Английская Википедия:Abbas ibn Ali

Al-Abbas ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (Шаблон:Lang-ar, Шаблон:Circa 15 May 647 Шаблон:Ndash 10 October 680 CE), also known as Abu al-Fadl (Шаблон:Lang-ar), was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth caliph in Sunni Islam and the first imam in Shia Islam. His mother was Fatima bint Hizam, commonly known as Umm al-Banin (Шаблон:Lang-ar). Abbas fought as the standard-bearer of his half-brother Husayn ibn Ali in the Battle of Karbala on 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680) against the army of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (Шаблон:Reign). He was killed in a desperate attempt to bring water from the Euphrates river to quench the unbearable thirst of the besieged family of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Abbas is said to have inherited Ali's boldness and bravery, and was praised by Shia imams for his faith and fortitude in defending Husayn. Abbas is regarded by Shia Muslims as an ultimate paragon of courage and self-sacrifice. The shrine of Abbas and the nearby mausoleum of Husayn in Karbala are destinations for pilgrimage.

Titles

The Шаблон:Transl of Abbas was Abu al-Fadl (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn Another epithet of him was Qamar Bani Hashim (Шаблон:Lit), and he is often described as tall and handsome.Шаблон:Sfn Abbas is said to have inherited the boldness and bravery of his father Ali ibn Abi Talib,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn always carrying the victorious standard on the battlefield.Шаблон:Sfn Abbas is indeed celebrated as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lit) and Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lit) in Persian language.Шаблон:Sfn He is also known as Alam-d'ar (Шаблон:Lit) for his role in the Battle of Karbala, and as al-Saqqa' (Шаблон:Lit) and Abu al-Qirba (Шаблон:Transliteration means 'a water-skin') for his desperate attempt on the evening of Ashura to bring water from the Euphrates river to quench the unbearable thirst of the besieged Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The Islamicist J. Calmard draws a parallel between Abbas and Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, an elder son of Ali and his standard-bearer, saying that Abbas fulfilled the same warrior functions near Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn

Birth and early life

Abbas was born in Medina to Ali and Fatima bint Hizam ibn Khalid ibn Rabi'a, a woman from the Banu Kilab tribe.Шаблон:Sfn Abbas had three full brothers, named Abd Allah, Ja'far and Uthman.Шаблон:Sfn Their mother Fatima thus became known as Umm al-Banin (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn Abbas' brothers were all killed in the Battle of Karbala just before him.Шаблон:Sfn Some sources refer to him as al-Abbas al-Akbar (Шаблон:Lit) to distinguish him from another son of Ali, named al-Abbas al-Asghar (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn Abbas' date of birth is disputed. According to the Sunni historian Ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in), he had not yet reached puberty when Ali was assassinated in 661, whereas some others have written that Abbas was thirty-four at that time. The Shia scholar Bahr al-Ulum (Шаблон:Died in) reports 4 Shaban 26 (15 May 647) as the birthdate of Abbas.Шаблон:Sfn Naturally, much of what exists in sources about Abbas is in connection to the Battle of Karbala.Шаблон:Sfn

Battle of Karbala and death (680)

Шаблон:See also

Файл:Entrance Abbas shrine,Karbala.jpg

Entrance to the shrine of Abbas

Accession of Yazid

In an appointment that violated earlier agreements with Ali's eldest son Hasan,Шаблон:Sfn the Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya (Шаблон:Reign) designated his son Yazid (Шаблон:Reign) as his successor in 676.Шаблон:Sfn Yazid is often presented by Muslim historians as a debaucher who openly violated the Islamic norms,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and his nomination was indeed met with resistance at the time from sons of some prominent companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, including Husayn ibn Ali.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn On Mu'awiya's death and Yazid's accession in 680, the latter instructed the governor of Medina to secure Husayn's pledge of allegiance by force, and Husayn immediately left for Mecca to avoid recognizing Yazid as the caliph.Шаблон:Sfn He was accompanied by some relatives, including Abbas.Шаблон:Sfn

Journey to Karbala

After receiving letters of support from Kufans, whose intentions were confirmed by his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil, Husayn left Mecca for Kufa on 8 or 10 Dhu al-Hijja (10 or 12 September 680), accompanied by few relatives and supporters.Шаблон:Sfn A tradition attributed to Husayn identifies his intention as fighting the tyranny of Yazid, even though it would cost his life, as reported in Шаблон:Transl, a biographical work by the prominent Shia scholar al-Mufid (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Husayn similarly wrote in his will for his brother Ibn Hanafiyya that he had not set out to seek "corruption or oppression" but rather to "enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrong."Шаблон:Sfn At any rate, on their way to Kufa, Husayn's small caravan was intercepted by Yazid's army and forced to camp in the desert land of Karbala on 2 Muharram 61 (2 October 680) away from water and fortifications.Шаблон:Sfn The promised Kufan support did not materialize as the new governor of Kufa, Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (Шаблон:Died in), killed the envoy of Husayn and intimidated Kufan tribal chiefs.Шаблон:Sfn

Water shortage

On 7 Muharram,Шаблон:Sfn on orders of Ibn Ziyad, the Umayyad commander Umar ibn Sa'd (Шаблон:Died in) cut off Husayn's access to the Euphrates river.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Abbas and some fifty companions were nevertheless able to bring back some water to Husayn's camp in a night sortie.Шаблон:Sfn Despite this attempt, the Islamicist L. Veccia Vaglieri (Шаблон:Died in) believes that the camp suffered from thirst for three days.Шаблон:Sfn Among other experts, D. Pinault similarly writes that the camp suffered from thirst and hunger during the siege,Шаблон:Sfn and the opinion of A. Hamdar is close.Шаблон:Sfn Karbala has a hot desert climate.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Negotiations

Ibn Sa'd was instructed by Ibn Ziyad not to let Husayn leave unless he pledged his allegiance to Yazid.Шаблон:Sfn Husayn did not submit to Yazid,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn but negotiated with Ibn Ziyad through Ibn Sa'd to be allowed to retreat and avoid bloodshed. The governor did not relent, however,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and finally ordered Ibn Sa'd to fight, kill, and disfigure Husayn and his supporters unless they pledged allegiance to Yazid, in which case their fate would be decided later.Шаблон:Sfn

Safe passage

As a member of the Banu Kilab, the Umayyad commander Shamir ibn Dhi al-Jawshan acquired safe passage for Abbas and his three (full) brothers from Ibn Ziyad. According to the early historian Abu Mikhnaf (Шаблон:Died in), Ibn Ziyad's letter of protection was sent to Abbas and his brothers, who refused it, "God's protection is better than the one offered by Sumayya's son [Ibn Ziyad]." Shamir extended again this offer to Abbas and his brothers on the eve of the battle, but they remained defiant and pledged their full support to Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn

Tasu'a

Ibn Sa'd decided to attack on Tasu'a (9 Muharram) after the afternoon prayer. As the Umayyad army approached, however, Husayn dispatched Abbas and some companions, who convinced Ibn Sa'd to delay the confrontation until the following day.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Husayn now besieged his followers in a speech to leave and not risk their lives for his sake, after which Abbas was the first to renew his support, saying that he would follow his brother in life or death.Шаблон:Sfn Nearly all those present stayed with Husayn until the end.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Husayn and his companions spent that night praying and reading the Quran,Шаблон:Sfn as reported by the Shia jurist Ibn Tawus (Шаблон:Died in) and in most Шаблон:Transliteration works.Шаблон:Sfn On this night, Zaynab bint Ali is said to have reminded her half-brother Abbas of their father's wish for the latter to be the reserves of Karbala, and to be to Husayn as Ali was to Muhammad. This Abbas confirmed and swore to do.Шаблон:Sfn There is a report by Ibn Tawus that Abbas was killed on Tasu'a in a failed sally to bring water,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn though most traditions place his death on Ashura.Шаблон:Sfn

Ashura

Файл:Abbas at Karbala.png

Abbas, riding a white horse in the Battle of Karbala, oil on canvas, Шаблон:Break Шаблон:Circa 1868–1933

On the morning of Ashura (10 Muharram), Husayn organized his supporters, some seventy-two men,Шаблон:Sfn and designated Abbas as his standard-bearer, an indication of his privileged position among the companions.Шаблон:Sfn Husayn then spoke to the enemy lines and asked them why they considered it lawful to kill the grandson of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn The Umayyad commander al-Hurr ibn Yazid al-Tamimi defected to Husayn's side, probably after this speech.Шаблон:Sfn The Umayyad army then showered the camp with arrows,Шаблон:Sfn thus commencing the battle which lasted from morning till sunset and consisted of incidents of single combat, skirmishes, assaults, and retreats.Шаблон:Sfn On one occasion, Abbas helped rescue a group of companions who were surrounded by enemy horsemen.Шаблон:Sfn By the early afternoon, however, the companions had all fallen and were followed by the Banu Hashim.Шаблон:Sfn

Death

The Sunni historians al-Tabari (Шаблон:Died in) and al-Baladhuri (Шаблон:Died in) are silent in their works about the details of Abbas' death.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Veccia Vaglieri, however, argues that there must have existed traditions about his death and that those were reported by al-Mufid,Шаблон:Sfn to the effect that Abbas and Husayn were separated when they attempted to reach the Euphrates in the ultimate episode of the battle, adding that Abbas fought valiantly until the end.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Another well-known account is reported by the Shia scholar Ibn Tawus and some others:Шаблон:Sfn Perhaps anguished by the cries of Husayn's thirsty children,Шаблон:Sfn Abbas set out for the Euphrates on the eve of Ashura and managed to fill his water-skin, but was blocked by the enemy near the river bank, far from Husayn's camp.Шаблон:Sfn Fighting alone, both his arms were severed and he was then killed.Шаблон:Sfn When Husayn's last warrior fell, the Umayyad army converged on the lone imam, who also fought until the end.Шаблон:Sfn The account by the Sufi scholar H. Kashefi (Шаблон:Died in) in his Шаблон:Transl differs in that it places Abbas as the sixty-eighth casualty before Mohammad ibn Ali, Ali al-Akbar, and Ali al-Asghar.Шаблон:Sfn Zayd ibn Varqa' Hanafi and Hakim ibn al-Tofayl San'ani are named as the murderers of Abbas in Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn Abu Mikhnaf in his Шаблон:Transl adds that Husayn wept bitterly when his brother fell.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Transl by the early historian Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani (Шаблон:Died in) reports that the murderer of Abbas dreamed of being flung into hell every night,Шаблон:Sfn while reports attributed to the Shia imams Ali ibn al-Husayn (Шаблон:Died in) and Ja'far al-Sadiq (Шаблон:Died in) highly praise Abbas for his faith and fortitude in defending Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn

Credibility

Among others, al-Mufid argues that Abbas' burial place, far from Husayn and his companions, adds to the credibility of this account, which is also corroborated by another report about Abbas' death attributed to Ali ibn al-Husayn. In support of this account, the Islamicist A. Bahramian and his co-author note that the traditional supplications for pilgrims contain references to Abbas' mission to fetch water and his arms being severed. The two authors also note that Abbas later became known as al-Saqqa' (Шаблон:Lit) and Abu al-Qirba (Шаблон:Transliteration means 'a water-skin').Шаблон:Sfn

After his death

After the battle, some Umayyad soldiers stripped Abbas' garments,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and his corpse was thus dishonored.Шаблон:Sfn As with Husayn and his other companions, the head of Abbas was severed and brought to Yazid in Damascus,Шаблон:Sfn in his case by Harmala ibn K'ahil al-Asadi.Шаблон:Sfn

Shrine

Файл:حرم حضرت عباس.jpg

The tomb of Abbas in the center, surrounded by pilgrims

Abbas was buried by some men of the Banu Asad tribe from nearby al-Ghadiriyya village, at the same place where he was killed. A tomb was later erected over his grave.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Abbas' shrine now has a golden dome and is located to the north-east of Husayn's mausoleum. Both shrines are built on a mound overlooking the city of Karbala,Шаблон:Sfn which has become a destination for pilgrimage and a center for religious learning.Шаблон:Sfn There exist special prayers and rituals for pilgrims and several Muslim figures are buried in the precinct of Abbas' shrine.Шаблон:Sfn There are also other shrines associated with Abbas elsewhere, including an old shrine near Tehran, considered by the locals to be the tomb of Abd Allah ibn Abbas.Шаблон:Sfn

Descendants

Abbas had a young son named Ubayd Allah, born to Lubaba bint Ubayd Allah ibn al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib. This son was likely taken captive after the Battle of Karbala, and the lineage of Abbas continued through him. In particular, the poetry by Abbas' descendants is collected in one of the chapters in Шаблон:Transl by the Abbasid-era author al-Suli (Шаблон:Died in). One of his descendants was Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Alawi, who reached fame as a poet and scholar during the reigns of the Abbasid caliphs, al-Rashid (Шаблон:Reign) and al-Ma'mun (Шаблон:Reign). The Zanj rebellion was ignited in Iraq and Bahrain in the ninth century by Ali ibn Muhammad Sahib al-Zanj, who claimed descent from Abbas.Шаблон:Sfn However, this claim has been disputed by some historians.Шаблон:Sfn

Significance in Shia Islam

Abbas is regarded in Shia Islam as an ultimate paragon of courage, chivalry, love, sincerity, and self-sacrifice. Shias make the supplication of [[Tawassul|Шаблон:Transliteration]] to Abbas, thus requesting him to join his prayers with them. Abbas is thus associated in Shia with the alleviation of grief and suffering. Serious oaths are made in his name, and Shias distribute food for charity as part of vows (Шаблон:Transliterations) made in the name of Abbas.Шаблон:Sfn

Muharram rituals

Tasu'a (9 Muharram) is devoted in Shia as the day of mourning for Abbas.Шаблон:Sfn He is celebrated in religious passion-plays (Шаблон:Transliterations) as the water carrier of the Ahl al-Bayt and the standard bearer of Husayn.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Transliteration of Abbas' death is among the oldest passion-plays and is frequently performed throughout the year.Шаблон:Sfn The green standards (Шаблон:Transliterations) carried in Muharram processions are often adorned on top with a metal hand (Шаблон:Transliteration) representing Abbas' severed hand, with outstretched fingers that symbolize the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn They are engraved with the invocations such as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lit) or Шаблон:Transliteration.Шаблон:Sfn Food and water are also distributed for charity in his name.Шаблон:Sfn From West Indies to the island of Java, Sunnis and Hindus also commonly participate in most Shia Muharram rituals.Шаблон:Sfn

Religious art

Abbas is heavily featured in Shia art. Verses of poetry about him and his likeness historically appear in public religious buildings, particularly in the tile work (Шаблон:Transliteration) of Шаблон:Transliterations (public drinking-water repositories), Шаблон:Transliterations and Шаблон:Transliterations (both are places to commemorate Husayn), and Шаблон:Transliterations (traditional Persian gymnasiums). Abbas is depicted in religious paintings often seated on a white horse and holding Husayn's banner while fighting enemies or holding a water-skin and surrounded by the womenfolk and children of the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn

Significance in Bektashism

Шаблон:Main According to the traditions of the Bektashi Order, a Sufi community based primarily in Albania, Abbas ibn Ali (Шаблон:Lang-sq) went to Albania on a white horse to save it from the barbarians and continues to return to Mount Tomorr in Albania for five days (August 20–25) each year, during which animal sacrifices are made and homage is paid to Abbas. During these five days, Bektashi pilgrims visit the Abbas Ali Türbe, a mausoleum (Шаблон:Lang-sq) believed to house the remains of Abbas. The mausoleum is located on the southern peak of the Mount Tomorr, which was originally constructed in 1620. The mausoleum lies adjacent to the Bektashi tekke on Mount Tomorr, which was built in 1916.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Page needed

Шаблон:Gallery

References

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Sources

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