Английская Википедия:Ancient South Arabian script
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Lead extra info Шаблон:Infobox writing system
The Ancient South Arabian script (Old South Arabian: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl; modern Шаблон:Lang-ar Шаблон:Transl) branched from the Proto-Sinaitic script in about the late 2nd millennium BCE. It was used for writing the Old South Arabian languages Sabaic, Qatabanic, Hadramautic, Minaean, and Hasaitic, and the Ethiopic language Geʽez in Dʿmt. The earliest instances of the Ancient South Arabian script are painted pottery sherds from Raybun in Hadhramaut in Yemen, which are dated to the late 2nd millennium BCE.[1] There are no letters for vowels, which are marked by matres lectionis.
Its mature form was reached around 800 BCE and its use continued until the 6th century CE, including Ancient North Arabian inscriptions in variants of the alphabet, when it was displaced by the Arabic alphabet.[2] In Ethiopia and Eritrea, it evolved later into the Geʽez script,[3][4] which, with added symbols throughout the centuries, has been used to write Amharic, Tigrinya and Tigre, as well as other languages (including various Semitic, Cushitic, and Nilo-Saharan languages). Шаблон:Alphabet Шаблон:Contains special characters
Properties
- It is usually written from right to left but can also be written from left to right. When written from left to right the characters are flipped horizontally (see the photo).
- The spacing or separation between words is done with a vertical bar mark (|).
- Letters in words are not connected together.
- It does not implement any diacritical marks (dots, etc.), differing in this respect from the modern Arabic alphabet.
Letters
Numbers
Six signs are used for numbers:
| 1 | 5 | 10 | 50 | 100 | 1000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge | Шаблон:Huge |
The sign for 50 was evidently created by removing the lower triangle from the sign for 100.[6] The sign for 1 doubles as a word separator. The other four signs double as both letters and numbers. Each of these four signs is the first letter of the name of the corresponding numeral.[6]
An additional sign (Шаблон:Large) is used to bracket numbers, setting them apart from surrounding text.[6] For example, Шаблон:RtlШаблон:LargeШаблон:Ltr
These signs are used in an additive system similar to Roman numerals to represent any number (excluding zero). Two examples:
- 17 is written as 1 + 1 + 5 + 10: Шаблон:RtlШаблон:LargeШаблон:Ltr
- 99 is written as 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 50: Шаблон:Large
Thousands are written two different ways:
- Smaller values are written using just the 1000 sign. For example, 8,000 is written as 1000 × 8: Шаблон:RtlШаблон:LargeШаблон:Ltr
- Larger values are written by promoting the signs for 10, 50, and 100 to 10,000, 50,000, and 100,000 respectively:
- 31,000 is written as 1000 + 10,000 × 3: Шаблон:RtlШаблон:LargeШаблон:Ltr (easily confused with 1,030)
- 40,000 is written as 10,000 × 4: Шаблон:RtlШаблон:LargeШаблон:Ltr (easily confused with 40)
- 253,000 is written as 2 × 100.000 + 50.000 + 3 × 1000: Шаблон:RtlШаблон:LargeШаблон:Ltr (easily confused with 3,250)
Perhaps because of ambiguity, numerals, at least in monumental inscriptions, are always clarified with the numbers written out in words.
Zabūr
Zabūr, also known as "South Arabian minuscules",Шаблон:Sfn is the name of the cursive form of the South Arabian script that was used by the Sabaeans in addition to their monumental script, or Musnad.Шаблон:Sfn
Zabur was a writing system in ancient Yemen along with Musnad. The difference between the two is that Musnad documented historical events, meanwhile Zabur writings were used for religious scripts or to record daily transactions among ancient Yemenis. Zabur writings could be found in palimpsest form written on papyri or palm-leaf stalks.Шаблон:Sfn[7]
Unicode
The South Arabian alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2009 with the release of version 5.2.
The Unicode block, called Old South Arabian, is U+10A60–U+10A7F.
Note that U+10A7D OLD SOUTH ARABIAN NUMBER ONE (𐩽) represents both the numeral one and a word divider.[6]
Шаблон:Unicode chart Old South Arabian
Gallery
- Photos from National Museum of Yemen:
- Photos from Yemen Military Museum:
- Photo from the British Museum
-
Incense burner, from Yemen, 5th-4th century BCE. An ancient South Arabian inscription about the names of incense
See also
- Ancient North Arabian script
- Arabist and archeologist Eduard Glaser
- Geographer Carl Rathjens
References
Citations
References
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History Шаблон:Webarchive
- Omniglot's entry on South Arabian
- Carved, Signed, Crossed Out – Documents on Wooden Sticks from Ancient South Arabia – Peter Stein – ANE Today – Oct 2022
Шаблон:List of writing systems
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Ibn Durayd, Ta‘līq min amāli ibn durayd, ed. al-Sanūsī, Muṣṭafā, Kuwait 1984, p. 227 (Arabic). The author purports that a poet from the Kinda tribe in Yemen who settled in Dūmat al-Ǧandal during the advent of Islam told of how another member of the Yemenite Kinda tribe who lived in that town taught the Arabic script to the Banū Qurayš in Mecca and that their use of the Arabic script for writing eventually took the place of musnad, or what was then the Sabaean script of the kingdom of Ḥimyar: "You have exchanged the musnad of the sons of Ḥimyar / which the kings of Ḥimyar were wont to write down in books."
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокWorldsWritingSystems89не указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокCambridgeAncientLanguages431не указан текст - ↑ Official Unicode Consortium code chart
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ S. Horovitz, Koranische Untersuchungen, p. 70
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