main|Abbas Ali Türbe}}
According to the traditions of the [[Bektashi Order]], a [[Sufi]] community based primarily in [[Albania]], Abbas ibn Ali ({{lang-sq|Abaz Aliu}}) went to Albania on a white horse to save it from the barbarians and continues to return to [[Tomorr|Mount Tomorr]] in Albania for five days (August 20–25) each year, during which animal sacrifices are made and homage is paid to Abbas. During these five days, Bektashi pilgrims visit the [[Abbas Ali Türbe]], a mausoleum ({{lang-sq|mekam|links=no}}) believed to house the remains of Abbas. The mausoleum is located on the southern peak of the [[Tomorr|Mount Tomorr]], which was originally constructed in 1620. The mausoleum lies adjacent to the Bektashi [[Khanqah|tekke]] on Mount Tomorr, which was built in 1916.{{sfn|Elsie|2019}}{{page needed|date=October 2022}}

{{gallery
|align=center
|File:Tomorr mountain – tyrbe on top of the peak - Mapillary (dbzVXIxZI1Dyb0zEVQMOzQ).jpg|[[Abbas Ali Türbe]]
|File:Tyrbe on Mount Tomorr - Mapillary (594b8tPNXU8Xzg9iPMoobQ).jpg|[[Abbas Ali Türbe]]
|File:Bektashi Tekke at Mount Tomorr - Mapillary (CnvmU7hfOSibcdQ9bZ79ew).jpg|Pilgrimage scene in 2014
}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Shia Islam}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Husayn ibn Ali]]
* [[Battle of Karbala]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=20em}}

== Sources ==

{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Abbas |first=H. |title=The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780300252057 |author-link=Hassan Abbas (scholar)}}
* {{cite thesis |author-last=Adibzadeh |author-first=S. |title=The Journey of Beauty Towards Perfection: Zaynab bint 'Alī Ibn Abī Tālib and the Model of Human Changes Towards Developing Attributes of Walīyat Allāh and al-Insān al-Kāmil |publisher=Temple University |year=2013}}
* {{cite book |title=The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran |author-first=K.S. |author-last=Aghaie |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/martyrsofkarbala0000agha/mode/2up |isbn=0295984554 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author1-last=Bahramian |author1-first=A. |author2-first=A.A. |author2-last=Bulookbashi |translator-first=F. |translator-last=Negahban |title=Al-'Abbās b. 'Alī |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Islamica |editor1-first=W. |editor1-last=Madelung |editor2-first=F. |editor2-last=Daftary |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0009 |year=2015 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-first=J. |author-last=Calmard |title='Abbās b. 'Alī b. Abū Ṭāleb |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |volume=I/1 |pages=77–79 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abbas-b-ali-b-abu-taleb |year=1982| issn=2330-4804}}
* {{cite book |last=Elsie |first=R. |author-link=Robert Elsie |title=The Albanian Bektashi: History and Culture of a Dervish Order in the Balkans |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2019 |isbn=9781788315692}}
* {{cite journal |author-last=Hamdar |author-first=A. |title=Jihad of words: Gender and contemporary Karbala Narratives |journal=The Yearbook of English Studies |volume=39 |year=2009 |pages=84–100 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/814313/summary}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Hawting |author-first=G.R. |year=2000 |title=The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 |edition=Second |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415240727 |author-link=G. R. Hawting}}
* {{cite conference |last=Howard |first=I.K.A. |title=Husayn the Martyr: A Commentary on the Accounts of the Martyrdom in Arabic Sources |url=https://www.al-islam.org/al-serat/vol-12-no-1-spring-1986/arabic-accounts-al-husayns-martyrdom-ian-keith-anderson-howard |year=1986 |volume=12 |book-title=Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984 |publisher=The Muhammadi Trust of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |conference= |location=London |pages=124–142 |isbn=9780710302076}}
* {{cite book |title=Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory |author-first=A. |author-last=Hyder |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |isbn=9780195373028 |url=https://archive.org/details/RelivingKarbalaSyedAkbarHyder/page/n107/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Madelung |author-first=W. |url=https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made/mode/2up |title=The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=9780521561815 |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-first=W. |author-last=Madelung |title=Ḥosayn b. 'Ali i. Life and Significance in Shi'ism |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |volume=XII/5 |pages=493–498 |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i |year=2004 |author-link=}}
* {{cite book |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam |author-first=M. |author-last=Momen |year=1985 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300035315 |author-link=Moojan Momen}}
* {{cite book |title=Islam and Revolution in the Middle East |author-first=H. |author-last=Munson |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0300041276 |url=https://archive.org/details/islamrevolutioni00muns/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |title=Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety |editor-first=G. |editor-last=Hambly |publisher=Macmillan |year=2000 |isbn=9780333800355 |chapter=Zaynab bin 'Ali and the Place of the Women of the Households of the First Imāms in Shī'ite Devotional Literature |author-first=D. |author-last=Pinault}}
* {{cite book |title=Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India |author-first=D. |author-last=Pinault |publisher=Palgrave |year=2001 |isbn=0312216378 |url=https://archive.org/details/horseofkarbalamu00pina/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |title=The Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq, in the 3rd/9th Century |last=Popovic |first=A. |translator-first=L. |translator-last=King |year=1999 |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |isbn=1558761624 |url=https://archive.org/details/revolt-of-african-slaves-in-iraq/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Korangy |editor1-first=A. |editor2-first=L. |editor2-last=Rouhi |title=The "Other" Martyrs: Women and the Poetics of Sexuality, Sacrifice, and Death in World Literatures |edition=First |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2019 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvrnfq6q |isbn=9783447198790 |chapter=Orations of Zaynab and Umm Kulthūm in the aftermath of Ḥusayn's Martyrdom at Karbala: Speaking Truth to Power |author-first=T. |author-last=Qutbuddin |author-link=Tahera Qutbuddin |url-access=subscription |pages=103{{ndash}}132}}
* {{cite journal |author-last=Sindawi |author-first=K. |title=The Image of Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī in '' Maqātil'' Literature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25802958.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A01fd22c86ec2c277d98cd558d3bd3158&ab_segments=&origin=&acceptTC=1 |journal=Quaderni di Studi Arabi |year=2002 |pages=79–104 |volume=20/21}}
* {{cite book |last=Tabatabai |first=S.M.H. |url=https://archive.org/details/ShiaInIslamCopy/mode/2up |title=Shi'ite Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |translator-first=S.H. |translator-last=Nasr |translator-link= |year=1975 |isbn=0873953908 |author-link=Allameh Tabatabaei |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author1-last=Veccia Vaglieri |author1-first=L. |title=(al-)Ḥusayn b. 'Alī b. Abī Ṭālib |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0304 |year=2012 |isbn=9789004161214 |author-link=Laura Veccia Vaglieri |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book |last=Wellhausen |first=J. |year=1901 |title=Die Religiös-Politischen Oppositionsparteien im Alten Islam |language=de |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358135 |publisher=Weidmannsche Buchhandlung |oclc=453206240 |author-link=Julius Wellhausen |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/arabkingdomandit029490mbp |url-access=registration |title=The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall |author-first=J. |author-last=Wellhausen |translator-first=M.G. |translator-last=Weir |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1927 |OCLC=752790641}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://alkafeel.net/?lang=en Alkafeel global network]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbas Ibn Ali}}
[[Category:Tabi‘un]]
[[Category:647 births]]
[[Category:680 deaths]]
[[Category:Children of Ali]]
[[Category:Hashemite people]]
[[Category:Muslim martyrs]]
[[Category:Deaths by blade weapons]]
[[Category:People of the Second Fitna]]
[[Category:People killed at the Battle of Karbala]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]