Просмотр кода страницы Английская Википедия:Ashura

{{Английская Википедия/Панель перехода}}
{{Short description|Tenth day of the Islamic month of Muharram}}
{{About|the Islamic holy day|the traditional dessert|Ashure|other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name  = Ashura<br/>{{Script/Arabic|عَاشُورَاء}}
| image         = Ashura 2016 mourning in Imam Hossein Square, Tehran 02.jpg
| caption       = Ashura procession in [[Tehran|Tehran, Iran]] (2016)
| nickname      = 
| duration      = One day
| frequency     = Annual ([[Islamic calendar]])
| observedby    = 
| date          = 10 [[Muharram]]
| date2022      = 9 August
| date2023      = 29 July
| date2024      = 17 July
| observances   = '''In Shia Islam:'''{{break}}[[Mourning of Muharram|Mourning rituals]]{{break}}Giving of food to the poor
'''In Sunni Islam:'''{{break}}Supererogatory [[Fasting in Islam|fasting]]
| type          = {{nowrap|Islamic ([[Shia Islam|Shia]] and [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]])}}
| significance  = '''In Shia Islam:'''{{break}}Mourning the death of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], grandson of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] and the third [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imam]]{{break}}'''In Sunni Islam:'''{{break}}Celebrating the parting of the red sea by [[Moses]] and the salvation of the [[Israelites]]
| alt           = Mourning in imam square
| litcolor      = Green
| celebrations  = 
| begins        = 
| ends          = 
| weekday       = 
| month         = 
| scheduling    = 
| firsttime     = 
| startedby     = 
| relatedto     = 
}}

{{Musa}}
{{Husayn}}

'''Ashura''' ({{Lang-ar|عَاشُورَاء}}, {{Transliteration|ar|ʿĀshūrāʾ}}, {{IPA-ar|ʕaːʃuːˈraːʔ| }}) is a day of commemoration in [[Islam]]. It occurs annually on the tenth of [[Muharram]], the first month of the [[Islamic calendar]]. For [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Muslims]], Ashura marks the [[parting of the Red Sea]] by [[Moses in Islam|Moses]] and the salvation of the [[Israelites]]. Also on this day, [[Noah]] disembarked from the [[Noah's Ark|Ark]], God forgave [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], and [[Joseph in Islam|Joseph]] was released from prison, among various other auspicious events on Ashura in Sunni tradition. Ashura is celebrated in Sunni Islam through supererogatory [[Fasting in Islam|fasting]] and other acceptable expressions of joy. In some Sunni communities, the annual Ashura festivities include carnivals, bonfires, and special dishes, even though some Sunni scholars have criticized such practices.  

By contrast, for [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Muslims, Ashura is a day of mourning as they annually commemorate the death of [[Husayn ibn Ali]], grandson of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] and the third [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imam]]. Husayn refused on moral grounds to pledge his allegiance to the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]] [[Yazid I|Yazid ibn Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|680|683}}) and was subsequently killed, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, by the Umayyad army in the [[Battle of Karbala]] on Ashura 61 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (680 [[Common Era|CE]]). Among the Shia minority, mourning for Husayn is viewed as an act of protest against oppression, a struggle for God, and a means of securing the intercession of Husayn in the afterlife. Ashura is observed through mourning gatherings, processions, and dramatic reenactments. In such ceremonies, Shia mourners strike their chests to share in the pain of Husayn. Extreme self-flagellation, often involving self-inflicted bloodshed, remains controversial among the Shia, condemned by many Shia clerics, and outlawed in some Shia communities. Ashura has sometimes been an occasion for sectarian violence, particularly against the Shia minority.

==Etymology==
{{Transl|ar|Ashura}} is an [[Aramaic]] word meaning 'tenth'.{{Sfn|Reid|2011}} It may have also been derived from the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] words {{Transl|ar|asiroya}} or {{Transl|ar|asora}}.{{Sfn|Fakhr-Rohani|2014|p=228}} It shares the same root as the [[Hebrew]] word ''<nowiki/>'āsōr''.{{Sfn|Wensinck|Marçais|2012}} In [[Arabic]], Ashura refers to the tenth day of [[Muharram]], the first month of the [[Islamic calendar]], a month in which fighting has been forbidden since before the advent of [[Islam]].{{Sfn|Fakhr-Rohani|2014|p=228}}{{Sfn|Plessner|2012}}

== Ashura in Sunni Islam ==

=== Origins ===
[[Fasting]] on Ashura was likely a [[Judaism|Jewish]] practice adopted by the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] after his arrival in the city of [[Medina]] in 622 [[Common Era|CE]],{{Sfn|Wensinck|Marçais|2012}} perhaps signifying Muhammad's sense of a shared prophetic mission with [[Moses in Islam|Moses]].{{Sfn|Peters|1994|p=204}} Although it remained optional, fasting on Ashura ceased to be a religious obligation after about a year when the relations with the Medinan [[Jews]] deteriorated.{{Sfn|Wensinck|Marçais|2012}} This transition is often associated with verses 2:183–5 of the [[Quran]], the central religious text in [[Islam]], which explicitly designate [[Ramadan]] as the month of fasting.{{Sfn|Reid|2011}} It also seems improbable that Ashura initially coincided with the tenth of Muharram.{{Sfn|Wensinck|Marçais|2012}}{{Sfn|Peters|1994|p=204}} Instead, Ashura was probably observed at first on the tenth of the first Jewish month of [[Tishrei]], known as [[Yom Kippur]] ({{Lit|day of atonement}}).{{Sfn|Peters|1994|p=204}}{{Sfn|Ayoub|2005|p=549}} The association of Ashura with the tenth of Muharram thus happened later, some time after the Jewish and [[Muslims|Muslim]] calendars diverged.{{Sfn|Wensinck|Marçais|2012}}{{Sfn|Peters|1994|p=204}} In turn, the calendars began to diverge when Muhammad forbade Jewish-type calendar adjustments in connection with verse 9:37 of the Quran.{{Sfn|Peters|1994|p=204}}{{Sfn|Newman|}}{{Sfn|Plessner|2012}} 

A similar origin story for Ashura appears in some [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] traditions.{{Sfn|Reid|2011}} Alternatively, there are traditions in canonical Sunni collections that describe fasting on Ashura as a pre-Islamic practice among the [[Quraysh]] tribe, in which Muhammad also partook while he was in [[Mecca]].{{Sfn|Reid|2011}} Some early Sunni traditions, many classified as unreliable,{{Sfn|Katz|2007|p=149}} possibly invented by the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] ({{Reign|661|750}}),{{Sfn|Crow|2016}} link Ashura to various auspicious events: On this day, [[Moses in Islam|Moses]] [[Parting of the Red Sea|parted the Red Sea]],{{Sfn|Newman|}}{{Sfn|Katz|2007|p=149}} [[Noah in Islam|Noah]] disembarked from the [[Noah's Ark|Ark]],{{Sfn|Katz|2007|p=149}} God forgave [[Adam in Islam|Adam]], [[Joseph in Islam|Joseph]] was released from prison, [[Jesus]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], and Adam were born, Muhammad was conceived,{{Sfn|Reid|2011}} and [[Jonah in Islam|Jonah]] was freed from the fish that had swallowed him.{{Sfn|Gordon Melton|2010|p=210}} Fasting on the ninth of Muharram, known as [[Tasu'a]], was a later addition, probably to distinguish Muslims from Jews.{{Sfn|Wensinck|Marçais|2012}}{{Sfn|Reid|2011}}

=== Customs ===
{{See also|Ashura in Algeria|Sebiba|Ashure}}
In Sunni Islam, ninth and tenth of Muharram are days for voluntary fasting, strongly encouraged by Sunni jurists.{{Sfn|Reid|2011}} While not endorsed by all Sunni scholars,{{Sfn|Reid|2011}}{{Sfn|Katz|2007|pp=115{{ndash}}116}} Ashura is further viewed as a day of thanksgiving ({{Transl|ar|shukr}}) to God, a joyous occasion, celebrated through pious acts and acceptable expressions of delight.{{Sfn|Katz|2007|pp=64, 110}} Ashura is thus an important festival for many Sunnis, in contrast to the [[Shia Islam|Shia]], who mourn on this day the slaughter of Muhammad's grandson, [[Husayn ibn Ali]], and his small retinue in the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 680.{{Sfn|Reid|2011}} Such Sunni festivities either developed in response to Shia customs on Ashura or with the influence of pre-Islamic traditions.{{Sfn|Katz|2007|p=113}}{{Sfn|Reid|2011}} In line with the former view, under the Umayyad caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan]] ({{Reign|685|705}}), Ashura was celebrated as a festive public holiday to counter the commemoration of Husayn.{{Sfn|Hussain|2005|p=82}} The [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliph [[al-Qadir]] ({{Reign|991|1031}}) did so too in [[Baghdad]], [[Lower Mesopotamia|Iraq]].{{Sfn|Rahimi|2012|p=210}} Another instance is the reenactment by a Sunni mob of the [[Battle of the Camel]] (656) against [[Ali|Ali ibn Abi Talib]], the first [[Imamate in Shia doctrine|Shia imam]], in the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid]]-era [[Baghdad]] on Ashura 973.{{Sfn|Hussain|2005|p=84}}{{Sfn|Chelkowski|1985|p=20}}

Whatever the case is for their origins, such festivities were firmly established by the time of the Sunni jurist [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taymiyya]] ({{Died in|1328}}), to whom a questioner wrote, observing that people are joyful on Ashura; they bathe, adorn themselves, shake hands with each other, and cook grains.{{Sfn|Katz|2007|p=113}} In the [[Maghreb]], for instance, Ashura is celebrated today through fasting, almsgiving, honoring the dead, special dishes, jumping over bonfires, and carnivals.{{Sfn|Wensinck|Marçais|2012}} Nevertheless, particularly in [[South Asia]], some Sunnis participated in the Shia rituals on Ashura,{{Sfn|Reid|2011}} at least until modern times.{{Sfn|Reid|2011}} [[Sufism|Sufis]] also commonly commemorated the death of Husayn, more so in the earlier times, despite its variance with the views of the Sunni elite.{{Sfn|Aghaie|2013}} For Sufis, rather than a tragedy, Ashura celebrates the eternal life of Husayn and his companions, who annihilated themselves in the Divine with their martyrdom.{{Sfn|Hyder|2006|p=10}}  

=== Ibn Taymiyya ===
In response to an inquiry about their legal basis, [[Ibn Taymiyya]] rejects both mourning and celebrating on Ashura because, he contends, neither was practiced by Muhammad. Ibn Taymiyya does, however, encourage fasting on Ashura to emulate Muhammad. The Islamicist M. Katz questions the judgment of Ibn Taymiyya for not taking into account the Sunni reports that Muhammad fasted to celebrate Ashura, suggesting that Ibn Taymiyya has stripped fasting of its higher meaning.{{Sfn|Katz|2007|pp=116{{ndash}}117}}

== Ashura in Shia Islam ==
=== Battle of Karbala ===
{{Main articles|Battle of Karbala}}
In Shia Islam, Ashura commemorates the death of Husayn ibn Ali, Muhammad's grandson and the third Shia imam.{{Sfn|Aghaie|2013}} Husayn was killed, alongside most of his male relatives and his small retinue, on 10 Muharram 61 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] (10 October 680) in the Battle of Karbala against the army of the Umayyad caliph [[Yazid I|Yazid ibn Mu'awiya]] ({{Reign|680|683}}), having been surrounded for some days and deprived of the drinking water of the nearby [[Euphrates|Euphrates river]]. After the battle, the women and children in Husayn's camp were taken prisoner and marched to the capital [[Damascus]] in [[Syria]]. The battle followed failed negotiations and Husayn's refusal to pledge his allegiance to Yazid, who is often portrayed by Muslim historians as impious and immoral.{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=28}}{{Sfn|Pinault|2000|p=70}}{{Sfn|Aghaie|2007|p=117}} The fight took place in the desert land of Karbala, en route to the nearby [[Kufa]], whose residents had invited Husayn to lead them against Yazid.{{Sfn|Madelung|2004}}

=== Significance ===
{{Main articles|Mourning of Muharram#Significance}}
[[File:Tehran Ashura Demonstration, 11 December 1978 (12).jpg|thumb|Ashura demonstrations against the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavids]] in [[Iran]], 1978]]
Ashura is a day of mourning and grief for Shia Muslims.{{Sfn|Aghaie|2013}}{{Sfn|Beverley|2011|p=48}} It was observed as such by their imams,{{Sfn|Hussain|2005|p=81}}{{Sfn|Nakash|1993|p=163}}{{Sfn|Osman|2014|p=133}} who also frequently encouraged the Shia community to follow suit.{{Sfn|Rahimi|2012|p=205}} For instance, a tradition attributed to the Shia imam [[Ali al-Rida]] ({{Died in|818}}) describes Ashura as a day of grieving and somber resignation from material affairs.{{Sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=|pp=150{{ndash}}151}} Shia tradition also dismisses as fabricated those Sunni [[Hadith|hadiths]] that mark Ashura as a joyful occasion.{{Sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=150}} Indeed, traditions attributed to the Shia imams forbid fasting on this day,{{Sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=|pp=149, 151}} and promise eternal punishment for those who celebrate Ashura as a day of blessing.{{Sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=|pp=149, 151}}{{Sfn|Nakash|1993|p=166}}

In Shia Islam, Karbala symbolizes the eternal struggle between good and evil,{{Sfn|Aghaie|2004|p=9}}{{Sfn|Aghaie|2007|pp=|p=112}} the pinnacle of self-sacrifice,{{Sfn|Chelkowski|1985|p=19}} and the ultimate sabotage of Muhammad's prophetic mission.{{Sfn|Crow|2016}} Historically, the event served to crystallize the Shia community into a distinct sect and remains an integral part of their religious identity to date.{{Sfn|Kennedy|2016|p=77}}{{Sfn|Hyder|2006|p=9}} On the one hand, mourners share in the pain of Husayn and hope to benefit from his intercession on the [[Judgement Day in Islam|Day of Judgement]].{{Sfn|Blank|2001|p=84}}{{Sfn|Munson|1988|p=24}} On the other, they view mourning for Husayn as an act of protest against oppression, a struggle for God ({{Transl|ar|[[jihad]]}}), and as such an act of worship.{{Sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=|pp=142{{ndash}}143}}{{Sfn|Nakash|1993|p=165}}  

=== Rituals ===
{{Main article|Mourning of Muharram#Muharram rituals in Shia Islam}}
[[File:Mourning_of_Muharram_in_cities_and_villages_of_Iran-342_16_(136).jpg|thumb|220x220px|Shia passion play ({{Transl|ar|ta'ziya}}) in Iran]]In addition to pilgrimage to the [[Imam Husayn Shrine|shrine of Husayn]], located in Karbala, [[Iraq]],{{Sfn|Szanto|2018|p=14}} Shia Muslims annually commemorate the events of Karbala throughout the months of Muharram and [[Safar]].{{Sfn|Hyder|2006|p=9}} Most rituals take place during the first ten days of Muharram, culminating on Ashura with processions in major Shia cities.{{Sfn|Osman|2014|p=133}}{{Sfn|Momen|1985|p=240}} The main component of ritual ceremonies ({{Transl|ar|majalis}}, {{Singular}} {{Transl|ar|majlis}}) is the narration of the stories of Karbala ({{Transl|fa|[[Rawda Khwani|rawza-khwani]]}}, {{Transl|ar|qiraya}}),{{Sfn|D'Souza|1998}}{{Sfn|Osman|2014|p=133}}{{Sfn|Beverley|2011|p=48}} and the recitation of elegies and dirges ({{Transl|fa|[[noha|nawha]]}}, {{Transl|ar|niyaha}}, {{Transl|fa|marsia-khwani}}),{{Sfn|Calmard|1987}}{{Sfn|Hussain|2005|p=79}} all intended to raise the sympathy of audience and move them to tears.{{Sfn|Pinault|2000|p=77}}{{Sfn|Chelkowski|2012b}} A {{Transl|ar|majlis}} often takes place in a dedicated building or structure, known variously as {{Transl|ar|[[Hussainiya|Husayniya]]}}, {{Transl|fa|takiya}}, {{Transl|fa|imambarah}}, or {{Transl|fa|azakhana}}.{{Sfn|Calmard|1987}}{{Sfn|Campo|2009|p=320}} Another component of mourning gatherings is the self-flagellation of participants to the rhythm of Karbala elegies.{{Sfn|Hussain|2005|p=79}} Rooted in ancient [[Arabs|Arab]] practices,{{Sfn|Hussain|2005|p=81}}{{Sfn|Nakash|1993|p=169}} mild forms of self-flagellation, that is, striking one's face and chest in grief ({{Transl|ar|latm}}, {{Transl|fa|sina-zani}}, {{Transl|fa|matam}}),{{Sfn|Hussain|2005|p=79}}{{Sfn|Calmard|1987}}{{Sfn|Pinault|1992|p=99}} are common today in Shia communities.{{Sfn|Flaskerud|2015}} But there are also extreme forms of self-flagellation ({{Transl|ar|[[tatbir]]}}, {{Transl|fa|tiq-zani}}, {{Transl|fa|qama-zani}}), in which the participants strike themselves, usually on the forehead or back, with knives, swords, or chains to which razor blades are attached.{{Sfn|Flaskerud|2015}} Banned in Iran and the Shia communities of [[Lebanon]] since the mid-90s,{{Sfn|Szanto|2013|p=75}} instrumental self-flagellation has been condemned by many Shia clerics,{{Sfn|Calmard|2004}} and it remains an often controversial practice among the Shia.{{Sfn|Calmard|1987}}
[[File:Tuwairij run 5.jpg|thumb|{{Transl|ar|Tawarij}} march in Karbala, Iraq]]
Another mourning ritual is the dramatic reenactment of Karbala narratives ({{Transl|ar|[[Ta'zieh|ta'ziya]]}}, {{Transl|fa|shabih-khwani}}), practiced today in Iran, in the western [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] shore, and in Lebanon.{{Sfn|Chelkowski|2012a}} On Ashura, always the "martyrdom of Husayn" is reenacted in such performances.{{Sfn|Chelkowski|2012a}} In Karbala, an annual performance on Ashura reenacts the burning of Husayn's tents after the battle by the Umayyads and the captivity of the women and children.{{Sfn|Szanto|2018|p=12}} During Muharram, especially on Ashura,{{Sfn|Hussain|2005|p=79}} processions of mourners ({{Transl|fa|dasta}}, {{Transl|ar|mawkib}}) march the streets,{{Sfn|Chelkowski|1985|p=27}} chanting dirges and elegies,{{Sfn|Ayoub|1978|p=154}} sometimes accompanied by self-flagellation.{{Sfn|Hussain|2005|p=79}}{{Sfn|Szanto|2018|p=12}} For instance, in the {{Transl|ar|tawarij}} march in Karbala, male and then female mourners walk barefoot to the shrine of Husayn in the afternoon of Ashura.{{Sfn|Szanto|2018|p=12}} Depending on the region, processions carry symbolic objects, such as {{Transl|ar|[[Alam (finial)|alam]]}} ({{Lit|flag}}),{{Sfn|Calmard|Allan|1985}} {{Transl|ar|[[nakhl Gardani|nakhl]]}} ({{Lit|date palm}}),{{Sfn|Chelkowski|1985|p=24}} {{Transl|ar|ta'ziya}},{{Sfn|Chelkowski|1985|p=24}} and ''tadjah.{{Sfn|Korom|Chelkowski|1994|pp=154{{ndash}}155}}'' {{Transl|ar|Alam}} represents the ensign of Husayn in Karbala,{{Sfn|Chelkowski|1985|p=24}} while the last three objects symbolize his bier or tomb.{{Sfn|Chelkowski|1985|p=24}}{{Sfn|Korom|Chelkowski|1994|pp=152, 154{{ndash}}155}}

==Terrorist attacks during Ashura==
{{See also|List of terrorist attacks against Shia mourners during Muharram|Anti-Shi'ism}}

Ashura has sometimes been an occasion for Sunni violence against Shia Muslims, who are often a minority in Muslim communities.{{Sfn|Gordon Melton|2010}} In India, for instance, the Sunni activist [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi|Ahmad Barelvi]] ({{Died in|1831}}) preached against Ashura rituals and, probably with some exaggeration, boasted of destroying thousands of {{Transl|fa|imambara}}s, which are buildings dedicated to ritual mourning.{{Sfn|Metcalf|2014|p=58}} Some terrorist attacks against Ashura services are listed below.
* 1940: Bomb thrown at an Ashura procession, [[Delhi]], India, 21 February.{{Sfn|Hollister|1979|p=178}}
* 1994: [[1994 Imam Reza shrine bomb explosion|Bomb explosion in the Imam Reza shrine]], [[Mashhad]], Iran, 20 June, 20 people killed.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers5/paper484.html |title=Sipah-E-Sahaba Pakistan, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, Bin Laden & Ramzi Yousef |date=7 January 2002 |first=B. |last=Raman |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090429091133/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers5/paper484.html |archive-date=29 April 2009 }}</ref>
* 2004: [[2004 Karbala and Najaf bombings|Bomb explosions]], Karbala and Najaf, Iraq, 2 March, over 180 Shia worshipers killed and 5000 injured.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/02/international/middleeast/blasts-at-shiite-ceremonies-in-iraq-kill-more-than.html?_r=0 |title=Blasts at Shia Ceremonies in Iraq Kill More Than 140 |work= The New York Times |date=2 March 2004 |access-date=18 March 2017}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hassner|2016|p=145}}
* 2008: Two separate attacks on Ashura processions, Iraq, 19 January, 9 people killed.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7197473.stm |title=Iraqi Shia pilgrims mark holy day |website=bbc.co.uk |access-date=10 October 2015 |date=19 January 2008}}</ref>
* 2009: [[2009 Karachi bombing|Bomb explosion in an Ashura procession]], [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]], 28 December, 43 people killed and 60 injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-12-30 |title=Pakistan Taliban says carried out Karachi bombing |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-violence-idUSTRE5BM15820091230 |access-date=2023-08-22}}</ref>
* 2011: Multiple bomb explosions in Ashura processions, Central Iraq, 6 December, 30 people killed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16035254 |title= Deadly bomb attacks on Shia pilgrims in Iraq |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date=5 December 2011 |access-date=30 June 2012}}</ref>
* 2011: [[2011 Afghanistan Ashura bombings|Two separate bomb explosions among Ashura mourners]], [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]], 6 December, 80 people killed and 160 injured.<ref name="fox">{{Citation |title=Afghanistan's President Says Death Toll From Shrine Blast Has Risen to at Least 80 |date=11 December 2011 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/12/11/afghanistans-president-says-death-toll-from-shrine-blast-has-risen-to-at-least/ |access-date=11 Dec 2011 |publisher=[[Fox News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Harooni |first=Mirwais |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kabul-blast-idUSTRE7B50C320111206 |title=Blasts across Afghanistan target Shia, 59 dead |work =Reuters |date= 6 December 2011 |access-date=30 June 2012 }}</ref>
* 2015: Bomb explosions in a mosque, [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]], 24 October, one worshipper killed and 80 injured.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34625375 |title=Dhaka blasts: One dead in attack on Shia Ashura ritual |date=24 October 2015 |access-date=24 February 2016 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>

==In the Gregorian calendar==
Ashura, tenth of Muharram in the [[Islamic calendar]], corresponds to a different day every year in the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref name="vangent">{{cite web |last=Gent |first=R.H. van |title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia |url=https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm |website=webspace.science.uu.nl}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Islamic calendar<!--Please only list last year's, this year's and next year's dates-->'''
|1444
|1445
|1446
|-
! '''Gregorian calendar'''
|8 August 2022<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hijri to Gregorian Date Converter - Islamic Date Converter |url=https://www.islamicfinder.org/islamic-date-converter/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=IslamicFinder |language=en}}</ref>
|28 July 2023<ref name=":0" />
|16 July 2024<ref name=":0" />
|}
== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="200" heights="160" mode="packed">
File:Tuwairij run 1.jpg|{{Transl|ar|Tawarij}} march on Ashura, Karbala
File:Tuwairij run 2.jpg
File:Tuwairij run.jpg
File:Ashura in Syria- 2017 01 (2).jpg|Ashura procession in [[Syria]]
File:Ashura in Qatif 3.jpg|Shia mourners on Ashura in [[Saudi Arabia]]
File:Muharram (Al'am) procession Barabanki India (Jan 2009).jpg|Ashura procession in [[India]] carrying {{Transl|ar|alam}}s, signifying the ensign of Husayn in Karbala
File:Ashura procession in Tehran, Iran.jpg|{{Transl|ar|Alam}} of an Ashura procession in Iran
File:Muharram (Ta'ziya) procession Barabanki India (Jan 2009).jpg|In India, {{Transl|ar|ta'ziya}} symbolizes Husayn's bier
File:Mourning of Muharram in cities and villages of Iran-342 16 (66).jpg|In Iran, {{Transl|fa|nakhl}}  symbolizes Husayn's bier
File:A tadjah at Hosay.jpg|''Tadjah'' represents Husayn's tomb, [[Hosay]] ritual in [[Trinidad]], 1950s
File:Tabuik festival.jpg|Submerging [[Tabuik|''tabuik''s]] on Ashura in a mock funeral of Husayn, [[Indonesia]]
File:Ashura 2016 mourning in Imam Hossein Square, Tehran 05.jpg|Ashura reenactment of the burning of Husayn's tents, Iran
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Shia Islam|Islam}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|* [[Tasu'a]]
* [[Mourning of Muharram]]
* [[Ziyarat Ashura]]
}}

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|20em}}

== References ==

{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book |title=The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran |author-first=K.S. |author-last=Aghaie |url=https://archive.org/details/martyrsofkarbala0000agha/mode/2up |url-access=registration |year=2004 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=0295984554}}
*{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofislam0000unse_r7b1/mode/2up |url-access=registration |title=Voices of Islam |volume=2 |editor-first=V.J. |editor-last=Cornell |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-0275987343 |year=2007 |chapter=The Passion of 'Ashura in Shiite Islam |author-first=K.S. |author-last=Aghaie |pages=111{{ndash}}124 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/voicesofislam0000unse_r7b1/page/110/mode/2up}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Aghaie |author-first=K.S. |title='Āshūrā' (Shī'ism) |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Third |editor1-first=K. |editor1-last=Fleet |editor2-first=G. |editor2-last=Krämer |editor3-first=D. |editor3-last=Matringe |editor4-first=J. |editor4-last=Nawas |editor5-first=D.J. |editor5-last=Stewart |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855 |year=2013 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23855 |isbn=9789004252684 |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite book |author-last=Ayoub |author-first=M.M. |title=Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism |publisher=De Gruyter |year=1978 |isbn=9789027979438 |author-link=Mahmoud M. Ayoub}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Ayoub|author-first=M.M.|title='Āshūrā'|pages=549{{ndash}}550|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0001unse_g5w5/page/550/mode/2up|url-access=registration|edition=Second|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Religion|volume=1|editor-first=L.|editor-last=Jones|publisher=MacMillan Reference USA|year=2005|isbn=0028657349}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |author1-last=Berg |author1-first=C.C. |title=Ṣawm |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=Second |editor1-first=P. |editor1-last=Bearman |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0068 |year=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0068 |isbn=9789004161214 |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|editor-first=J.|editor-last=Gordon Melton|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598842050|year=2011|title=Ashura|author-first=J.A. |author-last = Beverley|pages=47{{ndash}}49|url=https://archive.org/details/ReligiousCelebrations/mode/2up?q=ashura|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras|author-first=J.|author-last= Blank|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2001|isbn= 9780226056760}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author1-first=J. |author1-last=Calmard |author2-first=J.W. |author2-last=Allan |title='Alam va 'Alāmat |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |volume=I/8 |pages=785{{ndash}}791 |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alam-va-alamat-ar |year=1985}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |author-first=J. |author-last=Calmard |year=1987 |volume=III/2 |pages=174{{ndash}}177 |title='Azādārī |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azadari}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia Iranica|volume= XII/5|pages= 498{{ndash}}502|author-last=Calmard|author-first=J.|year=2004|title=Ḥosayn b. 'Ali ii. In Popular Shi'ism|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-ii}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|editor-first=J.E.|editor-last=Campo|year=2009|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=9780816054541|title=Husayniyya|pages=319{{ndash}}321|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopedia-of-islam_202006/page/318/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite journal|author-last=Chelkowski|author-first=P|title=Shia Muslim Processional Performances|journal=The Drama Review: TDR|volume= 29/3|year= 1985|issue=3|pages=18–30|doi=10.2307/1145650|jstor=1145650|url= https://doi.org/10.2307/1145650}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |year=2012a |title=Ta'ziya |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7476 |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. |edition=Second |isbn=9789004161214 |author-last=Chelkowski |author-first=P. |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7476 |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam|edition=Second|author-last=Chelkowski|author-first=P.|year=2012b|editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P.  |isbn=9789004161214 |editor2-first=Th. |editor2-last=Bianquis |editor3-first=C.E. |editor3-last=Bosworth |editor4-first=E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor5-first=W.P. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |url-access=subscription|title=Rawḍa-Ḵẖwānī|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6256 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6256}}
*{{cite book|title=Shi'ism|isbn= 9781351900287|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|editor-first=E.|editor-last= Kohlberg|chapter=The Death of al-Ḥusayn b. 'Alī and Early Shī'ī Views of the Imamate|author-first=D.K.|author-last= Crow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3h2oDQAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book|chapter=The Figure of Zaynab in Shi'i Devotional Life|title=Spiritual Traditions: Essential Visions for Living|editor-first= D.E.|editor-last= Singh|publisher= United Theological College|year= 1998|pages= 201{{ndash}}225|url=https://www.academia.edu/32233803|author-first=D.|author-last= D'Souza|isbn=9788172144616}}
*{{cite book |title=Islamic Images and Ideas: Essays on Sacred Symbolism |editor-first=J.A. |editor-last=Morrow |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/islamicimageside0000unse/page/228/mode/2up |chapter-url-access=registration |isbn=9780786458486 |year=2014 |publisher=McFarland & Company |pages=228{{ndash}}250 |chapter=Ashura |author-first=M.R. |author-last=Fakhr-Rohani}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Flaskerud|author-first= I.|title= Flagellation|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=Third|editor1-first= K.|editor1-last= Fleet|editor2-first= G.|editor2-last= Krämer|editor3-first= D.|editor3-last= Matringe|editor4-first= J.|editor4-last= Nawas|editor5-first= D.J.|editor5-last= Stewart|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27156|year=2015|doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27156|isbn= 9789004282117|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2010 |title=Ashura |encyclopedia=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices |publisher=ABC-CLIO |author-link=J. Gordon Melton |editor1-last=Gordon Melton |editor1-first=J. |edition=Second |pages=210{{ndash}}212 |isbn=9781598842043 |editor2-first=M. |editor2-last=Baumann |author-first=J. |author-last=Gordon Melton}}
* {{cite book|author-first=R.E.|author-last=Hassner |title=Religion on the Battlefield|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2016|isbn=9780801451072|url=https://archive.org/details/religiononbattle00hass/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|author-first=J.N.|author-last= Hollister|title= The Shi'a of India|year= 1979|edition=Second|publisher=Oriental Books Reprint Corporation|url=https://archive.org/details/bk675/mode/2up|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite journal |author-last=Hussain |author-first=A.J. |title=The Mourning of History and the History of Mourning: The Evolution of Ritual Commemoration of the Battle of Karbala |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=25 |year=2005 |issue=1 |pages=78{{ndash}}88 |doi=10.1215/1089201X-25-1-78 |s2cid=143516655 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/185346/summary |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book |title=Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory |author-first=S.A. |author-last=Hyder |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195373028 |url=https://archive.org/details/RelivingKarbalaSyedAkbarHyder/mode/2up |url-access=registration |year=2006}}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/TheBirthOfTheProphetMuhammadByMarionHolmesKatz/mode/2up |url-access=registration |title=The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional piety in Sunni Islam |author-first=M.H. |author-last=Katz |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203962145 |year=2007}}
* {{cite book |title=The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century |edition=Third |url=https://archive.org/details/the-prophet-and-the-age-of-the-caliphates-the-islamic-near-east-from-the-sixth-t/mode/2up |url-access=registration |author-first=H. |author-last=Kennedy |author-link=Hugh N. Kennedy |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781138787612 |year=2016}}
* {{cite journal |author1-last=Korom |author1-first=F.J. |author2-first=P. |author2-last=Chelkowski |title=Community Process and the Performance of Muharram Observances in Trinidad |journal=The Drama Review |volume=38 |issue=2 |year=1994 |pages=150–75 |doi=10.2307/1146338 |jstor=1146338 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1146338}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=2004 |title=Ḥosayn b. 'Ali i. Life and Significance in Shi'ism |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i |author-link=Wilferd Madelung |volume=XII/5 |pages=493–498 |author-first=W. |author-last=Madelung}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices|edition=Second|editor1-first=J.G.|editor1-last= Melton|editor2-first= M.|editor2-last= Baumann|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year= 2010|isbn= 9781598842043|title=Ashura|pages=210{{ndash}}212|author-first=J.G.|author-last=Melton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&q=Jonah+was+freed&pg=PA211}}
* {{cite book|title=Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860{{ndash}}1900|author-first=B.D.|author-last= Metcalf|year= 2014|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn= 9781400856107}}
* {{cite book |title=An Introduction to Shi'i Islam |author-first=M. |author-last=Momen |year=1985 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300035315 |author-link=Moojan Momen}}
* {{cite book|title=Islam and Revolution in the Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/islamrevolutioni00muns/mode/2up|url-access=registration|author-first=H.|author-last=Munson|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1988|isbn= 0300046049}}
* {{cite journal|author-last=Nakash|author-first= Y.|title= An Attempt to Trace the Origin of the Rituals of 'Āshūrā'|journal= Die Welt des Islams|year=1993|pages= 161{{ndash}}181|jstor= 1570949|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1570949}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Newman|author-first=A.J.| title='Āshūrā'|encyclopedia= Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ashura-Islamic-holy-day|author-link=Andrew J. Newman}}
* {{cite book|title=Female Personalities in the Qur'an and Sunna: Examining the Major Sources of Imami Shi'i Islam|author-first=R.|author-last= Osman|publisher=Routledge|year= 2014|isbn= 9781315770147}}
* {{cite book|title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam|author-first=F.E.|author-last=Peters|author-link=Francis Edward Peters|url=https://archive.org/details/muhammadorigins00pete/mode/2up|url-access=registration|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=1994|isbn=0791418758}}
* {{cite book |title=The Shiites: Ritual and Popular Piety in a Muslim Community |url=https://archive.org/details/shiitesritualpop0000pina/mode/2up |url-access=registration |author-first=D. |author-last=Pinault |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=0312079532 |year=1992}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Pinault |author-first=D. |title=Women in the Medieval Islamic World: Power, Patronage, and Piety |publisher=Macmillan |year=2000 |isbn=9780333800355 |editor-last=Hambly |editor-first=G. |chapter=Zaynab bin 'Ali and the Place of the Women of the Households of the First Imāms in Shī'ite Devotional Literature}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Plessner|author-first= M.|title= al-Muḥarram|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition= Second|editor1-first= P.|editor1-last= Bearman|editor2-first= Th.|editor2-last= Bianquis|editor3-first= C.E.|editor3-last= Bosworth|editor4-first= E.|editor4-last= van Donzel|editor5-first= W.P.|editor5-last= Heinrichs|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5426|year= 2012|doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5426| isbn=9789004161214|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Rahimi |author-first=B. |url=https://brill.com/display/title/14335 |title=Theater State and the Formation of Early Modern Public Sphere in Iran: Studies on Safavid Muharram Rituals, 1590{{ndash}}1641 CE |publisher=Brill |year=2012 |isbn=9789004209794 |chapter=A History of (Safavid) Muharram Rituals |pages=199–234 |doi=10.1163/9789004207561_006 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004207561_006 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|author-last=Reid|author-first= M.H.|title= 'Āshūrā' (Sunnism)|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=Third|editor1-first= K.|editor1-last= Fleet|editor2-first= G.|editor2-last= Krämer|editor3-first= D.|editor3-last= Matringe|editor4-first= J.|editor4-last= Nawas|editor5-first= D.J.|editor5-last= Stewart|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23081|year=2011|doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23081|isbn= 9789004203532|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal |author-last=Szanto |author-first=E. |title=Beyond the Karbala Paradigm: Rethinking Revolution and Redemption in Twelver Shi'a Mourning Rituals |journal=Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |year=2013 |pages=75{{ndash}}91 |doi=10.1353/isl.2013.0007 |s2cid=144319026 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/500163 |url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite book |author-last=Szanto |author-first=E. |year=2018 |chapter=Shi'a Islam in Practice |editor1-last=Woodward |editor1-first=M. |editor2-last=Lukens-Bull |editor2-first=R. |title=Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives |pages=1–15 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-73653-2_8-2 |isbn=978-3-319-73653-2 |s2cid=158107119 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73653-2_8-2 |url-access=subscription |url=https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-3-319-73653-2}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|author1-last=Wensinck|author1-first= A.J.|author2-last=Marçais|author2-first=Ph.|title= 'Ās̲h̲ūrā'|encyclopedia= Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition= Second|editor1-first= P.|editor1-last= Bearman|editor2-first= Th.|editor2-last= Bianquis|editor3-first= C.E.|editor3-last= Bosworth|editor4-first= E.|editor4-last= van Donzel|editor5-first= W.P.|editor5-last= Heinrichs|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0068|year= 2012|doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0068| isbn=9789004161214|url-access=subscription}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==

{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite journal |first=E. |last=Sivan |title=Sunni Radicalism in the Middle East and the Iranian Revolution |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=21 |issue=1 |date=1989 |pages=16–20 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800032086 |jstor=163637 |s2cid=162459682}}
{{refend}}

{{Commons}}
{{Mourning of Muharram}}
{{Muslimholidays}}
{{Public holidays in Algeria}}
{{Public holidays in Pakistan}}
{{Sufism terminology}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|Islam|Education|Psychology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shia days of remembrance]]
[[Category:Islamic holy days]]
[[Category:Mourning of Muharram]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]
[[Category:History of Islam]]
[[Category:Family of Muhammad]]
[[Category:People killed at the Battle of Karbala|*]]
[[Category:Hussainiya]]
[[Category:Ashura]]
[[Category:Sufism in Algeria]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Algeria]]
[[Category:Festivals in Algeria]]
[[Category:History of Shia Islam]]
[[Category:Moses]]
{{Навигационная таблица/Портал/Английская Википедия}}
[[Категория:Английская Википедия]]
[[Категория:Википедия]]
[[Категория:Статья из Википедии]]
[[Категория:Статья из Английской Википедии]]