Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Ancient South Arabian script

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Script used for Old South Arabian languages}}
{{lead extra info|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name        = Ancient South Arabian script
| sample      = Sana' national museum 11.jpg
| type        = [[Abjad]]
| languages   = [[Old South Arabian]], [[Ge'ez]]
| fam1        = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
| fam2        = [[Proto-Sinaitic script|Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3        = [[South Semitic scripts|South Semitic]]
| time        = Late 2nd millennium BCE to 6th century CE
| children    = [[Ge'ez script|Ge'ez]]<ref name = WorldsWritingSystems89>{{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | editor1-first=Peter T. | editor1-last=Daniels | editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | editor2-link=William Bright | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/89 89, 98, 569–570] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/89 }}</ref><ref name=CambridgeAncientLanguages431>{{cite book | chapter = Ge'ez (Aksum) | first = Gene | last = Gragg | editor1-last=Woodard | editor1-first=Roger D. | title = The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages | publisher = Cambridge University Press | date = 2004 | pages = 431 | isbn = 0-521-56256-2}}</ref>
| sisters     = [[Ancient North Arabian]]
| unicode     = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10A60.pdf U+10A60–U+10A7F]
| iso15924    = Sarb
}}
[[File:Panel Almaqah Louvre DAO18.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|South Arabian inscription addressed to the Sabaean national god [[Almaqah]]]]
The '''Ancient South Arabian script''' (Old South Arabian: {{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|𐩣𐩯𐩬𐩵}} {{transl|sem-x-oldsoara|ms<sup>3</sup>nd}}; modern {{lang-ar|الْمُسْنَد}} {{transl|ar|musnad}}) branched from the [[Proto-Sinaitic script]] in about the late 2nd millennium BCE. It was used for writing the [[Old South Arabian]] languages [[Sabaic]], [[Qatabanian language|Qatabanic]], [[Hadramautic language|Hadramautic]], [[Minaean language|Minaean]], and [[Hasaitic]], and the Ethiopic language [[Geʽez]] in [[Dʿmt]]. The earliest instances of the Ancient South Arabian script are painted pottery sherds from Raybun in Hadhramaut in Yemen, which are dated to the late 2nd millennium BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stein |first=Peter |date=2013 |title=Palaeography of the Ancient South Arabian script. New evidence for an absolute chronology |url=https://www.academia.edu/7131233 |journal=Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=186–195 |doi=10.1111/aae.12024 |issn=0905-7196|doi-access=free }}</ref> There are no letters for vowels, which are marked by [[matres lectionis]].

Its mature form was reached around 800 BCE and its use continued until the 6th century CE, including [[Ancient North Arabian]] inscriptions in variants of the alphabet, when it was displaced by the [[Arabic alphabet]].<ref>Ibn Durayd, ''Ta‘līq min amāli ibn durayd,'' ed. al-Sanūsī, Muṣṭafā, Kuwait 1984, p. 227 (Arabic). The author purports that a poet from the Kinda tribe in Yemen who settled in Dūmat al-Ǧandal during the advent of Islam told of how another member of the Yemenite Kinda tribe who lived in that town taught the Arabic script to the Banū Qurayš in Mecca and that their use of the Arabic script for writing eventually took the place of ''musnad'', or what was then the Sabaean script of the kingdom of Ḥimyar: "You have exchanged the ''musnad'' of the sons of Ḥimyar / which the kings of Ḥimyar were wont to write down in books."</ref> In Ethiopia and Eritrea, it evolved later into the [[Geʽez script]],<ref name = WorldsWritingSystems89/><ref name=CambridgeAncientLanguages431/> which, with added symbols throughout the centuries, has been used to write [[Amharic]], [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] and [[Tigre language|Tigre]], as well as other languages (including various [[Semitic languages|Semitic]], [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]], and [[Nilo-Saharan languages]]).
{{Alphabet}}
{{Contains special characters
| special    = uncommon [[Unicode]] characters
| fix        = Help:Multilingual support#Ancient South Arabian
| image      = Replacement character.svg
| link       = Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character
| alt        = <?>
| compact    = yes
}}

==Properties==
* It is usually written from right to left but can also be written from left to right. When written from left to right the characters are flipped horizontally (see the photo).
* The spacing or separation between words is done with a vertical bar mark (|).
* Letters in words are not connected together.
* It does not implement any diacritical marks (dots, etc.), differing in this respect from the modern [[Arabic alphabet]].

==Letters==
[[File:Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift (Faulmann) 307.jpg|thumb|Sabaean letter examples on page 274 of the book "Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift" by Carl Faulmann, 1880]]
[[File:Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift (Faulmann) 308.jpg|thumb|Sabaean letter examples on page 275 of the book "Illustrirte Geschichte der Schrift" by Carl Faulmann, 1880]]

{| class="wikitable" id="letters_chart"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Letter<ref name="UnicodeChart">[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U10A60.pdf Official Unicode Consortium code chart]</ref>
! rowspan="2" | [[Phoneme]]
! rowspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! colspan="9" | Corresponding letter in
|-
! [[Ancient North Arabian]]
! [[Ge'ez script|Ge'ez]]
! [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
! [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
! [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩠}}}}}}
| h
| {{IPAblink|h}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪀}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ሀ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[He (letter)|𐤄]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[He (letter)|𐡄]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[He (letter)#Arabic hāʾ|ه]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩡}}}}}}
| l
| {{IPAblink|l}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪁}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ለ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Lamedh|𐤋]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Lamedh|𐡋]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Lamedh#Arabic lām|ل]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩢}}}}}}
| ḥ
| {{IPAblink|ħ}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪂}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ሐ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Heth|𐤇]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Heth|𐡇]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Heth#Arabic ḥāʾ|ح]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩣}}}}}}
| m
| {{IPAblink|m}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪃}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|መ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Mem|𐤌]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Mem|𐡌]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Mem#Arabic mīm|م]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩤}}}}}}
| q
| {{IPAblink|q}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪄}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ቀ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Qoph|𐤒]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Qoph|𐡒]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Qoph#Arabic Qāf|ق]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩥}}}}}}
| w
| {{IPAblink|w}}, {{IPAblink|uː}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪅}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ወ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Waw (letter)|𐤅]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Waw (letter)|𐡅]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Waw (letter)#Arabic wāw|و]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩦}}}}}}
| s² (ś)
| {{IPAblink|ɬ}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪆}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ሠ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Shin (letter)|𐤔]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Shin (letter)#Aramaic Shin/Sin|𐡔]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Shin (letter)#Arabic šīn/sīn|ش]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩧}}}}}}
| r
| {{IPAblink|r}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪇}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ረ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Resh|𐤓]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Resh|𐡓]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Resh#Arabic rāʾ|ر]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩨}}}}}}
| b
| {{IPAblink|b}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪈}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|በ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Bet (letter)|𐤁]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Bet (letter)|𐡁]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Bet (letter)#Arabic bāʾ|ب]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩩}}}}}}
| t
| {{IPAblink|t}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪉}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ተ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Taw|𐤕]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Taw|𐡕]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Taw#Arabic tāʼ|ت]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩪}}}}}}
| s¹ (š)
| {{IPAblink|s}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪊}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ሰ}}}}}}
|
|
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Shin (letter)#Arabic šīn/sīn|س]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩫}}}}}}
| k
| {{IPAblink|k}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪋}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ከ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Kaph|𐤊]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Kaph|𐡊]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Kaph#Arabic kāf|ك]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩬}}}}}}
| n
| {{IPAblink|n}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪌}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ነ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Nun (letter)|𐤍]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Nun (letter)|𐡍]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Nun (letter)#Arabic nūn|ن]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩭}}}}}}
| ḫ
| {{IPAblink|x}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪍}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ኀ}}}}}}
| 
| 
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Ḫāʾ|خ]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩮}}}}}}
| ṣ
| {{IPAblink|sˤ}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪎}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ጸ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Tsade|𐤑]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Tsade|𐡑]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Tsade#Arabic ṣād|ص]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩯}}}}}}
| s³ (s)
| {{IPAblink|s̪}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪏}}}}}}
| 
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Samekh|𐤎]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Samekh|𐡎]]}}}}
|
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩰}}}}}}
| f
| {{IPAblink|f}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪐}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ፈ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Pe (Semitic letter)|𐤐]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Pe (Semitic letter)|𐡐]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Pe (Semitic_letter)#Arabic fāʾ|ف]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩱}}}}}}
| ʾ
| {{IPAblink|ʔ}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪑}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|አ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Aleph|𐤀]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Aleph#Aramaic|𐡀]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Aleph#Arabic|ا]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩲}}}}}}
| ʿ
| {{IPAblink|ʕ}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪒}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ዐ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Ayin|𐤏]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Ayin|𐡏]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Ayin#Arabic ʿayn|ع]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩳}}}}}}
| ḍ
| {{IPAblink|ɬˤ}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪓}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ፀ}}}}}}
| 
| 
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Ḍād|ض]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩴}}}}}}
| g
| {{IPAblink|g}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪔‎}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ገ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Gimel|𐤂]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Gimel|𐡂]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Gimel#Arabic ǧīm|ج]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩵}}}}}}
| d
| {{IPAblink|d}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪕}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ደ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Dalet|𐤃]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Dalet#Aramaic|𐡃]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Dalet#Arabic dāl|د]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩶}}}}}}
| ġ
| {{IPAblink|ɣ}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪖}}}}}}
| 
| 
| 
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Ghayn|غ]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩷}}}}}}
| ṭ
| {{IPAblink|tˤ}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪗}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ጠ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Teth|𐤈]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Teth|𐡈]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Teth#Arabic ṭāʾ|ط]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩸}}}}}}
| z
| {{IPAblink|z}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪘}}}}}}
| 
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Zayin|𐤆]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Zayin|𐡆]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Zayin#Arabic zāy|ز]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩹}}}}}}
| ḏ
| {{IPAblink|ð}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪙}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|ዘ}}}}}}
| 
| 
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Ḏāl|ذ]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩺}}}}}}
| y
| {{IPAblink|j}}, {{IPAblink|iː}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪚}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|gez|{{script|Ethi|የ}}}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|phn|[[Yodh|𐤉]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-aramaic|[[Yodh|𐡉]]}}}}
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Yodh#Arabic yāʼ|ي]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩻}}}}}}
| ṯ
| {{IPAblink|θ}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪛}}}}}}
| 
| 
| 
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Ṯāʾ|ث]]}}}}}}
|-
| {{huge|{{lang|sem-x-oldsoara|{{script|Sarb|𐩼}}}}}}
| ẓ
| {{IPAblink|θˤ}}
| {{huge|{{lang|xna|{{script|Narb|𐪜}}}}}}
| 
| 
| 
| {{huge|{{lang|ar|{{script|Arab|[[Ẓāʾ|ظ]]}}}}}}
|}
[[File:Wikipedia Musnad Logo.png|thumb|Wikipedia, written with {{transl|ar|musnad}} letters, from right to left on the upper line and from left to right on the bottom one. Notice how the letters are mirrored.]]

==Numbers==
<!-- Note that {{rlm}} and {{lrm}} are used here because Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge don't threat the Arabian as right-to-left, causing the display to be incorrect.  Firefox and Chrome display the text correctly regardless. -->
Six signs are used for numbers:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1 !! 5 !! 10 !! 50 !! 100 !! 1000
|- align=center
| {{huge|𐩽}} || {{huge|𐩭}} || {{huge|𐩲}} || {{huge|𐩾}} || {{huge|𐩣}} || {{huge|𐩱}}
|}
The sign for 50 was evidently created by removing the lower triangle from the sign for 100.<ref name="L208044">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08044-osa.pdf|title=L2/08-044: Proposal to encode Old South Arabian Script|date=2008-01-28|first1=Sultan|last1=Maktari|first2=Kamal|last2=Mansour}}</ref> The sign for 1 doubles as a word separator.  The other four signs double as both letters and numbers.  Each of these four signs is the first letter of the name of the corresponding numeral.<ref name="L208044"/>

An additional sign ({{large|𐩿}}) is used to bracket numbers, setting them apart from surrounding text.<ref name="L208044"/>  For example, {{rtl}}{{large|𐩿𐩭𐩽𐩽𐩿}}{{ltr}}

These signs are used in an additive system similar to [[Roman numerals]] to represent any number (excluding zero).  Two examples:
* 17 is written as 1 + 1 + 5 + 10: {{rtl}}{{large|𐩲𐩭𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}}
* 99 is written as 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 50: {{large|𐩾𐩲𐩲𐩲𐩲𐩭𐩽𐩽𐩽𐩽}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Sample numbers from one to twenty
|-
! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10
|- align=center
| {{huge|𐩽}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩽𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩽𐩽𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{huge|𐩭}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩭𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩭𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩭𐩽𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩭𐩽𐩽𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{huge|𐩲}}
|-
! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! 16 !! 17 !! 18 !! 19 !! 20
|- align=center
| {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩲𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩲𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩲𐩽𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩲𐩽𐩽𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩲𐩭}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩲𐩭𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩲𐩭𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩲𐩭𐩽𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩲𐩭𐩽𐩽𐩽𐩽}}{{ltr}} || {{rtl}}{{huge|𐩲𐩲}}{{ltr}}
|}

Thousands are written two different ways:
* Smaller values are written using just the 1000 sign.  For example, 8,000 is written as 1000 × 8: {{rtl}}{{large|𐩱𐩱𐩱𐩱𐩱𐩱𐩱𐩱}}{{ltr}}
* Larger values are written by promoting the signs for 10, 50, and 100 to 10,000, 50,000, and 100,000 respectively:
** 31,000 is written as 1000 + 10,000 × 3: {{rtl}}{{large|𐩲𐩲𐩲𐩱}}{{ltr}} (easily confused with 1,030)
** 40,000 is written as 10,000 × 4: {{rtl}}{{large|𐩲𐩲𐩲𐩲}}{{ltr}} (easily confused with 40)
** 253,000 is written as 2 × 100.000 + 50.000 + 3 × 1000: {{rtl}}{{large|𐩣𐩣𐩾𐩱𐩱𐩱}}{{ltr}} (easily confused with 3,250)
Perhaps because of ambiguity, numerals, at least in monumental inscriptions, are always clarified with the numbers written out in words.

==Zabūr==
[[File:Ghoul A.jpg|250px|thumb|Zabur inscription]]
''Zabūr'', also known as "South Arabian [[lowercase|minuscules]]",{{sfn|Stein| 2005|p=}} is the name of the cursive form of the South Arabian script that was used by the [[Sabaeans]] in addition to their monumental script, or Musnad.{{sfn|Ryckmans|Müller|‛Abdallah|1994|p=43}}

Zabur was a writing system in [[Ancient history of Yemen|ancient Yemen]] along with Musnad. The difference between the two is that Musnad documented historical events, meanwhile Zabur writings were used for religious scripts or to record daily transactions among ancient Yemenis. Zabur writings could be found in [[palimpsest]] form written on [[papyri]] or palm-leaf stalks.{{sfn|Ryckmans|1993|p=127}}<ref>S. Horovitz, ''Koranische Untersuchungen'', p. 70</ref>

==Unicode==

{{Main|Old South Arabian (Unicode block)}}

The South Arabian alphabet was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.

The Unicode block, called Old South Arabian, is U+10A60–U+10A7F.

Note that U+10A7D OLD SOUTH ARABIAN NUMBER ONE (𐩽) represents both the numeral one and a word divider.<ref name="L208044"/>

{{Unicode chart Old South Arabian}}

==Gallery==
* Photos from [[National Museum of Yemen]]:
<gallery>
File:Sana'_national_museum_02.jpg|
File:Sana'_national_museum_03.jpg|
File:Sana'_national_museum_04.jpg|
File:Sana'_national_museum_05.jpg|
File:Sana'_national_museum_06.jpg|
File:Sana'_national_museum_08.jpg|
File:Sana'_national_museum_09.jpg|
File:Sana'_national_museum_10.jpg|
File:Sana'_national_museum_11.jpg|
File:Sana'_national_museum_12.jpg|
File:Sana'_national_museum_13.jpg|
</gallery>
* Photos from [[Yemen Military Museum]]:
<gallery>
File:Sana'_military_museum_05.JPG|
File:Sana'_military_museum_06.JPG|
File:Sana'_military_museum_08.JPG|
</gallery>
* Photo from the British Museum
<gallery>
File:Incense burner, from Yemen, 5th-4th century BCE. An ancient South Arabian inscription about the names of incense. British Museum.jpg|Incense burner, from Yemen, 5th-4th century BCE. An ancient South Arabian inscription about the names of incense
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Old North Arabian script|Ancient North Arabian script]]
* Arabist and archeologist [[Eduard Glaser]]
* Geographer [[Carl Rathjens]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}

*{{cite journal |last=Stein|first= Peter |year=2005 |title=The Ancient South Arabian Minuscule Inscriptions on Wood: A New Genre of Pre-Islamic Epigraphy |journal=Jaarbericht van het Vooraziatisch-Egyptisch Genootschap "Ex Oriente Lux" |volume=39|pages=181–199 }}
*{{cite book |author=Stein, Peter |year=2010 |title=Die altsüdarabischen Minuskelinschriften auf Holzstäbchen aus der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek in München }}
*{{cite journal |author=Beeston, A.F.L. |author-link=Alfred Felix Landon Beeston |year=1962 |title=Arabian Sibilants |journal=Journal of Semitic Studies |volume=7|pages=222–233 |doi=10.1093/jss/7.2.222 |issue=2 }}
*{{cite book|author=Francaviglia Romeo, Vincenzo |year=2012 |title=Il trono della regina di Saba, Artemide, Roma|pages=149–155}}
*{{cite journal|first=Jacques |last=Ryckmans|title=Inscribed Old South Arabian sticks and palm-leaf stalks: An introduction and a paleographical approach|journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies|volume= 23|jstor=41223401|date=1993|pages=127–140}}
*{{cite book|last1=Ryckmans|first1= J.|last2= Müller|first2= W. W.|last3= ‛Abdallah|first3= Yu.|title=Textes du Yémen Antique inscrits sur bois|location=[[Louvain-la-Neuve]], Belgium|date= 1994|publisher=Publications de l'Institut Orientaliste de Louvain|lang=fr|trans-title=}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mnh.si.edu/epigraphy/e_pre-islamic/musnad-al-janubi.htm Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616144444/http://www.mnh.si.edu/epigraphy/e_pre-islamic/musnad-al-janubi.htm |date=2010-06-16 }}
*[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/southarabian.htm Omniglot's entry on South Arabian]
*[https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2022/10/carved-signed-crossed-out Carved, Signed, Crossed Out – Documents on Wooden Sticks from Ancient South Arabia – Peter Stein – ANE Today – Oct 2022]

{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Abjad writing systems]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Yemen]]
[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]
[[Category:Semitic writing systems]]
[[Category:Proto-Sinaitic script]]
[[Category:Right-to-left writing systems]]
[[Category:South Arabia]]
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